Kusukela kubalimi kuya kwababhikishi kuya kubenzi bewayini

Iwayini.Sud .Ingxenye1 .1 e1652558733590 | eTurboNews | eTN
isithombe sihlonipha u-E.Garely

I-Sud De France iwuphawu lwewayini olwalungekho phezulu ohlwini lwami lwewayini engangiluncamela, empeleni, lwalungekho ngisho ohlwini. Itholakala phakathi kwe-Languedoc-Roussillon ne-Midi-Pyrenees, i-Sud De France iphrojekthi efuna ukugqamisa ukuhlukahluka nobuhle besifunda. Igama elisha lale ndawo lithi Occitanie, elikhethwe ngenxa yokubaluleka komlando kolimi nezilimi zesigodi zesi-Occitan.

The Occitan yakha indawo efana nendawo elawulwa i-Counts of Toulouse ngekhulu le-12 - 13th futhi isiphambano se-Occitan (esisetshenziswa i-Counts of Toulouse) okwamanje siwuphawu lwamasiko oludumile.

Iwayini.Sud .Ingxenye1 .2 | eTurboNews | eTN

I-Occitanie ibe ngokusemthethweni ngoJuni 24, 2016, futhi ihlanganisa izindawo ezilandelayo nesibalo sabantu:

Le ndawo iphakathi kwezintaba ezimbili, iMassif Central enyakatho, nezintaba zasePyrenean eningizimu, naphakathi kweMedithera noLwandlekazi i-Atlantic.

Amawayini amaningi endaweni yaseLanguedoc-Roussillon ayingxube yezinhlobo ezibalulekile zendabuko ezibomvu ezihlanganisa iCarignan, iCinsault, iGrenache Noir kanye ne-Mourvedre. Izitshalo zamanje zihlanganisa iCabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, neSyrah. Izinhlobo ezimhlophe ezibaluleke kakhulu iGrenache Blanc, Marsanne, Rousanne Viognier kanye ne-Ugni Blanc enesithakazelo esikhulayo ku-Chardonnay.

Umlando Ophawulekayo

Nakuba le ngxenye yeFrance inezinzuzo eziphawulekayo zewayini, umlando wayo awucacile, ngaphandle kosomlando nezifundiswa ezigxile kwezomnotho kanye nezisekelo zezombusazwe zemboni yewayini.

Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi isifunda saseLanguedoc-Roussillon saqala ukuhlaliswa amaGreki atshala izivini kule ndawo ngekhulu le-5 BC. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-4 kuya kwele-19, iLanguedoc yayaziwa ngokukhiqiza iwayini eliphezulu kodwa lokhu kwashintsha ngokufika kwenkathi yezimboni lapho ukukhiqizwa kugxile kakhulu. le gros rouge, kukhiqizwe iwayini elibomvu elishibhile elisetshenziselwa ukwanelisa izisebenzi ezikhulayo. I-Languedoc yaziwa ngokukhiqiza inqwaba ye-plonk empofu eyayinikezwa ngamanani amakhulu amasosha aseFrance phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ngenhlanhla, lokhu kugxila sekudlule emlandweni, futhi indawo manje ikhiqiza iwayini elisezingeni eliphezulu. Njengamanje abenzi bewayini bendawo bakhiqiza iwayini kusuka ku-Bordeaux style reds kuya kuma roses aphefumulelwe eProvence.

Iwayini.Sud .Ingxenye1 .3 | eTurboNews | eTN
Gerard Bertrand

Eminyakeni edlule, ngaba nenhlanhla yokubukeza le ngxenye yeplanethi futhi ngethulwa endleleni ye-biodynamic yokukhula kwamagilebhisi nokwenza iwayini ngokombono kaGerard Bertrand. Engangingakwazi, kwakuwumlando onesiyaluyalu wesifunda kanye nokuthi izenzo nemisebenzi yabahlanganyeli bemboni yewayini yasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-20 kanye nohulumeni waseFrance bakha isisekelo sesimo samanje semboni yewayini esifundeni sase-Occitanie.

Isikhathi Sokuxokozela

Iwayini.Sud .Ingxenye1 .4 | eTurboNews | eTN
Montpelier Juni 9, 1907. Ababhikishi bahlasela i-Place de la Comedie

Asivamisile ukucabanga ngabantu abasembonini yewayini njengabaguquli futhi abangenaso impi; Nokho, ngo-1907 abalimi bewayini baseFrance abavela eLanguedoc-Roussillon bahola umbhikisho omkhulu olinganiselwa kubantu ababalelwa ku-600,000 - 800,000. Ngo-1908 iLanguedoc ephansi yayinabantu abayisigidi, ngakho-ke, oyedwa kwababili baseLanguedocan wabonisa, ekhubaza isifunda futhi wabekela umbuso inselele.

I-French Winemakers Matter

Kungani amaFulentshi “ayebambene ngezandla”? Ayesongelwa amawayini athengwa kwamanye amazwe esuka ekoloni laseFrance e-Algeria ngokusebenzisa itheku laseSete, kanye ne-chaptalization (ukwengeza ushukela ngaphambi kokuvutshelwa ukuze kwandiswe utshwala). Amalungu emboni yewayini avukela, futhi imibukiso yayihlanganisa wonke amazinga emboni - kusukela kubalimi bamagilebhisi nabasebenzi basemapulazini kuya kubanikazi bezindlu nabakhi bewayini. Imboni yewayini yayingakaze ibe nenkinga enjalo kusukela kwaqubuka i-phylloxera (1870-1880). Isimo sasimuncu: abenzi bewayini abakwazanga ukuthengisa umkhiqizo wabo okuholela ekuswelekeni kwemisebenzi okuphezulu futhi wonke umuntu wayenovalo lokuthi izinto zizoba zimbi nakakhulu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni waseFrance wayecabanga ukuthi ukungenisa iwayini lase-Algeria kwakuwumqondo omuhle njengendlela yokubhekana nokwehla kokukhiqizwa kwewayini yaseFrance okwaba umphumela we-phylloxera. Kusukela ngo-1875 kuya ku-1889, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yendawo yonke yomvini yaseFrance yacekelwa phansi yilesinambuzane esidla impande futhi ukukhiqizwa kwewayini laseFrance kwehle cishe ngamaphesenti angama-70.

Njengoba i-phylloxera isakazeka, abalimi bewayini abaningi baseFrance bathuthela e-Algeria futhi bethula ubuchwepheshe babo kanye nobuchule endaweni lapho amagilebhisi ayekhula khona kusukela ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC; nokho, amakhulu eminyaka okubusa kwamaSulumane kwadala abantu bendawo ababengabudli utshwala. Izindaba ezinhle? Ukusetshenziswa kwewayini eFrance kwahlala kunjalo! Emzamweni obona kafushane wokubhekana nenkinga yokushoda, uhulumeni waseFrance ukhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwewayini endaweni yawo yase-Algeria ngenkathi ekhawulela ukuthengwa kwewayini okuvela eSpain noma e-Italy.

Lapho inkinga ye-phylloxera ixazululwa ngokuxhunyelelwa isitoko sezimpande zaseMelika ewayinini laseFrance, imboni yewayini yaseFrance yaqala ukusimama futhi kancane kancane ukukhiqizwa kwabuyela ezingeni langaphambi kwezinkinga lika-65 million hectoliter. Kodwa-ke, amawayini ase-Algeria aqhubekile nokugcwala emakethe ngentengo ephansi (ukwehla ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60 esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-25), kwaba nomthelela omubi kubakhiqizi baseFrance.

Iwayini.Sud .Ingxenye1 .5 | eTurboNews | eTN
Ikhadi leposi lango-1910 elibonisa isithombe sokuthunyelwa kwewayini kusuka e-Oran, e-Algeria kuya e-France. Isithombe esivela ku-Wikimedia Commons

AmaProthets

Abakhiqizi bewayini baseFrance bafuna ukuthi kubekwe imingcele ewayinini elivela kwamanye amazwe futhi baqala ukukhombisa ngemibhikisho yasemgwaqweni kanye nodlame (izenzo ziqondisa) okuhlanganisa ukuvukela umbuso, ukuphanga, nokushiswa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi. ngo-June 9, 1907 Ukuvukela (Grande Revolte, Ukuvukela kwabalimi bewayini baseLanguedoc; eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Paupers Revolt of the Midi) yayihlanganisa iziteleka zentela, udlame, kanye nokuhlubuka kwamasosha amaningi okudala isimo esibucayi esacindezelwa uhulumeni kaGeorge Clemenceau.

Nakuba ukuvukela kwakungokwesifunda, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke wesaba ukuthi le nhlangano yaseningizimu empeleni yayiwukuhlasela kweRepublic YaseFrance. Ekuphenduleni lemibhikisho, uhulumeni waseFrance wanyusa amanani entengo yewayini elivela e-Italy naseSpain okwaba elinye iphutha njengoba liqhubeza nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla ephuma ngaphandle kwentela evela e-Algeria.

Nalapha futhi, abakhiqizi baseFrance (okuhlanganisa iBordeaux, Champagne kanye neBurgundy) balandela uhulumeni "ebakhuthaza" ukuthi bamise ukungena kwamawayini ase-Algeria njengoba babefuna ukuvikela izimakethe zabo "zekhwalithi ephezulu". Baphoqelela ukwethulwa komthetho omusha, besekela abameleli bezombangazwe abavela ezifundeni ezazivumelana nokuma kwabo. Lokhu kwesaba kubonakale kuwukukhohlisa futhi umnyakazo wagcina uphelele ekuvumelaneni, ukudumala kanye nalokho okubonakala kuwukunqoba kwesifunda esimaphakathi.

Ichweba lase-Sete lisebenze njengembangela yale nkinga. Leli dolobha laliyisikhungo sendawo enkulu yokukhiqiza futhi kwandisa ingozi yokukhiqiza ngokweqile ngokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamagilebhisi e-Aramon avela ezivinini ezinkulu - ukudala umthamo. Iwayini lase-Algeria kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenyuke kusuka ku-500,000,000 wamalitha ngo-1900 kuya ku-800,000,0000 ngo-1904. Ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kanye nokutholakala kwewayini mbumbulu kanye nezingxube ezivela ewayini lase-Algeria kwagcwala imakethe yabathengi futhi ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kwanda ngo-1907 futhi kwabangela ukungalingani phakathi kokuhlinzeka. ngamanani futhi ekugcineni kubangele inkinga yezomnotho.

Ngo-1905 uhulumeni waseFrance wakhipha umthetho “wokukhwabanisa nokuqamba amanga,” wabeka isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwewayini “lemvelo”. I-Article 431 idinga ukuthi iwayini elithengiswayo kufanele isho ngokucacile imvelaphi yewayini ukuze kugwenywe, “imikhuba yokuhweba edukisayo,” futhi yasho ngokusobala ukuthi umthetho wawusebenza nase-Algeria. Eminye imithetho yokuvikela abakhiqizi bewayini yethula ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi "kwekhwalithi" yewayini, isifunda lapho lakhiqizwa khona (i-terroir), kanye nendlela yendabuko yokukhiqiza, ukumisa imingcele yesifunda ye-Bordeaux, Cognac, Armagnac kanye ne-Champagne ( 1908-1912) futhi ibizwa ngokuthi izikhalazo.

Ngeshwa, abakhiqizi bewayini e-Southern France abakwazanga ukuzuza kule mithetho nakuba bekugqugquzelwa ngokumelene namawayini ase-Algeria. Uhulumeni wayengazimisele ukukhokhisa intela kumawayini ase-Algeria ngoba lokho kwakuzoba nomthelela omubi ezithakazelweni zezakhamuzi zaseFrance phesheya kwezilwandle futhi kwakungahambisani nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Algeria njengendawo yaseFrance.

Ekugcineni, imithetho emisha yaba nomthelela omncane ezimakethe zewayini zaseFrance futhi amawayini ase-Algeria aqhubeka nokugcwala izimakethe zaseFrance futhi ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kwase-Algeria kwanda, kusizwa umthetho ovumela amabhange ezikweletu ezolimo ukuthi ahlinzeke ngemalimboleko yesikhathi esimaphakathi neside kubakhiqizi bewayini. Izifiki zaseYurophu e-Algeria zaboleka imali eningi futhi zaqhubeka nokwandisa izivini zabo nokukhiqiza. Kwaze kwaba yilapho uhulumeni waseFrance emisa iwayini elingelona elesiFulentshi ukuthi lisetshenziswe emixubeni (eyamukelwa yiYurophu yonke ngo-1970) lapho kwaba khona ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwewayini lase-Algeria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1888 kuya ku-1893, abakhi bewayini bakwa-Midi baqala umkhankaso wokunyathelisa ophelele ngokumelene newayini lase-Algeria bethi amawayini ase-Algeria ahlanganiswe namawayini avela e-Bordeaux anoshevu. Izazi ze-oenologists azikwazanga ukufakazela isimangalo; nokho, amahlebezi aqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo-1890.

Uhulumeni wase-Algeria waphendukela eSoviet Union njengemakethe engenzeka futhi basungula inkontileka yeminyaka eyi-7 yamahektholitha ewayini ayizigidi ezi-5 ngonyaka - kodwa inani lalishibhile kakhulu kubenzi bewayini base-Algeria ukuthi benze inzuzo; ngaphandle kwezimakethe zokuthekelisa ezitholakalayo, ukukhiqizwa kwehle. Yayingekho imakethe yasekhaya ngoba i-Algeria yayiyizwe futhi isaqhubeka nokuba yizwe laseMuslin.

Nakuba imithetho yayigqugquzelwa isimo ngokuthengwa kwewayini lase-Algeria kanye namanani aphansi, umthelela usunesikhathi eside. Ngo-1919, umthetho wacacisa ukuthi uma isikhalo sisetshenziswa abakhiqizi abangagunyaziwe, kungaqalwa izinyathelo zomthetho ngokumelene nabo. Ngo-1927, umthetho wabeka imingcele ezinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi kanye nezindlela ze-viticulture ezisetshenziselwa amawayini e-appellation. Ngo-1935, i-Appellations d'Origine Controllees (AOC) yayinqande ukukhiqizwa hhayi kuphela emisuka yesifunda ethile kodwa nasezimisweni ezithile zokukhiqiza ezihlanganisa izinhlobo zamagilebhisi, ubuncane botshwala, kanye nesivuno esikhulu sesivini. Lo mthetho wenze isisekelo semithetho ye-AOC kanye ne-DOC ebalulekile ezimakethe zewayini ze-European Union (EU).

© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.

#iwayini

Mayelana umbhali

I-avatar kaDkt. Elinor Garely - ekhethekile ku-eTN kanye nomhleli omkhulu, wines.travel

UDkt Elinor Garely - okhethekile ku-eTN kanye nomhleli oyinhloko, iwayini.travel

Bhalisa
Yazisa ngakho
isivakashi
0 Amazwana
Okungaphakathi Okuphakelayo
Buka wonke amazwana
0
Ungathanda imibono yakho, ngicela uphawule.x
Yabelana ku...