Ukuzulazula Ewayinini YaseSpain, Kufaka Ilebula Ebalulekile

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Isithombe sihlonipha u-E.Garely

Imvamisa, uma ngingena esitolo sewayini esiseduze e-Manhattan, ngiyekiswa ukuphequlula abathengisi abanolaka okuyinto ephambene uma umnikazi wesitolo enentshisekelo yokukhulisa inzuzo eyisisekelo.

Uma ngingena esitolo sezicathulo, nginikezwa isikhathi esiningi sokubuka isicathulo ngasinye esibukweni, ngisiphendule ukuze ngibheke inani, ngikhethe izicathulo ezibukeka zithembisa, bese ngikhuluma nomthengisi. Uma ngingena esitolo samasemishi, nginesikhathi sonke emhlabeni sokubuka izibonisi, ukufunda amamenyu asodongeni, ngibuke ukuthi abanye ba-oda ini, bese, uma sengilungile, ngijoyine ulayini, futhi ngibeke ukuhleleka.

Ngeshwa, uma ngingena esitolo sewayini, ngizwa sengathi ngingena endaweni yemoto esetshenzisiwe. Ngimangele ngokushesha isisebenzi, ngibuze ukuthi hlobo luni lwewayini engilufunayo, ngangeniswa ngokushesha esigabeni bese ethi “yena” ezulazula ngenkathi ngiskena amalebula, engikhomba kubhrendi/ebhodleleni/ezinhlobonhlobo “azithandayo”.

Ngibheka ukuthenga njengomsebenzi wesikhathi sokuphumula, ngithatha sonke isikhathi emhlabeni ukucabangela izinketho zami.

Njengombhali wewayini ngithanda ngempela ukubuka amalebula, ngisuke kwisiFulentshi ngiye esigabeni sesiNtaliyane, ngidlulele engxenyeni yeSpanishi, futhi ngibheke nokutholakalayo kusukela eNew York, California, Missouri, Arizona, Texas kanye nase-Israel. , Portugal, Australia, China, kanye neKosovo.

Enye indlela yokubhekana nesiphithiphithi sesitolo sewayini ukufunda ngokushesha ilebula esebhodleleni lewayini, ngiphume newayini olithandayo hhayi ibhodlela isisebenzi esifuna ukungithengisela lona.

Ilebula yewayini yaseSpain engu-101

Ilebula yewayini yaseSpain imephu eholela kulokho okulindile ngaphakathi kwebhodlela.

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1. Igama Lewayini

2. Ukuvuna. Iwayini Lonyaka noma Indawo/Indawo, ikakhulukazi iwayini lezinga eliphezulu (okungukuthi, i-DO Denominacion de Origen), lakhiqizwa.

• Akuwona wonke unyaka unyaka omuhle wewayini. Eminye iminyaka ingcono kuneminye.

• I-DO ngayinye inezinhlamvu zayo ezihlukile, kanye nokunambitha. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokunquma okuthandwa nguwe ukunambitha (isivivinyo nephutha).

3. Ikhwalithi Yewayini. ISpain idinga ubuncane bokuguga ebhodleleni nasemiphongolweni ye-oki ukuze ithathwe njenge-Crianza, i-Reserva, noma i-Gran Reserva:

• Crianza. Okungenani unyaka owodwa emiphongolweni ye-oki

• I-Reserva. Iwayini elineminyaka engu-3 ubudala elichithe okungenani unyaka ongu-1 emiphongolweni ye-oki

• IGran Reserva. Iwayini elidala ubuncane beminyaka emi-5: iminyaka emi-2 emiphongolweni ye-oki, kanye neminyaka emi-3 emabhodleleni.

Imibala Yewayini

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Amawayini avame ukukhethwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe isipiliyoni sokudlela; kodwa-ke, amawayini amaningi ayakwazi ukuzibamba futhi amnandi ukuwaphuza ngaphandle kokudla:

o Blanco – Mhlophe

o Rosado – Rose

o Tinto – Red (igama lesiSpanishi: ROJO; nokho, iwayini elibomvu aziwa ngokuthi iVino Tinto)

Izinhlobo Zewayini

o I-Cava - iwayini elikhazimulayo elenziwe ngendlela yendabuko (cabanga nge-Champagne)

o I-Vino Espumoso - Iwayini Elikhazimulayo elenziwe ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseSpain ngakho-ke abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa igama elithi CAVA kumalebula njengoba bengaqinisekisi imithetho eshiwo yinhlangano elawula i-Cava.

o Vino Dulce/Vina para Postres – Iwayini elimnandi noma leDessert

Izigaba ezisemthethweni

o DOCa – Denominacion de Origen Calificada. Izifunda ezenza iwayini kuphela ezifakazelwe ukuthi zinikeza amawayini ekhwalithi ephezulu angashintshi (okungukuthi, eRioja nasePriorat)

o YENZA -Denominacion de Origen. Iwayini elenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-DO livikelwe ngumthetho. Ngokomlando amawayini e-DO athathwa njengekhwalithi engcono kakhulu; Nokho, muva nje amawayini angewona okuthi DO alingana noma eqe amawayini e-DO

o Vina de la Tierra (VdLT). Amawayini avela endaweni ethile. Kwezinye izikhathi, lawa mawayini ayebhekwa “njengeyesibili ehamba phambili.” Lokhu akuselona iqiniso.

o Parcelario. “Ngokungekho emthethweni” – igama eliqondise iwayini elenziwe ngamagilebhisi atshalwe endaweni eyodwa.      

o Vino d'Autor. Ibonisa isitayela somuntu siqu somenzi wewayini, futhi inegama lakhe. Lokhu kungase (noma kungenzeki) kuhambisane nemithethonqubo ye-DO noma ye-VdLT.

o Vina de La Mesa. Iwayini letafula elitholakala ezansi kweladi lekhwalithi yewayini laseSpain. Nokho, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kunamanye amawayini enziwe ezindaweni ze-DO noma ze-DOCa ezingahlangabezani nemithetho eklanywe i-Conselo Regulador (Regulating Council) yesifunda, futhi amawayini kufanele abhalwe ukuthi Vina de La Mesa. Eqinisweni, lawa mawayini angase abize kakhulu kunewayini le-DO eligunyaziwe elivela endaweni efanayo.             

Eminye Imigomo

o Roble - Oak! Leli gama litholakala ngemuva kwamalebula, linikeza ulwazi ngenani lesikhathi iwayini elichithile emiphongolweni ye-oki. Ngaphambili kwelebula, ibhekisela ku-oki - echaza isitayela sewayini. Lokhu kuvame ukusikisela ukuthi iwayini lichithe isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ku-oki (izinyanga ezi-3-4). Uma iwayini selivuthwe isikhathi eside, cishe lizobizwa ngokuthi i-Crianza noma i-Reserva.

o Barrico – Umgqomo. Okuvame ukulandelwa yi-American (American oak) noma i-France (i-French Oak), ekhombisa ukutholakala kwezinkuni.

Ukuheha kwewayini laseSpain

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UPablo Picasso (iSpanishi, 1881-1973)

U-Pablo Picasso wagqugquzelwa amadolobha, izivini, kanye nabantu besifunda sewayini saseSpain (Terra Alta) phakathi neminyaka engu-20 ngesikhathi ehlala ezintabeni. Umhlaba kancane kancane uvuma ubuhlakani bePicasso neSpain ehlala ibalwa phakathi kwabakhiqizi bewayini abathathu abaphezulu emhlabeni (iFrance ne-Italy yibo abanye ababili).

Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi imivini yamagilebhisi yatshalwa eSpain kusukela ngo-4000 - 3000 BC. AbaseFenike baqala ukwenza iwayini ngo-1100 BC endaweni yanamuhla yaseCadiz futhi bahweba njengempahla, besebenzisa iziqukathi zobumba ezinzima, ezibuthakathaka (i-amphorae) ukuthutha.

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I-Fenike Maritime Amphora

AmaRoma alandela abaseFenike ekulawuleni iSpain, etshala imivini, ethula amakhono abo okwenza iwayini ezakhamuzini zendawo (okungukuthi, amaCelt, nama-Iberia). Imikhuba yamukelwa okuhlanganisa ukuvutshelwa emigqonyeni yamatshe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-amphorae aqinile. Ngalesi sikhathi, iSpain yathumela iwayini eRome, eFrance naseNgilandi.

Iqembu elilandelayo elizobusa iSpain kwakungamaMoor AmaSulumane aseNyakatho Afrika (ikhulu lesi-8 - ikhulu le-15). AmaMoor ayengabuphuzi utshwala; ngenhlanhla, abazange baphoqelele izinkolelo zabo ezifundweni zabo zeSpanishi nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kokwenza iwayini kwamiswa ngalesi sikhathi. Maphakathi nekhulu le-13, iwayini lisuka eSpain lathunyelwa ngomkhumbi lisuka eBilbao liya eNgilandi; nokho, izinga lewayini lalingahambisani kodwa amawayini amahle kakhulu aqhudelana ngempumelelo neminikelo yesiFulentshi neJalimane.

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Luciano de Murrieta Garcia-Lemon
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UCamilo Hurtado de Amezaga

Lapho amaMoor ehlulwa ekhulwini le-15, iSpain yaba munye. UColumbus “wathola” iWest Indies enikeza iSpain imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19 izisekelo zokwenziwa kwewayini zesimanje zaseSpain zasungulwa abenzi bewayini abavela e-Bordeaux, Luciano de Murrieta Garcia-Lemon (i-Marques de Murrieta), kanye no-Camilo Hurtado de Amezaga (i-Marques do Riscal). La madoda aletha ubuchwepheshe beBordeaux eRioja, futhi uRiscal watshala isivini e-Elciego, waqala i-bodega ngo-1860. Ngo-1872, uMurrieta waqala eyakhe i-bodega, i-Ygay estate, kanti okunye kuwumlando.

Elandela lezi zinyathelo, u-Eloy Lecanda waqala ukwenza iwayini ngokomsebenzi ngo-1864 endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vega Sicilia. Ngesizinda sase-Bordeaux, waletha amabhokisi e-oki aseFrance endaweni, kanye namakhono amasha okwenza iwayini, nezinhlobo zamagilebhisi, ethola ukuthi imivini yakhula ngempumelelo eduze kwe-Tempranillo yomdabu.

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I-Phylloxera yasakazekela eSpain phakathi nekhulu le-19, yahlasela iRioja ngo-1901. Nakuba isisombululo sase senziwe, izivini kulo lonke izwe kwadingeka zitshalwe kabusha.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamagilebhisi zomdabu zase zibhekene nokushabalala.

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ISpain yangena enkathini yezinxushunxushu zezombangazwe ezaphetha ngokuthi uJenene uFrancisco Franco ophiko lwesokudla anqobe, ebusa iSpain njengomashiqela wezempi kusukela ngo-1939 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1975. Umbuso kaFranco wacindezela inkululeko yezomnotho kuhlanganise newayini ayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele isetshenziselwe isonto kuphela. amasakramente, ukususa izivini eViura nakwezinye izifunda.

Ngenkathi uFranco eshona, ukwenziwa kwewayini kwaseSpain kwazuza amandla futhi kwaba nentshisekelo entsha kumawayini ekhwalithi ephezulu yisigaba esiphakathi sasemadolobheni. ISpain yajoyina i-European Union ngo-1986, futhi izimali ezintsha zenziwa ezifundeni zewayini zaseSpain ngezindlela ezingcono zokukhiqiza kanye nesimanjemanje.

Spanish Wine Ikusasa

Njengamanje, ingxenye yewayini yaseSpain ilingana ne-US $9,873m (2022), futhi imakethe kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngonyaka ngamaphesenti angama-6.24. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2025, amaphesenti angama-79 okusetshenziswa kwemali, kanye namaphesenti angama-52 omthamo wokusetshenziswa ezigabeni zewayini kuzobe kudalwe ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwekhaya (okungukuthi, amabha kanye nezindawo zokudlela). ISpain iyinombolo yokuqala emhlabeni yabakhiqizi bewayini le-organic elinamahektha angaphezu kuka-1 abhalisiwe futhi abhalwe phansi ukuze akhiqize i-organic. Umkhiqizi ohamba phambili, u-Torres, wayenengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesivini sakhe esikhiqiza izinto eziphilayo.

ISpain isaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinkinga zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengoba isimo sezulu esifudumele sithuthuka esikhathini sokuvuna, okwandisa isidingo sezinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu alethe ukuvunwa kwamagilebhisi phambili ngezinsuku eziyi-10-15 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, futhi ukuvuna manje kwenzeka ngo-August, lapho ukushisa kushisa kakhulu. Ukuqeda le nselelo abakhiqizi bahambisa izivini zabo ezindaweni eziphakeme.

Ingabe Uyalingana?

Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi amaphesenti angama-60 abantu baseSpain bazibheka njengabathengi bewayini kanti amaphesenti angama-80 ajabulela iwayini ajwayelekile, futhi amaphesenti angama-20 aphuza ngezikhathi ezithile. Iningi lalaba abaphuzayo likhetha iwayini elibomvu (amaphesenti angu-72.9), kanti abanye bathanda iwayini elimhlophe (amaphesenti angu-12.0), i-rose (amaphesenti angu-6.4), iwayini elicwebezelayo (amaphesenti angu-6), newayini le-sherry/dessert (amaphesenti angu-1.8). Abantu abaningi baphuzela emakhaya kunasezinkantini nasezindaweni zokudlela futhi lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokwehluka kwamanani.

Manje isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhlola amawayini amahle namnandi aseSpain.

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Ngemininingwane eyengeziwe, Chofoza lapha.  

Lolu uchungechunge olugxile ku-Wines of Spain:

Funda Ingxenye 1 Lapha:  ISpain Iphakamisa Umdlalo Wayo Wewayini: Kakhulu KuneSangria

Funda Ingxenye 2 Lapha:  Amawayini aseSpain: Nambitha Umehluko Manje

Funda Ingxenye 3 Lapha:  Amawayini Akhazimulayo Avela eSpain Inselelo "Abanye Abafana"

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