Ipolitiki yokugoma nezokuvakasha

Ezokuvakasha ngaphambi kobhadane

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ezokuvakasha zibe nokukhula okuqhubekayo kanye nokuhlukahluka ukuze zibe ngomunye wemikhakha yezomnotho ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu emhlabeni (UNWTO, 2019). Abavakashi bamazwe ngamazwe abafika ezigidini ezingama-25.3 ngo-1950 baya ezigidini eziyi-1138 ngo-2014 baya ezigidini eziyi-1500 ngowezi-2019. Ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2019, ezokuvakasha zamazwe ngamazwe zase ziqophe unyaka wazo weshumi zilandelana futhi zidlule ukukhula kwe-GDP yomhlaba wonke unyaka wesishiyagalolunye ilandelana. Inani lezindawo ezihola i-US$1 billion noma ngaphezulu kwezokuvakasha zamazwe ngamazwe nalo seliphindeke kabili kusukela ngo-1998.  

Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwamazwe ayi-185 ngo-2019, kwatholakala ukuthi ezokuvakasha zamazwe ngamazwe zikhiqize imisebenzi eyizigidi ezingama-330; okulingana nomsebenzi owodwa kweyishumi emhlabeni wonke noma i-1/1 yayo yonke imisebenzi emisha edalwe phakathi neminyaka emihlanu edlule. Ezokuvakasha nazo zibalele ku-4% we-GDP yomhlaba kanye nama-10.3 % wokuthunyelwa kwezinsiza zomhlaba jikelele (WTTC, 2020). Iminyaka eminingi, ezokuvakasha ziye zaba umzila wokuphila kwezomnotho eziqhingini eziningi ezincane, ezihlukene ezitholakala eCaribbean, ePacific, e-Atlantic, nase-Indian Ocean. Kweminye yale minotho, ezokuvakasha zifinyelela ku-80% wezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nokuqashwa okuqondile okungafika ku-48%.

Umthelela womnotho womhlaba wonke wobhadane

Yize umnikelo wezokuvakasha emnothweni womhlaba kanye nentuthuko ungangabazeki, kuliqiniso elinohlonze lokuthi ukuvela kwalo mkhakha bekuyindida. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezokuvakasha zingenye yezigaba eziqinisa kakhulu umnotho womhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwenzeka futhi ukuthi kube ngenye yezindlela ezithinteka kakhulu ezethusayo. Umkhakha wezokuvakasha uphinde waphoqelelwa emikhawulweni yawo umthelela womhlaba wonke wobhadane lwenoveli i-coronavirus eselibambe umhlaba kusukela ngoMashi 2020. Ubhadane lwe-COVID-19 luchazwe ngochwepheshe abaningi nabahlaziyi njengenhlekelele enkulu kwezomnotho selokhu kwaba khona Omkhulu. Ukudangala kowe-1929. Kubangele ukuphazamiseka okubukhali, ngasikhathi sinye kanye nokungapheli kokufuna nokuhlinzeka ngamaketanga emnothweni womhlaba oxhumeke kakhulu. Ubhadane kulindeleke ukuthi lufake amazwe amaningi kwezomnotho ngo-2020, ngenzuzo yomuntu ngamunye engena engxenyeni enkulu yamazwe emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-1870 (The Worldbank, 2020). Umnotho womhlaba wonke nawo kulindeleke ukuthi wehle phakathi kuka-5 kuye ku-8% ngowezi-2020.

Umthelela wobhadane ekuhambeni nasezokuvakasha

Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ukuhamba nezokuvakasha kube nomthelela ongemuhle ekuweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho okuvela kulo bhubhane. Ngaphambi kobhadane, umthamo nesivinini sokuhambela amazwe omhlaba kwase kufinyelele emazingeni omlando. Ngokomlando, ukuhamba kube namandla amakhulu ekudluliseni izifo selokhu ukufuduka kwabantu kube yindlela yokusabalalisa izifo ezithathelwanayo kuwo wonke umlando oqoshiwe futhi kuzoqhubeka nokwakha ukuvela, ukuvama, nokusabalala kwezifo ezindaweni nakubantu abaningi. Inani elandayo labahambi nokuhamba kwabo kwendawo kunciphise imigoqo yendawo yamagciwane futhi kukhulise amandla okusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezingathinta kabi umkhakha wezokuvakasha (Baker, 2015).  

 Umlando uphinde wakhombisa ukuthi izifo eziwumshayabhuqe nezifo eziwumashayabhuqe zinomthelela ngokushesha emahhotela, ezindaweni zokudlela nasezinkampanini zezindiza ngenxa yokumiswa kwemikhawulo yezokuvakasha yamazwe omhlaba, ukwesaba okwenziwa ngabezindaba kanye nezilawuli zasekhaya ezethulwe ohulumeni. Umbiko wonyaka we-2008 weBhange Lomhlaba waxwayisa ukuthi ubhadane lomhlaba wonke oluzohlala unyaka lungadala ukwanda komnotho okukhulu emhlabeni. Yathi ukulahleka kwezomnotho akuzukuvela ekuguleni noma ekufeni kodwa emizamweni yokugwema ukutheleleka njengokunciphisa ukuhamba emoyeni, ukugwema ukuya ezindaweni ezinegciwane nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakalo ezinjengezindawo zokudlela zokudlela, ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha ngobuningi kanye nokuthenga okungadingekile. Lezi zibikezelo sezibonakele ngokwazo kumqedazwe wamanje.

Ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke, olungesokuqala kwesilinganiso salo enkathini entsha yokuxhumana, lubeke, engcupheni, imisebenzi eyizigidi eziyi-121.1 kwezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha ngesimo esiyisisekelo kanye nezigidi eziyi-197.5 zesimo esibi (WTTC, 2020). Ukulahleka kwe-GDP kwezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-$3.4 trillion ekuqaleni kanye nama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.5 esimweni esibi. Imali engenayo yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe evela kwezokuvakasha ingase yehle ngo-$910 billion iye ku-$1.2 trillion ngo-2020, ikhiqize umthelela obanzi onganciphisa i-GDP yomhlaba ngo-1.5% iye ku-2.8% (UNWTO, 2020).

Emhlabeni jikelele, ubhadane lungahle luholele ekunciphiseni komkhakha wezokuvakasha ngo-20% kuya ku-30% ngo-2020. Amarisidi ezokuvakasha kulindeleke ukuthi abuyele emazingeni ka-2019 kuze kube ngu-2023 njengoba abafikayo beye bawa emhlabeni wonke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-65 kusukela ubhadane luye uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili ngesikhathi sobunzima bezezimali emhlabeni wonke namaphesenti ayi-8 phakathi kwesifo seSARS sango-17 (IMF, 2003). Ngenkathi imikhakha eminingi yezomnotho kulindeleke ukuthi ibuyele esimeni uma sekususwe izinyathelo ezibekiwe, lolu bhubhane luzoba nomthelela omude kwezokuvakasha zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuncipha kokuzethemba komthengi kanye nethuba lemikhawulo emide ekuhambeni kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukwenza icala labasebenzi bezokuvakasha ukuthi libhekelwe ukugoma kusenesikhathi ngokumelene ne-COVID-19

Ngokusobala, imboni yezokuvakasha enempilo, enwebayo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuvuseleleni ngokuphelele umnotho womhlaba. Kungalesi sizathu-ke abasebenzi bezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha, mhlawumbe bengabesibili kuphela kubasebenzi ababalulekile kanye nabantu abaseminyakeni yobuthakathaka kanye nezigaba zezempilo, kufanele kubhekwe njengeseqhulwini ekuphathweni komuthi wokugoma iPfizer / BioNtech lapho usutholakala emphakathini. Umuthi wokugoma ube nezinga lokusebenza elingama-95% ezivivinyweni futhi imigomo engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-25 kulindeleke ukuthi ihlinzekwe ekupheleni konyaka.  

Isimemezelo sokubheka lo mkhakha njengeseqhulwini sokugoma kusenesikhathi ngokumelene ne-COVID-19 sisuselwa eqinisweni lokuthi ezokuvakasha zamazwe omhlaba selivele lifinyelele ezingeni lokuthi “likhulu kakhulu ukuthi lingahluleka” uma kubhekwa umthelela walo omkhulu kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi lo mkhakha usinde phakathi nangaphandle kwenhlekelele yamanje ukuze uqhubeke nokufeza indima yawo ebalulekile njengomgogodla obalulekile wokuvuselelwa nokukhula komnotho emhlabeni. Ngempela, ezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha kuzoba umkhakha osemqoka ekuvuseleleni umnotho womhlaba wonke i-COVID-19 ngokwenza imisebenzi emisha, imali engenayo kahulumeni, imali yakwamanye amazwe, ukuxhasa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wendawo nokwakha ukuxhumana okubalulekile neminye imikhakha ezokhiqiza idomino elihle umthelela kubahlinzeki kulo lonke uhla lokuphakelwa.  

Njengamanje, imisebenzi engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 isengcupheni, iningi lamabhizinisi amancane, amancane naphakathi nendawo aqasha ingxenye enkulu yabesifazane, abamele amaphesenti angama-54 abasebenzi bezokuvakasha, ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezokuvakasha.UNWTO). Ezokuvakasha zibalulekile futhi ekusheshiseni ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi njengoba zibandakanya abantu bendawo ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, zibanikeze ithuba lokuchuma endaweni yabo. Ukwehla kwamandla emali okukhona njengamanje akungabazeki ukuthi kushiye imiphakathi eminingi emhlabeni ibhekene nokuntengantenga komnotho ngendlela engakaze ibonwe.

 Sekukonke, izinzuzo zokuvakasha nezokuvakasha zidlulela ngalé kwemithelela yazo eqondile ngokwe-GDP nokuqashwa; kukhona futhi izinzuzo ezingaqondile ngokuxhumanisa i-supply chain neminye imikhakha kanye nemithelela yayo ebangelwayo (WTTC, 2020). Ngakho-ke kusobala impela ukuthi ukwehla kwesikhathi eside kanye nokusimama kancane komkhakha kuzosho ubunzima obungapheli kanye nokuntengantenga komnotho kweminotho eminingi emhlabeni jikelele kanye nezigidigidi zabantu okungenzeka ukuthi zibe khona. Lokhu kunikeza isisekelo esiphoqayo sokucabangela umkhakha wokugomela kusenesikhathi ngokumelene ne-COVID-19. Lezi zinkinga zizocutshungulwa esifundweni sethu esilandelayo se-Global Tourism Resilience kanye neCrisis Management Centre sika-Edmund Bartlett Isifundo Sokuqalisa Kabusha. Ezomnotho ngezokuvakasha: Ipolitiki yokugoma, ama-Global Priorities and Destination Realities ngoJanuwari 27, 2020. Vakashela iwebhusayithi ku www.gtrcmc.org ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi.