Chofoza lapha ukusekela ubuntatheli obuzimele ngale kwe-PR.
eTurboNews isakwazi ngokugcwele futhi izimisele ukubika ngokukhululeka nangaphandle kokwesaba e-United States. Kodwa-ke, izinsuku zokuqala eziyi-100 zokuphatha kukaTrump ziphawulwe ngohide lwezenzo eziphezulu ezidale umphumela obandayo futhi ezinamandla okunciphisa inkululeko yabezindaba. Lezi zinyathelo zisongela ukutholakala kwezindaba ezizimele, ezisekelwe eqinisweni kubantu abaningi baseMelika.
I-CPJ iphawule ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lamagumbi ezindaba afuna iseluleko sezokuphepha, ikhathazekile ngokuthi isimo sezombangazwe sikazwelonke singasongela ikhono labo lokubika ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeziswa yiziphathimandla.
Lo mbiko unikeza isifinyezo sezinqubomgomo zokuphatha zikaTrump ezithinta ngqo inkululeko yabezindaba. Isiphetho sentando yeningi yaseMelika kanye nekhono lezintatheli lokusebenza ngaphandle kokwesaba kuhlangene. Izinguquko ezishintshayo zenqubomgomo ezivela ku-White House kanye nabaqokiwe zibeka ithoni ephathelene nohulumeni basekhaya kanye nababusi abanobushiqela emhlabeni jikelele futhi kujulise isimo sobutha ezintathelini.
I-CPJ icela umphakathi, abezindaba, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nawo wonke amagatsha, amazinga, nezikhungo zikahulumeni - kusukela komasipala kuya eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US - ukuthi bavikele inkululeko yabezindaba ukuze basize ukuvikela ikusasa lentando yeningi yaseMelika. (Funda uhlu olugcwele lwezincomo ze-CPJ lapha).
Kulo mbiko, i-CPJ yenze lokhu okulandelayo:
- Izinguquko ezinqubweni ezilawula ukufinyelela kwe-White House kanye nokwakheka kwechibi labezindaba, iqembu lezintatheli ezikwazi ukufinyelela njalo kumongameli ezenzakalweni ezincane, ezivaliwe, zinamandla okubeka isibonelo lapho omongameli bakhetha futhi bakhethe imidiya ebafaka eduze kakhulu. Endabeni ye-Associated Press, ukukhishwa kwayo ezenzakalweni eziningi ze-pool kuncisha izinkulungwane zayo zababhalisele bemithombo yezindaba abathembele kakhulu ku-AP ukuze bathole umbiko wabo wase-Washington, ukufinyelela ezindabeni ezisekelwe eqinisweni, ezingakhethi, kanye nezangempela ezivela e-White House.
- Izitolo ezinkulu zezindaba aziqiniseki ukuthi zisabele kanjani ekucindezelweni okwandisiwe okuvela e-White House, futhi abanikazi nezintatheli ngokufanayo babhekene nokukhetha ukuthi babeke umongameli engcupheni noma balahlekelwe ukufinyelela.
- Abagxeki bakholelwa ukuthi i-Federal Communications Commission kanye nezinye izinhlaka ezilawulayo sezigxile kakhulu kwezepolitiki emsebenzini wazo. Yize kuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba ukuthi umengameli aqoke izinhloko zezinhlangano ezizwelana nemibono yazo, okunye ukuqokwa kwabaphathi bamanje kuveze ukukhathazeka ngokuthi laba baphathi bakubeke kwelinye izinga lokhu kulokho omunye uchwepheshe akutshele i-CPJ ngokuthi “Nixon on steroids.” Lo mqondo wokungaqiniseki ohambisana nobukhali bukaTrump isicoco futhi ukuziphatha usethe amagumbi ezindaba onqenqemeni.
- Isicelo se-White House phuca abasakazi bomphakathi I-NPR kanye ne-PBS yezimali zikahulumeni ivule ithuba lokuthi izigidi zabantu baseMelika abathembele kulezi ziteshi nabasebenzisana nabo, ikakhulukazi ekukhuleni kwesizwe "izingwadule zezindaba,” bangase balahlekelwe ukufinyelela ezindabeni zabo ezibalulekile nolwazi lwabo.
- Ukuvula kabusha uphenyo lwe-FCC ku-CBS, ABC, kanye ne-NBC kudale umuzwa ophakeme wokukhathazeka phakathi kwamagumbi ezindaba. Izintatheli ezikhuluma ngezindaba ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile ngabaphathi bakaTrump, njengokufika kwabokufika, bazwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokwenyuka kokuhlolwa kanye nokwenzeka kokuphindisela ngokubika kwabo.
Isingeniso
Lezi akuzona izikhathi ezijwayelekile zenkululeko yabezindaba yaseMelika. Ezinsukwini zokuqala eziyi-100 zehlandla lesibili likaMongameli uDonald Trump, kube nenani elimangalisayo lezenzo, ezithathwe ndawonye, ezisongela ukutholakala kwezindaba ezizimele, ezisekelwe eqinisweni kubantu abaningi baseMelika.
Kusukela ekwenqabeni ukufinyelela ekuhlonipheni okungapheli kokuzimela komkhakha wezindaba wamahhala kuya ekuthubeni izinhlangano zezindaba kuya ekuzisongeleni ngokusabisa, lokhu kuphatha sekuqalile ukusebenzisa amandla abo okujezisa noma ukuklomelisa ngokusekelwe ekusakazweni. Noma ngabe kusezifundazweni noma emigwaqweni, lokhu kuziphatha kubeka izinga elisha lokuthi umphakathi ungaphatha kanjani izintatheli. Ukungaqiniseki nokwesaba okubangelwa yilezi zenzo kwenze ukuthi izicelo zezeluleko zokuphepha zande njengoba izintatheli nezikhungo zezindaba zihlose ukulungiselela lokho okungase kulandela.
I-Associated Press, elinganisela lokho ibhiliyoni likahhavini abantu emhlabeni wonke babona izindaba zayo nsuku zonke ngobuntatheli bayo obuvela ezinkulungwaneni zezitolo zezindaba, bamangalele umphathi we-White House, iphini lakhe lezokuxhumana, kanye nonobhala wezindaba, ngemuva kokuba i-AP ikhishwe ezenzakalweni zabezindaba zikamongameli ngoba ayizange ibuyekeze i-AP Stylebook ngendlela i-White House eyayifuna ngayo ngemuva kokuthi uMongameli Trump eqambe kabusha iGulf of Mexico iGulf of America. Yize inkantolo ithole ukuthi, ngaphansi kwesichibiyelo sokuqala, uhulumeni akakwazi ukuvula iminyango kwezinye izintatheli ebe ekhipha ezinye ngenxa yemibono yazo, izintatheli ze-AP zisenayo iminyango. ubunzima ukufinyelela imicimbi eminingi ye-pool abebekade bekwazi ukuyifinyelela ngaphambilini.
I-Federal Communications Commission yenza uphenyo oluhlukahlukene ngokumelene nalo CBS, I-ABC, i-NBC, I-NPR, ne-PBS, okuholela amaqembu enkululeko yokukhuluma ukuthi aveze olunye uphenyo as ezombusazwe kushukunyiswa.
Uxhaso lukahulumeni lwabasakazi bomphakathi i-NPR ne-PBS lusengcupheni kulandela ukuqulwa kwecala lika-Congressional lapho uMarjorie Taylor Greene okubonakalayo izinhlangano, ezihlinzeka ngobuntatheli benkonzo yomphakathi ezindaweni eziwugwadule zezindaba nangale kwalokho, njengoba unayo "akhula abe ama-radical, ama-left-wing echo amagumbi."
Ezingeni lombuso, ezinye izikhulu zazo zombili izinhlangothi ziye zathatha isinyathelo sokuvimba izintatheli kusukela izishayamthetho kanye nenye i-statehouse ebikade ivuliwe amacala phakathi kweminyaka ecishe ibe yishumi yezinkulumo ezihlambalazayo ezibhekiswe ezintathelini. Izicelo zamarekhodi asesidlangalaleni, osekuvele kwaziwa ukuthi kusalele emuva, zithatha isikhathi eside ukuthi zicutshungulwe kuwo womabili amazinga endawo nawenhlangano.
Kwamanye amazwe, ukuphathwa kukaTrump kwehlise amandla ezinkulungwane zezitolo ezizimele zokuthi zihlale zintanta: Ukukhishwa kuka-Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) kwe-US Agency for International Development imperiling izindlu zezindaba ezintekenteke ezimeni eziyinselele emhlabeni jikelele ezithembele kakhulu kuxhaso lwe-US ukwenza umsebenzi wabo. Khonamanjalo, abaphathi baye abophe izandla we-US Agency for Global Media ngempumelelo ukuthulisa abasakazi abahlanu ababalulekile abaxhaswa uhulumeni wase-US, okuhlanganisa i-Voice of America kanye neRadio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, okwathi amashumi eminyaka anikeza omunye umbono ezigidini ezihlala emazweni angondlovukayiphikiswa emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zenzo ziholele ekumisweni noma ekuqedweni kwezinkulungwane zezikhundla zezintatheli e-United States nakwamanye amazwe, futhi zithokoziswe nohulumeni abangenantando yeningi baseChina, Russia, Cuba, nakwezinye izindawo.
Lezi zinyathelo zimelela ukukhuphuka okuphawulekayo kusukela ekuphathweni kokuqala kukaTrump, okuphinde kwalandela ukuvinjelwa nokuhleka usulu kwabezindaba. Ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yishumi yokuphindaphinda inhlamba namanga kanye nokufaka amacala, uTrump usekwenze kwajwayelekile ukwedelelwa kwabezindaba ngezinga elethusayo.
Nakuba, ngokusho kwamuva Pew Research poll, abantu baseMelika abaningi banaka izindaba ezimayelana nokuphatha kukaTrump kunangezinsuku zokuqala zokuphatha kweBiden, umsebenzi wentatheli yendabuko wokukhipha lolu daba ukhule waba nzima.
Abanye abanikazi bamabhizinisi emidiya, njengeThe Washington Post's Jeff Bezos kanye neLos Angeles Times UPatrick Ngokushesha-Shiong, baye bashintsha imibono yezincwadi zabo ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwezinga lezombangazwe ukwesula phakathi izinduku zabo. (Womabili la madoda athi izinqumo zishukunyiswe isifiso sokuvikela ukwethembeka kwamaphephandaba abo.)
I-Bezos, izinkampani zayo ze-cloud computing ne-rocket ziziqhayise ngezigidigidi ezinkontilekeni zikahulumeni, ubephakathi kwezihambeli zomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa noMark Zuckerberg weMeta, onikezwe izihlalo ezivelele Ukugcotshwa kukaTrump ngemuva ukunikela ngesigidi samadola esikhwameni sokuqala. Ekwindla ka-2024, i-Post nayo yenza i- isinqumo ukuthi iphepha kufanele dela ukugunyazwa kukamongameli okokuqala ngqa emashumini eminyaka.
Yiziphi izintatheli ezizinze e-US ezithintekayo ngo-2025?
I-CPJ ibuze ochwepheshe bethu bokuphepha kwedijithali nengokwenyama:
U-Ruth Marcus, owayesePosini iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane, wesula esikhundleni sokuba yiphini lomhleli wekhasi lokuhlela ngemuva kokuthi i-CEO kanye noMshicileli u-Will Lewis enqabile ukushicilela enye yamakholomu akhe ahlehlisela emuva izinguquko ekhasini lemibono. U-Marcus wabhala ku-New Yorker ukuthi lesi sinqumo “sigcizelela ukuthi inkululeko evamile yababhali bezingosi yokukhetha izihloko abafuna ukukhuluma ngazo futhi basho lokho abacabanga ukuthi kucekeleke phansi ngokuyingozi.”
I-Univision, ehlanganiswe nenkampani yaseMexico iTelevisa ngo-2022, iphinde yaqikelela ukuthi ingadonsi ukucasuka kwabaphathi, ngokusho kwemithombo esebenza emithonjeni yezindaba yeSpanishi engathandanga ukudalulwa ngoba ingagunyaziwe ukuxoxa ngezinqubomgomo zokuhlela. Yize izinhlelo zezindaba zisalokhu zingakathintwa, isipesheli esirekhodiwe ngaphambili obekumele sisakazwe ngaphambi nje kokugcotshwa kukaTrump ngoJanuwari sikhanselwe abaphathi kulokho imithombo ekhulume ne-CPJ ebikubheka njengokuhlola.
Umkhulumeli we-Univision utshele i-CPJ ukuthi isipesheli sehora elilodwa esihlola umthelela wezinqubomgomo ezihlongozwayo zikaTrump zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe sahoxiswa ngemuva kokuthi kuthathwe njengokuqagela.
"Ucezu belusekelwe ekucabangeni nasekubhalweni kwasekuqaleni esikhundleni samaqiniso aphathekayo noma izinqubomgomo ezisunguliwe," kusho umkhulumeli ku-imeyili. "Ukuthi inethiwekhi icubungula ukugxekwa kokuphatha kukaTrump kungamanga ngokuphelele," bangeze, bephawula ukuthi inethiwekhi iveze imibiko eminingi yezindaba ngezinqubomgomo zabaphathi zokufika kwabantu kwamanye amazwe kanye nemiphumela yazo.
Ngasohlangothini lwezomthetho, uTrump usheshe wamangalela abagxeki noma izitolo ezishicilela izindaba angavumelani nazo. Kunokuba ubhekane nempi yomthetho ethathe isikhathi eside, i-ABC zihleliwe noTrump ngemuva kokumangalelwa ngokudicilela phansi isithunzi ekuhlanganiseni kwakhe ukuhlukunyezwa kwakhe ngokocansi icala. UTrump futhi unamacala asebenzayo ngokumelene ne Irejista ye-Des Moines, the Ibhodi Lomklomelo wePulitzer, Futhi CBS, konke kufakwe ngaphambi kokuthi afungiswe ihlandla lakhe lesibili. Yize kuyivelakancane, uma kungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili, ukuthi umongameli ohleli wase-US athathele izinhlangano zabezindaba izinyathelo zomthetho ukuze abike ngendlela engafanele, uTrump akakhombisanga lutho olukhombisa ukuthi uzowashiya phansi lawa masudi ngesikhathi esengumongameli.
Bambalwa abantu baseMelika ababonakala bekwazi ukungezwani phakathi kwalaba baphathi nabezindaba uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokuqala sikaTrump. Ngo-2017, uPew okutholiwe ukuthi ama-94% abantu baseMelika babazi ngesimo sobudlelwano phakathi kukaTrump nabezindaba futhi cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine (73%) zaba nomuzwa wokuthi lesi simo sivimbela ukufinyelela kwabo ezindabeni. Namuhla, lobo budlelwano bubi kakhulu, kodwa cishe oyedwa kwabahlanu baseMelika (19%) bathi akezwanga nhlobo mayelana nobudlelwano, ngokusho kukaPew. Ukuhlaselwa kwenkululeko yabezindaba kwenzeka ngokushesha, futhi, ngokusobala, abantu baseMelika abaningi abazi, abezwanga, noma bakhetha ukubheka kude ngesikhathi lapho. ukwethenjwa kwabezindaba isezingeni eliphansi futhi ama-acolyte kamongameli "agcwele indawo" ngezenzo nolwazi olungaphazamisa umnyombo wokwenzeka ezweni.
Usongo lwenkululeko yabezindaba lwenzeka esimeni esikhudlwana lapho Isichibiyelo Sokuqala amalungelo, kabanzi, ziyaguguleka. Izinyathelo zabaphathi zokubopha nokuzama ukuxosha okungenani oyedwa umnikazi wekhadi eliluhlaza futhi okungenani oyedwa oyisakhamuzi sangaphandle a umfundi i-visa labo bobabili abamele amalungelo asePalestine babeke ilungelo lokuphikisa. Ukutholwa kolwazi kusuka ezinkulungwaneni federal amawebhusayithi ubeke engcupheni ikhono lomphakathi lokufinyelela ezindabeni zomlando ezixubile. Ngasohlangothini lwezomthetho, a ngokomthethosisekelo inkinga kubukeka sengathi abaphathi babukeka bemanqikanqika ukuthobela imiyalelo ethile yenkantolo ephikisana nezenzo zabo.
Iphephandaba eliqinile nelizimele lingafaka lezi zindaba futhi libambe abanamandla okuziphendulela. Umshini wokunyathelisa obuthakathaka uzozabalaza ukutshela abantu bayo indaba yeMelika.
Kusukela ngo-2013, i-CPJ ishicilele imibiko ehlola ngokujulile ubudlelwano bokuphatha beDemocratic and Republican nabezindaba. Ngenkathi i-CPJ ivame ukulinda a Ngonyaka or eside ukuhlola umthelela wokuphatha enkululekweni yabezindaba, inhlangano ishicilela lo mbiko okhethekile njengophawu lokwesaba mayelana nenqwaba yezenzo nezitatimende ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu ezibe yingozi endaweni yabezindaba.
Lo mbiko okhethekile ukhomba izindlela ezintathu abaphathi bakaTrump abasusa ngayo inkululeko yabezindaba yase-US: ngokunciphisa ukufinyelela olwazini, ukumisa imithetho emisha, nokukhomba izintatheli nezindlu zezindaba ngamacala nophenyo. Ibe isichaza imithelela - yamanje kanye nengenzeka - yalezi zindlela zokushicilela kuzwelonke, esifundazweni, nasendaweni. Lo mbiko uphinde uchaze ukuthi amagumbi ezindaba asabela kanjani, nokuthi i-CPJ namanye amaqembu alwela inkululeko yabezindaba benzani ukuze kugcinwe amalungelo ezintatheli endaweni eyingozi. Okokugcina, iqukethe izincomo kubaphathi bakaTrump, kuCongress, kanye nasezindlini zezindaba mayelana nezindlela zokuthuthukisa inkululeko yabezindaba.
I-CPJ ifinyelele eWhite House ngezicelo ezinemininingwane yokuphawula, futhi ayizange ithole impendulo.
Izinkinga zokufinyelela
Ukusabalala kwemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene mayelana nobumongameli baseMelika kanye nohulumeni kube wuhlelo lwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ukuvumela ubuningi bemithombo yezindaba ukufinyelela kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izakhamizi zingakwazi ukukhetha ngokusekelwe olwazini olunembile, oluyiqiniso kanye nokuthi uhulumeni umelwe ukuziphendulela. Inkululeko yabezindaba, equkethwe kuMthethosisekelo wase-US, ingelinye lamalungelo ahlukanisa iMelika kwamanye amazwe amaningi. Kodwa inkululeko yabezindaba isho ukuthi izintatheli zinokufinyelela okuphusile futhi ziyakwazi ukufakaza ngokusebenza kukahulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeziswa. Kuze kube manje, ukuphathwa kukaTrump kwesibili sekuthathe izinyathelo eziningi ezinciphisa amandla abezindaba ukufeza le ndima.
Kungakapheli nenyanga kuqale ihlandla lesibili likaTrump, i-Associated Press - enye yezinkampani zezindaba ezinethonya emhlabeni ehlinzeka ngezinkulungwane zamagumbi ezindaba e-US nakwamanye amazwe futhi eyaziwa ngokubeka izindinganiso zokuhlela embonini yonkana - yayivinjelwe emicimbini eminingi ye-White House. ekuphindiseleni ngokwenqaba kwayo ukwamukela ngokugcwele umyalo kamongameli wokuqamba kabusha indikimba yamanzi yamazwe ngamazwe iGulf of Mexico ibe iGulf of America. (I-AP ithe encwadini yayo yesitayela ukuthi izoqhubeka nokusebenzisa iGulf of Mexico, ngenkathi iphawula ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US manje uyibiza ngokuthi iGulf of America.)
Izitolo eziningi zezindaba, okuhlanganisa amaphephandaba endawo, iziteshi zokusakaza kanye namawebhusayithi, azikwazi ukukhokhela ababhaleli bazo kazwelonke nabamazwe ngamazwe ngakho-ke zibhalisela izinhlangano ezifana ne-AP. Njenge-CPJ nezinhlangano zozakwethu kuphawulwe, ukususa ukufinyelela kwe-AP kunqamula ukufinyelela kwababhalisile bayo futhi.
Ngenkathi ijaji likahulumeni wabusa ngokuvumelana we-AP, ethi i-White House kufanele ibuyisele ukufinyelela ejensi lezindaba ngezizathu zokuchibiyela kokuQala, abaphathi bakaTrump balidlulisele icala futhi. waphenduka izintatheli zale nhlangano ezivela esithangamini sabezindaba se-Oval Office ngesonto ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kwesinqumo sejaji.
Maphakathi no-Ephreli, i-White House yasusa indawo ehlala njalo yezinsizakalo zezintambo kuyo yonke imicimbi yamachibi. Lesi sinqumo sizoba nomthelela wokukhawulela ukufakwa kwale micimbi, njengoba ulwazi oluqoqwe yilezi zikhungo lusakazwa kabanzi ngabanye. Izintatheli ze-wire agency manje sezizoshintshana nezitolo ezingaphezu kuka-30 zezihlalo ezimbili ezibekelwe izintatheli ezishicilele noma zezintambo.
Lezi bekungezokuqala ochungechungeni lwezenzo, okuhlanganisa ne-White House elawula igumbi lokwazisa ishadi lokuhlala, okubonisa ukunganaki izimiso ezasungulwa kudala ezilawula ukufinyelela kwabezindaba kubaphathi.
Ngokomlando, i-White House Correspondents' Association, ithimba elizimele lezintatheli ezikhuluma ngabaphathi, liphethe ishadi lokuhlala legumbi lokubhalela kanye nokushintshaniswa kwezitolo ezibambe iqhaza emicimbini yokubhukuda, enendawo elinganiselwe. Ukwabela le misebenzi ku-WHCA, esikhundleni se-White House, kuqinisekise ukuthi abaphathi abakhethi abantu abamukelayo, kanye nokuthi izinhlobonhlobo zemithombo yezindaba, kanye nabalaleli babo, bayamelwa.
Lezi zenzo zibonakala ku-CPJ njengengxenye yomkhankaso wokuthonya ukuthi ubani ovunyelwe ukumboza abaphathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela alolonge ulwazi lomphakathi. Ukuvimbela ubuningi bemithombo yezindaba – ikakhulukazi isikhungo sezindaba esihamba phambili ezweni – ekutheni sifinyelele lezi zigameko kuphazamisa inqubo yentando yeningi.
"Umsebenzi wami uwukuba amehlo abantu baseMelika kanye nabantu emhlabeni jikelele," kusho u-Evan Vucci, umthwebuli wezithombe omkhulu we-AP eWashington, DC, ongakwazanga ukufinyelela iningi lemicimbi e-White House kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari lapho i-White House iqala ukukhawulela ukufinyelela kwe-AP. "Ngifuna umphakathi waseMelika uqonde ukuthi nginguye - ukuthi sisebenzela wona ngempela," etshela i-CPJ engxoxweni.
UVucci wathwebula isithombe esiyisithonjana salowo owayengenele ukhetho uTrump ngemuva kokudutshulwa ngoJulayi 2024 embuthanweni womkhankaso. Isithombe sisetshenziswe yizitolo emhlabeni jikelele, saphinde sasetshenziswa ngu Abasekeli bakaTrump, futhi manje ulenga Indlu Emhlophe. U-Vucci uchaze ukuthi ngokukhawulela inani labathwebuli ngokufinyelela okuqondile, kunemibono embalwa yomcimbi, futhi ekugcineni, "irekhodi lomlando lizoba lincane kancane."
Ngaphezu kokukhawulela imibono, ukunciphisa ukufinyelela ekuphathweni okusekelwe esinqumweni sokuhlela futhi kwaba yisihloko sezinselele Zokuchibiyela Okokuqala ecaleni le-Associated Press elibhekene nonobhala wezindaba we-White House, isikhulu sabasebenzi bakamongameli, kanye nesekela lesikhulu sabasebenzi. Ijaji lesifunda linqume ukuthi ukuncishiswa kokufinyelela kwenkampani yezintambo kwephule amalungelo e-AP's First Amendment.
Abaphathi baye isikhalazo isinqumo senkantolo.
Okwamanje, izitolo eziningi zezindaba zizama ukuvala umugqa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igama elisha ukugwema isiphetho esifanayo ne-AP. Ukuqondiswa kwabaphathi kwe-AP kuthumela umyalezo kwezinye izinhlangano zezindaba ukuthi nazo, zingafakwa ngaphandle—futhi ngokunokwenzeka zibhekane nempi yezomthetho ebizayo nedonsayo—uma zehluleka ukuthobela ulayini we-White House.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i Indlu Emhlophe ivumele ukufinyelela ku ama-blogger, abathonya kanye nalabo abavela eziteshini okungenzeka ukuthi bakhuthaze umbono kamongameli futhi bonke abangalandeli imigomo yendabuko yobuntatheli, enikeza ezinye zazo. amabala egunjini lokwazisa le-White House ngokomlando beligcinelwe imithombo yezindaba esekelwe eqinisweni. I-Pentagon iphinde yahlela kabusha ukufinyelela kwayo kwabezindaba, isusa i-New York Times, i-NBC News, i-NPR, ne-POLITICO ezindaweni zabo zamahhovisi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo futhi yanikeza izikhala ku-Breitbart News Network, i-HuffPost, i-New York Post, ne-One America News Network. (Abaphathi bavikele izenzo zabo esidlangalaleni njengendlela yokwandisa ukufinyelela ezitolo ezintsha zezindaba, hhayi ukukhawulela ukufinyelela.)
“Okwenzekayo ezingeni likazwelonke kudala uhlaka lwemvume yokuthi [lokhu kuphathwa kwezintatheli] kufinyelele ezingeni lendawo.”–UBryan Schott, umakadebona wentatheli ezinze e-Salt Lake City
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintatheli ezikhuluma iSpanishi zizwakalise ukukhathazeka kwazo ku-CPJ ngokunyamalala kwe-White House. Iwebhusayithi yolimi lwesiSpanishi kanye nama-akhawunti ezinkundla zokuxhumana. Ngenkathi i-White House igcina abasebenzi abakhuluma iSpanishi abazinikele ngaphansi kokuphatha kukaTrump, abasenabo abasebenzi abasebenza kakhulu nezitolo zase-Hispanic, ushintsho oluholele ekutheni kungabibikho ukufinyelela ezikhulwini eziphezulu zokuphatha uTrump.
"Ngaphambi kokuthi basibheke njengobubi obudingekayo, manje sesiwububi obungadingekile," kusho isikhulu sezindaba esikhuluma iSpanishi esikhulume ne-CPJ ngombandela wokudalulwa igama ngoba sikhathazekile ngezinye izithiyo zokufinyelela.
I-White House ayizange iphendule esicelweni se-CPJ sokuphawula ngalesi sihloko.
Ukusakazwa kwabezindaba bekubalulekile ekuqhamukeni kukaTrump njengosopolitiki; encwadini yakhe yango-2009 ethi The Art of the Deal, wathi “ukukhuluma kabi ngezinye izikhathi kungcono kunokungasakazwa nhlobo.” Wafuna ukufakwa kwezindaba, impikiswano noma ngenye indlela, futhi wahlasela izintatheli futhi wazihlanganisa njengezingabalulekile. Lapho esesesikhundleni, ngo-2017, abaphathi bakhe baqala ukuziphindiselela izintatheli nezitolo lokho inselelo ukulandisa kwakhe.
Njengoba i-CPJ yenze ngaphambilini kuphawulwe, izikhulu zombuso nezendawo kulo lonke elase-United States zaqala ukulingisa Ukuphatha kukaTrump abezindaba, kanye nalobu budlova obubhekiswe ezintathelini ayizange ihlakazeke ngesikhathi uTrump ephumile esikhundleni.
"Okwenzekayo kuzwelonke kudala uhlaka lwemvume yokuthi [lokhu kuphathwa kwezintatheli] kuhlungwe kuze kufike ezingeni lendawo," kuchaza uBryan Schott, umakadebona wentatheli ezinze eSalt Lake City osebhale izindaba zezombusazwe zase-Utah iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 futhi manje uphethe eyakhe ingosi yezindaba zezombusazwe, I-Utah Political Watch.
Ngo-2022, iSenethi yase-Utah yajoyina Iowa kanye Kansas ukuze ube yisishayamthetho sesifundazwe sesithathu ngalowo nyaka khawulela zonke izintatheli zifinyelela phansi, okwenza kube inselele kakhulu ukuvala izingxoxo nabenzi bomthetho noma ukubamba ama-nuances ezingxoxweni ezithinta izingxenye zomthetho.
Kwathi ngasekupheleni kuka-2024, uSchott waziswa ukuthi wenqatshelwe iziqinisekiso zabezindaba zika-2025 ukuthi amboze isishayamthetho sase-Utah ngenxa yezinguquko ngomzuzu wokugcina izinqubo zokuqinisekisa lokho bekungabandakanyi izintatheli ezizimele, nakuba uSchott ethe uyena kuphela intatheli eziphikile izicucu.
Le ntatheli eyaziwa ngophenyo lwayo olungaguquki kanye nokucothoza, wathi ukuthi isinqumo sokumnqabela ukufinyelela sasiwukusabela esihlokweni asishicilele mayelana noMongameli weSenate yase-Utah uStuart Adams' ukwephulwa okusolwayo yemithetho yezimali zomkhankaso. USchott ufake a icala ngokumelene neSishayamthetho sase-Utah ngokwephula amalungelo akhe Okuchitshiyelwa Kokuqala. Iseshini yezomthetho yase-Utah, eyizinsuku ezingama-45, yaphela ngoMashi 7. Icala likaSchott lisaqulwa enkantolo.
Isikhulu seSenate yase-Utah uMark Thomas utshele i-CPJ nge-imeyili ukuthi iSenethi ayiphawuli ngamacala aqhubekayo.
U-Schott ubikezela ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuziphatha luzoba lubi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni lapho iningi elikhulu lilawula uhulumeni futhi kunenzuzo encane yokuhlehla. "Kunabantu abaningi abangenandaba ngempela ... [abacabanga] lokhu okuncane nje," kuchaza intatheli, kodwa konke lokhu "kuyesabisa ngempela."
Izintatheli ziphinde zizwakalise ukukhathazeka kwe-CPJ ngokukhula kwayo ngisho Okuningi okunzima ukufinyelela kumarekhodi omphakathi ngezicelo zenkululeko yolwazi emazingeni kahulumeni kanye nesifundazwe, ukwesaba okuye kwahlanganiswa ukususwa yolwazi lomphakathi kanye nedatha evela kumawebhusayithi kahulumeni, kanye ukungazinzi yeminyango kahulumeni, okuhlanganisa ne ukuxhumana eminyangweni, ezinhlanganweni ezihlanganisa iCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, kanye neNational Institutes of Health.
Umhleli oyinhloko we-Kansas Reflector u-Sherman Smith utshele i-CPJ ukuthi ukhathazekile ngalokho i-Kansas 'isanda kuqamba iKomidi LeSenate le-Government Efficiency, isinyathelo esifana nesikaMusk. UMBUZO, kusho ukubika kwakhe.
“Ngikhathazeke ngokukhethekile ukufinyelela kuya amarekhodi ngaphansi kweKansas Open Records Act,” kusho uSmith.
Emazwini athunyelwe nge-imeyili ku-CPJ, usihlalo weSenate yaseKansas uRenee Erickson uthe "kungamanga" ukuthi ikomidi alinikezi izintatheli izimpendulo ezanele nezifike ngesikhathi ezicelweni zazo zokuphawula ngomsebenzi wekomidi.
Okwengeziwe mayelana nokukhathazeka kwakamuva kwenkululeko yabezindaba yase-US:
Ukugxila komkhankaso kaTrump kwezokufika kanye nokuzimisela kukamongameli ukufeza izithembiso zomkhankaso zokuxosha abokufika abasalinde ukuqulwa kwecala lokukhoseliswa noma abangenazo izincwadi nakho kudale ubunzima ezintathelini ezibika ngemithelela yale migomo emiphakathini yazo.
Ngokuvumelana nokuhlukumeza okwashicilelwa abakwa-diaspora Izikhathi zaseHaiti ebhekene nakho ngonyaka odlule lapho iqala ukuphikisa izinsolo ezingenasisekelo ezibhekiswe kubantu baseHaiti abahlala e-Springfield, e-Ohio, kanye nomthelela ulwazi olungamanga olwalunawo emphakathini, izintatheli zase-Aurora, e-Colorado, zazithola ziyizihloko zentukuthelo ezingeni likazwelonke.
Abaphawula kusizindalwazi seSentinel Colorado basole leli phephandaba ngokuba nesandla nabaphula umthetho futhi lisebenza ngokuzikhandla ngokumelene nokuphatha kukaTrump, kusho umhleli uDave Perry osesebenze kuleli phepha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Yize kungakaze kube nenani eliphakeme lempendulo, "ithoni yalezi zinto isishintshile," kuchaza uPerry. “Sinovalo ngalokhu futhi sikubukela eduze impela.”
Inkosi yasemngceleni kamongameli, uTom Homan, owethule "Operation Aurora," kusolwa kusolwa ukuvuza kwabezindaba ngokubeka izikhulu ze-US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) engcupheni ngenkathi zigasela. Icala liqhamuke njengoba izikhulu ze-ICE ziwa ngaphansi kokwanda ingcindezi evela kubaphathi bakaTrump ngokungaqoqi abantu abanele.
Ngasemngceleni oseningizimu, okungenani umhleli oyedwa utshele i-CPJ ukuthi usebonile ushintsho ekuzimiseleni kwabasebenzi boMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya (DHS) ukusebenzisana nezigaba ezithile zemithombo yezindaba selokhu uTrump ebuyele esikhundleni. U-Robert Moore, umsunguli kanye no-CEO wewebhusayithi yezindaba engenzi nzuzo i-El Paso Matters, ubeka lolu shintsho kwinhlanganisela yokungaqiniseki mayelana nokuthi indlunkulu ye-DHS ingahle ifune ukuthi bathini, noma ingafuni, kanye nombono wabaphathi wokuthi imithombo yezindaba yendabuko ayibalulekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMoore utshele i-CPJ, ama-ejensi ahlukahlukene azimisele kakhulu ukunikeza izithombe zokuboshwa kanye nokukhishwa kwabezindaba.
“Ngitshele izintatheli zami…ngeke sibe uphiko lukahulumeni lokuxhumana,” kusho uMoore, osehlanganise umngcele cishe iminyaka engama-40. "Sifuna ukwazisa umphakathi uma kwenzeka izinto zangempela, kodwa futhi sifuna ukuqaphela ukuthi singathusi umphakathi ngokungenasidingo."
(Umsizi kaNobhala we-DHS Wezindaba Zomphakathi u-Tricia McLaughlin utshele i-CPJ esitatimendeni esithunyelwe nge-imeyili ukuthi i-DHS ihlale izimisele ukuxhumanisa imibuzo nezintatheli.)
Lezi zinselele ezintsha zezindlu zezindaba zasendaweni zenzeka ku-ecosystem yezindaba esengozini. I-El Paso Matters yasungulwa ngomzamo wokugcwalisa umgodi oshiywe lapho amaphephandaba endabuko endaweni evaliwe. Amawebhusayithi afanayo azama ukuvimba ugwadule lwezindaba olwandayo kodwa kuyimpi ekhuphukayo abangenazo izinsiza izimakethe zezindaba. Ukungabi bikho kwezindlu zezindaba kanye nokushoda kwezintatheli kulabo abasele kwenza kube nzima kakhulu, noma kungenzeki, ukuthi ubuntatheli obuqaphayo bubambe amandla okuziphendulela kanye nokuthi amadola entela asetshenziswe ngendlela efanele.
Izenzo zomthetho nezokulawula
Yize iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi iCongress ngeke yenze umthetho “onqamula inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokunyathelisa,” abaphathi bakaTrump besibili, nabakhulu kuwo womabili la magumbi, kukhombisa izimpawu zokufuna ukusebenzisa amandla amakhulu kahulumeni nokulawula ngokumelene nezinhlangano zezindaba, becaphuna izimangalo ezingamanga noma eziyihaba mayelana nokusabalala kwazo.
Ngokushaqisayo, u-Attorney General Pam Bondi ngo-April 25 wahoxisa izinqubomgomo zamanduleli wakhe ezazivikela izintatheli ekubizweni koMnyango Wezobulungiswa, ngaphandle kwamacala okuphepha kwezwe, ngenhloso ebekiwe yokujezisa abasebenzi bakahulumeni abaputshuzela kwabezindaba. Nakuba lesi senzo sibonakala siqondiswe kakhulu kwabaputshuzayo, isinqumo sikaBondi sizokwenza ukuthi izintatheli ezithola ulwazi zibizwe, zilethwe phambi kwejaji, futhi ziphoqwe ukuthi zidalule imithombo, okunomthelela omubi ekubikeni ngemisebenzi kahulumeni futhi ekugcineni kube nelungelo lomphakathi lokwazi.
Ngokubuyela kwakhe e-White House, uTrump uqoke abantu abathile ezikhundleni zekhabhinethi, izinhlangano ezilawula uhulumeni, kanye nasezikhundleni zomthetho wobumbano obonakala bengesabi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezijwayelekile ezingaphazamisa ukuzimela kokuhlela kwezitolo ezinkulu zezindaba. Yize kujwayelekile ukuthi omengameli baqoke abantu abazwelana nemibono yabo, okunye uTrump akhetha kukho iKhabhinethi kanye nezinhloko zezinhlaka zigqama ngenxa yobuqotho babo kuye nasezinjongweni zakhe, esikhundleni sokukhetha amasiko ezikhungo abazisebenzelayo.
Abaphathi nabambisene nabo benza lezi zenzo njengendlela yokulungisa i-ecosystem yemidiya abayiveze njengenokuchema okukhulu kwesobunxele. Kodwa-ke, le mizamo, ehlangene nokuhlaselwa ngamazwi okuqondile kwabezindaba kanye nokunganakwa kwamaqiniso nokuhlola amaqiniso, esikhundleni salokho isungula izinhlaka eziyingozi zokuqalisa ukuhlasela kwezinhlangano ezingase ziveze izindaba eziphikisana nokuphatha.
Okungenani abasakazi abathathu abakhulu - I-NBC, i-ABC, ne-CBS - kanye nabasakazi ababili base-United States - I-NPR ne-PBS - zafakwa ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zophenyo ngusihlalo kaTrump weFederal Communications Commission (FCC), uBrendan Carr, phakathi nenyanga yokuqala yehlandla lesibili likaTrump. Isivinini kanye nokucaciswa kwalolu phenyo kubangele ukukhathazeka mayelana nokugxambukela kwezombusazwe esikhungweni esilawulayo esingavamisile ukudala izihloko zezindaba.
"Ungacabanga ngakho njengo-Nixon kuma-steroids," kusho uRobert Corn-Revere, owayengumeluleki omkhulu kwa-FCC, ebhekise kuMongameli uRichard Nixon onqamula uxhaso lwe-PBS kanye nokujabulisa umqondo wokusebenzisa i-FCC ukujezisa iziteshi zethelevishini ngokubonakala kubi.
UCarr ukuvikele ukulunga kophenyo lwe-ejensi yakhe, egomela ngombhalo umlayezo kuntatheli u-Oliver Darcy ukuthi, ngokuphambene nabamanduleli bakhe, "uzoqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuzamazama okuhle kule FCC." (UCarr akazange aphendule esicelweni se-CPJ efuna ukuphawulwa mayelana nophenyo kanye nezinsolo zabagxeki zokuthi i-FCC isingene kwezombusazwe.)
"Akuyona into engavamile ukuthi amakhomishana noma usihlalo we-FCC abambe imihlathi," kusho uRobert Corn-Revere, owayengumeluleki omkhulu kusihlalo we-FCC, ekhuluma ngengcindezi yokukhuluma. Okungajwayelekile, echaza, ukwenza izenzo eziningi kangaka ngasikhathi sinye, okuhlanganisa “ngezindlela ezidlulela ngale kwegunya elisemthethweni le-FCC.”
"Ungacabanga ngakho njengoNixon kuma-steroids," esho, ebhekisa kuMongameli Richard Nixon ukusika uxhaso lwe-PBS kanye nokujabulisa umqondo wokusebenzisa i-FCC ukujezisa iziteshi zikamabonakude ngokubonakala okungekuhle.
Maphakathi no-Ephreli, uCarr ukuphakanyiswa ukuthi I-Comcast, izakhiwo zayo ezihlanganisa i-NBC kanye ne-MSNBC, ingase yephule ilayisense yayo yokusakaza ngokuphendula i-MSNBC emboze ngokuxosha ngokungemthetho kwabaphathi baka-Trump u-Kilmar Abrego Garcia wayiswa e-El Salvador.
Usihlalo we-FCC ubhale ku- X (owayekade engu-Twitter) ukuthi izitolo zeComcast azizange zivume ukuthi u-Abrego Garcia wangena e-US ngokungemthetho futhi wayeyilungu leqembu lezigelekeqe lase-El Salvador MS-13, isimangalo esingakagwetshwa. Isikhundla sakhe size ngemuva kosuku i-White House ibambe isithangami sabezindaba, i-MSNBC nezinye izitolo ezingasakazwanga, ivikela isenzo sayo sokuxosha u-Abrego Garcia.
Kwesinye futhi isenzo esingajwayelekile, uCarr, osanda kubonwa egqoke iphinikhodi yegolide emile Iphrofayili kaTrump, baphinde bavula uphenyo NBC, ABC, Futhi CBS ekuphenduleni izikhalazo ezivela ku-Center for American Rights, inkampani egcina isithakazelo somphakathi. Izikhalo, ezachithwa ngumanduleli wakhe, zihlobene nezinsolo zokuphathwa ngendlela ekhethwa yi-NBC kanye ne-ABC owayeyiPhini likaMongameli uKamala Harris, ngenkathi esola i-CBS ngokuhlanekezela izindaba.
UCorn-Revere uthe imiyalezo yezepolitiki kulawa macala isobala. “Angikaze ngikubone ukuqulwa kwecala elichithwayo libuyiselwa esikhundleni ngusihlalo.Kungokokuqala kimina lokho,” kusho ummeli, osesebenza njengommeli omkhulu kwaFIRE, okuyinhlangano emele iFirst Amendment. Isicelo sokumisa ilayisensi yenkampani yeFox News nayo eyayikhona ixoshiwe ngumanduleli kaCarr ngesikhathi esifanayo akazange abuyiselwe.
Uphenyo lwe-FCC oluthinta izikhungo ze-CBS mayelana nokuhlelwa kwenhlolokhono yenethiwekhi “yamaminithi angu-60” yalowo owayengumongameli kanye nePhini Likamongameli uHarris, okuphinde kube yisihloko sengxoxo. $ 20 billion ukukhwabanisa kwabathengi kanye necala lokuncintisana elingafanele elifakwe enkantolo yaseTexas nguTrump. Ecaleni laseTexas, esinye sezimangalo zikaTrump ukuthi “Imizuzu engama-60” yephule umthetho wombuso wokukhwabanisa wabathengi lapho kuhlelwa impendulo kaHarris mayelana nokuzimisela kukaNdunankulu wakwa-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu ukusebenzelana nabaphathi beBiden-Harris esihlokweni sempi yaseGaza.
"Uma ubungabona ukuthi leyo thiyori yecala isho ukwephulwa koMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwabathengi WaseTexas, noma yimuphi umuntu ozongenela ukhetho angamangalela inhlangano yezindaba ngokukhuluma ngelinye ikhandidethi," kusho uGabe Rottman, iphini likamongameli wenqubomgomo ye-Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo esekela umthetho egxile ekuvikeleni amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala sezintatheli.
“Kuwukunambitheka okukhethekile kwesudi ye-SLAPP,” kusho u-Rottman, ebhekisela emacaleni e-Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, abamangali abaletha umzamo wokukhipha izinsiza zabamangalelwa futhi babe nomthelela wenkulumo epholile. Eqinisweni, amacala okuvikela abathengi anawo kwaba esetshenziswa ngaphambi kokubhekana nezinhlangano zabezindaba eTexas, nguMmeli Jikelele wezwe uKen Paxton. Akuvamile ukuthi ohulumeni bezifundazwe badlale i-copycat, kusho uRottman.
Nakuba ukukhathazeka ngamasudi e-SLAPP kuye kwakhula, amaqembu angenzi-nzuzo njengeKhomishana Yomthetho Ofanayo bebesebenzela ukukhulisa ukuvikela okulwa ne-SLAPP ezingeni likahulumeni.
Inhlangano engenzi nzuzo ibe nesandla ekuqhubekiseleni phambili umthetho ezifundazweni ezihlanganisa i-Iowa, i-Ohio, ne-Idaho okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukushushisa abantu ngabanye namaqembu, okuhlanganisa nezintatheli nezinhlangano zabezindaba.
“Sonke siyawathokozela lawo malungelo okukhuluma, ukubhekana nezindaba ezithinta umphakathi, ukuzibandakanya enkulumweni yomphakathi,” kusho uKaitlin Wolff, umqondisi wohlelo lwezomthetho kuKhomishana Yomthetho Ofanayo. “Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu sebeqala ukuqonda ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi singalusebenzisi izikhali uhlelo lwezinkantolo … futhi sivikele lawo malungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ukuze abantu bakwazi ukwabelana ngokwanele ngalokho okusezingqondweni zabo ngokwenzeka emiphakathini yabo.”
“Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyavumelana nenkulumo yothile noma cha, kungokwemvelo ukuthi sinalawa [malungelo].”
Izinqumo zikaTrump zokufaka icala lokukhwabanisa labathengi “Amaminithi angu-60” eTexas kanye necala lePulitzer Prize Board eFlorida kuphinde kwaveza ukukhathazeka ngokuthenga. onozwela Iziphathimandla.
UTrump uqhubekile nokucindezela i-CBS ngokubhala ku-Truth Social post ngo-Ephreli 13 ukuthi inethiwekhi kufanele ilahlekelwe ilayisensi ezingxenyeni zakamuva ze-"60 Minutes" e-Ukraine naseGreenland.
Umdidiyeli wesikhathi eside u-“60 Minutes” u-Bill Owens wesula emsebenzini ngasekupheleni kuka-April, esho ukuphulwa okucatshangwayo ekuzimeleni kwakhe kokuhlela. Ekugxekweni okungajwayelekile emoyeni kwenkampani engumzali we-CBS, intatheli ye-“60 Minutes” uScott Pelley yathi “uParamount waqala ukwengamela okuqukethwe [kombukiso] ngezindlela ezintsha.”
"Azikho izindaba zethu ezivinjiwe kodwa uBill wazizwa elahlekelwe yinkululeko edingwa ubuntatheli obuthembekile," Kusho uPelley.
Icala laseTexas kanye nophenyo lwe-FCC luza phakathi kwezinqubo eziqhubekayo e-FCC maqondana ne- ukuhlanganiswa okuhlongozwayo phakathi kwe-Skydance Media ne-Paramount Global, ephethe i-CBS Network.
"Okuqinisekile ukuthi ukulungiswa ngakunye kwenza buthaka inkululeko yentando yeningi lezi zinhlangano zabezindaba ezithembele kuyo. Zakha izibonelo - hhayi ezingokomthetho, kodwa izandulela - ezizoshintsha indlela amajaji nomphakathi abacabanga ngayo ngenkululeko yabezindaba kanye nemikhawulo yayo." - UJameel Jaffer, umqondisi omkhulu we-Knight First Amendment Institute, ku-New York Times op-ed
I-CBS nayo ibhekane nayo umphakathi ukukhala kanye ingcindezi yangaphakathi kubasebenzi ekuphenduleni izindaba ukuthi izikhwepha lungisa icala elihlobene nenhlolokhono kaHarris "60 Minutes", elandelayo Ukushintsha kwe-ABC ngecala lokwehliswa isithunzi likaTrump ku December ngonyaka odlule.
“Okuqinisekileyo ukuthi isivumelwano ngasinye senza buthaka inkululeko yentando yeningi lezi zinhlangano zabezindaba ezithembele kuyo,” kubhala uMqondisi Omkhulu we-Knight First Amendment Institute uJameel Jaffer encwadini. i-op-ed kweNew York Times. "Bakha izethulo - hhayi ezingokomthetho, kodwa izandulela - ezizobumba indlela amajaji nomphakathi abacabanga ngayo ngenkululeko yabezindaba kanye nemingcele yayo."
Umlamuli ngu manje ohilelekile ecaleni; akukacaci ukuthi i-CBS izozinza yini.
Nakuba ukuvuma icala kungase kulungele kakhudlwana futhi kulondoloze ukufinyeleleka, kuqeda kokubili ukwethenjwa komphakathi esikhungweni sezindaba kanye nokholo izintatheli okungenzeka zazinalo ekuzinikeleni kwenhlangano yezindaba ekwenzeni kanye nezindinganiso zobuntatheli.
Uphenyo lwe-FCC nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa kusetshenziswa “njengama-bargaining chips,” ukufaka ingcindezi ngokumelene ne-CBS ngendlela engavamile kakhulu, kusho uCorn-Revere.
Le ngcindezi evela kumlawuli ezitolo zezindaba ibonakala ihloselwe ukuthumela umlayezo oqinile, futhi ophathelene, kumagumbi ezindaba: Ngena emgqeni noma ubhekane nethuba lenqwaba yezinselele zomthetho nezokulawula.
Ngokubona isandulela esiyingozi sokuthi isinqumo esibi ngokumelene ne-CBS senhlolokhono "yamaminithi angu-60" sizodalela abezindaba kuwo wonke ama-spectrum ezombusazwe, amanye amaqembu aphikisayo kuzwakele ukusekela kwabo inethiwekhi.
Umthelela awuzwakali nje ezingeni likazwelonke. Okungenani isiteshi somsakazo esisodwa sasendaweni, I-KCBS, esekelwe e-San Jose, eCalifornia, isivele ingaphansi kophenyo lwe-FCC ngemuva kokusakaza ulwazi mayelana nokuhlasela kwe-ICE okwenzeka endaweni.
"Lena yinto entsha. Uphenyo lwamanje lwe-FCC lwe-KCBS ludlula noma yini eyenziwa abaphathi bangaphambilini," kusho u-Corn-Revere etshela i-CPJ.
Uphenyo, olwalandela ingxoxo yenkundla yezokuxhumana ephikweni lwesokudla lokusakazwa kwe-KCBS, luvulwe ngaphansi kwezinga lenhlangano elawulayo ezithakazelisa umphakathi, elingaphansi kokutolikwa ngukhomishana. Izinhlangano zezindaba zinelungelo lokurekhoda nokubheka umsebenzi wokugcinwa komthetho owenziwa esidlangalaleni.
"Konke kuhloselwe ukuvusa ukwesaba kubantu okungenzeka bangabi nalo ibhizinisi elilindile lokulawula," futhi ukhathazeke ngokuthi ukubanjwa ophenyweni kungase kube nomthelela kanjani ezicelweni zesikhathi esizayo ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kweParamount-Skydance, kusho uWalter Olson, isikhulu esiphezulu e-libertarian CATO Institute.
UCarr akazange aphendule esicelweni se-CPJ sokuphawula mayelana nokuhlanganiswa.
Uphenyo lwe-FCC olumelene ne-NPR kanye ne-PBS luyaqhubeka nale nqubo yokubhanqa izinqubo ezijwayelekile. UCarr useke udaba lomlawuli mayelana nezinsolo zokwephulwa kwezindinganiso zokubhalwa phansi kwamanethiwekhi, okwakuxoxiswene ngazo ne-FCC, esola amanethiwekhi ngokusakaza izikhangiso zezentengiselwano eziphula imithetho yazo. Ku incwadi yakhe ekwazisa abaphathi be-NPR kanye ne-PBS ngophenyo, uCarr uphinde waveza ukungabaza kwakhe ukuthi iCongress kufanele iqhubeke nokuxhasa amanethiwekhi.
Ngokuhambisana nophenyo lukaCarr, ikomiti elincane le-House Oversight, I-Deliveing on Government Efficiency, elaliholwa nguRep. Marjorie Taylor Greene labamba ukulalelwa kwesihloko esithi “Anti-American Airwaves: Ukubamba Izinhloko ze-NPR kanye ne-PBS Ziphendule,” lapho ama-CEO e-NPR kanye ne-PBS ebuzwa mayelana nezinsolo zokuchema ezinhlanganweni zabo.
UGreene kanye namanye amaRiphabhlikhi bahlele imizamo yabo yokubuyisela imali njengomzamo wokumisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni “enkulumweni-ze yenkululeko” eqhubekisela phambili “i-ajenda yamakhomanisi,” futhi ehluleka ukubika ngokunembayo ngezindaba ezingeniswa emphakathini.
Ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kwecala, okuhanjelwe ngabasebenzi be-CPJ, u-Taylor Greene waphinde wasola abaphathi abakhulu ngokuvumela izinhlelo ukuba zisakazwe ezikhuthaza “ukulungiswa kanye nokwenza ucansi” kwezingane, okuhlanganisa nesithombe sendlovukazi ehudulayo ngemuva kwakhe njengoba ekhuluma.
Ngenkathi ebuza i-CEO ye-PBS u-Paula Kerger, u-Rep. William Timmons, wase-South Carolina Republican, okushiwo ngokungalungile ukuthi indlovukazi yokudonsa ivele ohlelweni lwezingane lwe-PBS. Impendulo ivela ku- Kerger wabonisa ukuthi isithombe sendlovukazi yokudonsa asizange sivele kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezingane lwe-PBS, kunalokho safakwa ngephutha kuwebhusayithi yenethiwekhi inkampani ephethwe yi-New York City ngaphambi kokuthi sisuswe.
Isikhulu se-NPR uKatherine Maher wabuzwa mayelana nokumbozwa kwe-NPR yendaba yelaptop yakwaHunter Biden kanye nombono wokuthi leli gciwane le-COVID-19 liqhamuka elabhorethri yaseChina. UMaher uthe ufisa ukuthi i-NPR ithathe ngokungathi sína indaba ye-laptop, futhi waphawula ukuthi indawo yokuphuma manje isihlanganise ithiyori yelebhu ye-COVID-19, icacisa ukuthi zombili lezi zindaba zavela ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe ehola inhlangano yezindaba.
Ama-CEO womabili akuchithile izinsolo zokuthi izitolo zabo zikhipha "inkulumo-ze ekhululekile" njengoba kwakushiwo ngesikhathi sokulalelwa.
Ngaphezu kwengcindezi ye-NPR ne-PBS, i-Trump White House ubhale imemo ukubuza Congress ukunciphisa imali engaphezu kwebhiliyoni engu-$1 kuNhlangano Yezokusakaza Komphakathi (CPB). Ngenkathi i-CPB ixhasa izinhlelo ze-NPR kazwelonke kanye ne-PBS, ingxenye enkulu yezigidi ezingu-500 zamaRandi emali yenhlangano eyitholayo unyaka ngamunye yabelwa iziteshi zikamabonakude zomphakathi zendawo kanye nemisakazo.
I-CPB nayo inakho kufakwe isudi ngokumelene noTrump ngemuva kokugomela ngokuthi ususa amalungu amathathu ebhodi lenhlangano amahlanu, i-CPB ephikisana nayo yedlula igunya likamongameli phezu kwenhlangano ezimele ezimele.
Ukuncishiswa kwemali yenhlangano kuzobeka lezi ziteshi ezincane engcupheni enkulu yezezimali.
E-Indiana, abenzi bomthetho sebesikile uxhaso lwezifundazwe lwabasakazi basendaweni. Ukunyakaza kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ku iziteshi zasemakhaya abahlelelwe ukulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angama-30 kuye kwangama-40 ezabelomali zabo zonyaka.
As I-CPJ kanye nezinye izinhlangano zozakwethu zithe, imisakazo yomphakathi iyinkonzo yomphakathi ebalulekile kubantu abaningi baseMelika, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenazo ezinye izitolo zezindaba. Ngokusho kuka-a Umbiko we-2022 kusukela ku-Alliance of Rural Public Media, cishe ama-20% eziteshi zomsakazo zasemakhaya asebenzela imiphakathi ngomthombo wezindaba owodwa noma emibili kuphela.
Ezinhlanganweni ezincane, ezinezinsiza zezimali ezilinganiselwe, izenzo zenhlangano nezwe ngokumelene nezitolo zezindaba zomphakathi zasendaweni zingaba usongo olukhona.
Abaholi abancane, abangenzi nzuzo begumbi lezindaba baphinde bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izikhungo zikahulumeni ezingathathi hlangothi zingase zijeziswe ngokumelene nabo ukuze ziziphindiselele ngokubika okubucayi kukahulumeni wendawo noma wenhlangano.
“Ngikhathazeke kakhulu ngezinguquko abazenzayo kwa-IRS [Internal Revenue Service] ukuze bayenze ibe ngezepolitiki,” kusho uMoore wakwa-El Paso Matters. “Ngendlela efanayo vele sebesebenzisa i-FCC ukulandela umsakazo womphakathi nomabonakude womphakathi, bangasebenzisa i-IRS ukulandela izinhlangano zedijithali ezingenzi nzuzo njengezethu ngoba azikuthandi ukubika kwethu,” kusho uMoore. ukukhombisa uphenyo lwe-FCC.
Ukuhlaselwa okuqondiswe kuzo izintatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba
Izinga eliphezulu lezinsongo kanye nokwesatshiswa kwezintatheli bekungelona uphawu lwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ngokomlando, lezi zigameko zenzeke ngezikhathi zokungezwani kuzwelonke, njengasekuqaleni kweMpi Yombango, nokuvela kwemithetho emelene nabezindaba phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, nasezinkathini ezinjengokulwela amalungelo abantu noma inkathi kaMcCarthy. Ekulawulweni kwesibili kukaTrump, isimo sobutha sibuyile.
Kuso sonke isikhathi sakhe esiteji sezepolitiki, uTrump akazange afihle ukuthi akazihloniphi izintatheli nezitolo ezinganikezi izindaba ezikhazimulayo, evame ukubiza izintatheli ngokuthi "izitha zabantu," futhi waze wasabisa nentatheli yezithombe. ejele ngokuthatha izithombe zombhalo ngesikhathi senhlolokhono ye-Oval Office. Emihlanganweni yango-2022 yabangenele ukhetho lwamaRepublican Congress eTexas nase-Ohio, owayengenele ukhetho ngaleso sikhathi uTrump. joked ukuthi usongo lokudlwengulwa ejele kuzophoqa izintatheli ukuthi ziveze imithombo yazo.
"Futhi ukuze ungitholele umuntu kuzodingeka adubule ngezindaba ezingamanga. Futhi anginandaba nalokho. Anginandaba nalokho." - UMongameli uDonald Trump
UTrump wayigcina le ndikimba emkhankasweni wakhe wokuba ngumongameli wango-2024, njengoba i-CPJ yaphawula kuwo umbiko wangaphambi kokhetho, esho emasontweni ngemuva kokudutshulwa ngesikhathi ekhankasa wathi akanankinga uma kukhona obezombulala. wadutshulwa kwabezindaba ingxenye.
"Futhi ukuze ngithole umuntu othile, kuzofanele adubule ngezindaba ezingamanga. Futhi anginandaba nalokho. Anginankinga nalokho," kusho uTrump.
Enkulumweni yakhe eya eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa ngoMashi 14, uTrump wabhekisa ku-MSNBC naku-CNN “njengengekho emthethweni” kanye “nenkohlakalo,” ebeka iphimbo eliphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwehhovisi lomshushisi wombuso.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinkulumo ezishubile, i-US Press Freedom Tracker, inhlangano engakhethi hlangothi eyasungulwa yi-CPJ futhi ebala ukwephulwa kwenkululeko yabezindaba, iqophe okungenani ukwephulwa kwenkululeko yabezindaba okuyi-19 ezinsukwini zokuqala eziyi-100 zikaTrump, yehle isuka kwezingama-42 phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala eziyi-100 zehlandla lakhe lokuqala.
Umehluko, kusho uMhleli Ophethe weTracker, uKirstin McCudden, wukuthi akukaze kube nezinga elifanayo lemibhikisho yasemgwaqweni, evamise ukuza nemiphumela yezokuphepha ezintathelini, ebikhona ngesikhathi sikaTrump okokuqala. Ukwengeza, izitatimende ezishaqisayo noma izenzo zabaphathi bakaTrump azisezona izitatimende ezingacacile, njengokubiza “izindaba ezingamanga” ngokuthi “isitha sabantu.” Futhi aziqondiswe kuzintatheli ngazinye. Esikhundleni salokho aqondiswe kumithombo yezindaba ethize iyonke, okuhlanganisa i-AP, NPR, PBS, CBS, NBC, kanye ne-ABC.
"Imiphumela yalezi zinhlobo zezenzo cishe ayinakulinganiswa futhi ihlala isikhathi eside," uMcCudden etshela i-CPJ. "Ngicabanga ukuthi siyaqala ukuqonda umthelela, ngokwesibonelo, ukususa ukufinyelela kwe-AP, nokuthi lokho kuzokwenzani ezinhlanganweni zezindaba zendawo."
Emavikini alandela ukunqoba kukaTrump okhethweni lwango-2024 futhi nangemuva kokugcotshwa kwakhe, i-CPJ inikeze izeluleko ezengeziwe zokuphepha ezindlini zezindaba nezintatheli ukuze zihlangabezane namaqiniso amasha. Kusukela ngomhla ka-8 Novemba 2024 kuya ku-Mashi 7, 2025, i-CPJ inikeze ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kuzintatheli ezingaphezu kuka-530 e-US ukuze ihlangabezane nokukhuphuka kwesidingo solwazi lokuphepha. Ngokuphambene, i-CPJ iqeqeshe izintatheli ezingama-20 unyaka wonke wezi-2022 ezweni.
“Imiphumela yalezi zinhlobo zezenzo icishe ingenakulinganiswa futhi ihlala isikhathi eside, ngicabanga ukuthi siyaqala ukuqonda umthelela, ngokwesibonelo, ukususa ukufinyelela kwe-AP, nokuthi lokho kuzokwenzani ezinhlanganweni zezindaba zendawo.”–Kirstin McCudden, Umhleli Ophethe we-US Press Freedom Tracker
Izintatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba zibhale ngemibuzo kusukela ekuphepheni kokubikwa kwenkundla kuya ekulawuleni ukuhlukumeza ku-inthanethi kuye kulokho okwenzekayo uma zingaphansi kophenyo lwe-IRS oluyisijeziso kanye nendlela yokuvikela imithombo eyimfihlo kulesi simo esisha sezombusazwe.
"Okungaziwa kuyadabukisa kakhulu. Futhi njengamanje, lokhu kungamanzi angaziwa e-United States. Izintatheli azazi ukuthi yini okufanele zilindele futhi lokho kubangela ukukhathazeka uma kuziwa ekuvikeleni idatha yabo, indlela yokugcina leyo datha kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi iphephile ngangokunokwenzeka," kusho umeluleki wezokuphepha wedijithali we-CPJ u-Ela Stapley.
Isikhathi esimisiwe sokuhlaselwa kwabezindaba base-US ngo-2025
Umugqa Wesikhathi Wokuhlasela ku-US Press 2025 (PDF)
Kulesi simo sezulu esishubile, izintatheli ziya ngokuya zikhathazeka ngokuvikeleka kwezokuxhumana kwazo kwedijithali, ukukhathazeka okukhule kubi kakhulu kulandela ukuhoxiswa kukaBondi kwenqubomgomo yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa ngokumelene nokubizela izintatheli.
Lezi zinkathazo zokwanda kwezinsongo zedijithali zihambisana nokukhuphuka kokukhathazeka mayelana nokwenzeka kokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba kanye nokusatshiswa kwezintatheli. Ucwaningo lwe-CPJ ibonise ukuthi ukwanda kwezingxabano zomphakathi kuhlangene nokukhula kwezempi amaphoyisa adale izimo ezingaphephile zokubika ezintathelini kule minyaka edlule.
Yize ingekho imibhikisho eminingi e-United States eyaba nodlame phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-100 zikaTrump ehhovisi, inkumbulo isaqhubeka ngodlame olungakaze lubonwe izintatheli. ebhekene nakho ngenkathi ikhuluma ngemibhikisho yeBlack Lives Matter ehlobo lika-2020 noma ihlanganisa izihlubuki zangoJanuwari 6, 2021 eCapitol lapho izintatheli zishaywa. Futhi, ngaphandle komongo wemibhikisho, kunokukhathazeka phakathi kwezintatheli ukuthi ukwanda kwe-polarization ezweni kungase kubangele izimpendulo ezinodlame ezivela kwabashisekeli emsebenzini wabo wansuku zonke.
"Uma abaphathi bethi kulungile ukuhlasela izintatheli, abalingisi ababi bangaba nesibindi sokusebenzisa udlame ezibhekiswe ezintathelini," kusho uColin Pereira, uchwepheshe wezokuphepha kwentatheli ye-CPJ, osesebenze njengomeluleki wezokuphepha kwabezindaba iminyaka engu-22. "Zombili izinhlangothi ezikude kwesokudla nezikude zihlasele izintatheli. Ziqhamuka nhlangothi zombili," kusho uPereira.
U-Pereira uthe lokhu kukhathazeka kubonakale ekuqeqeshweni kwezokuphepha kanye nemibuzo anayo esikhundleni sakhe e-CPJ. Ngandlela thize, izindaba eziningi zokuphepha, zangempela nezingenzeka, azimangazi ngemva kokuqala kukaTrump esikhundleni. “Kodwa ijubane, yilokho okungimangazile kulokhu,” kusho uPereira. "Izindawo zezindaba manje zidinga ukuba nezinhlaka zokusekela ukusiza nokusiza izintatheli ukuphatha izinsongo zesikhathi eside" - futhi kudingeka zikwenze ngokushesha, esho.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sokuphepha sekuvele kuzwakele ezintathelini zendawo, ngisho nalezo ezihlanganisa izigqi ezazithathwa njengeziphephile, njenge-statehouse. USmith, umhleli oyinhloko we-Kansas Reflector, utshele i-CPJ ukuthi i-statehouse izizwa ihlukile, emaphethelweni, ngendlela ebingakaze ibe nayo ngaphambili.
"Bengilokhu ngilapha ngikhuluma ngomhlangano wokushaya umthetho minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-2018, futhi akukaze kube nokushuba okungaka eNdlu yoMbuso. Kunohlobo oluthile lwesimo noma into okunzima ukuyichaza. Kukhona intukuthelo eyengeziwe, intukuthelo eyengeziwe," etshela i-CPJ.
Ukuboshwa kwakamuva kokungesona isakhamuzi Abafundi abaye babonisa ukusekela izimbangela ze-Palestine badale isimo esijwayelekile sokungaqiniseki mayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma e-United States, nokuthi ingabe ukuvikela kwendabuko manje kusebenza ngokukhethekile kulabo abangaphikisani nokuphatha noma izimbangela eziba umpetha.
UNobhala Wezwe uMarco Rubio ubonakale esho okuningi lapho ekhuluma esithangamini nabezindaba, ebhekise ecaleni lika Tufts University umfundi u-Rumeysa Ozturk owaboshwa mayelana ne-op-ed ayibhale ephephandabeni lesikole sakhe, “uma uza e-US njengesivakashi bese udala isiphithiphithi, asikufuni.”
(DHS umangalele U-Ozturk wokuzibandakanya emisebenzini yokweseka inhlangano yamaphekula eqokwe e-US, nakuba i-DHS noma abashushisi base-US bengasiqinisekisi leso simangalo.)
Lokhu kuholele ekwandeni kwemibuzo kanye nezicelo ku-CPJ nezinye izinhlangano ngezeluleko mayelana nezingozi zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ezintathelini ezingezona izakhamizi zase-US - okungeyona indawo izinhlangano zokuphepha zezintatheli ebezigxile kuyo ngokwesiko e-United States.
"Lezi zinkulumo zikaRubio ezithethelela ukuboshwa komuntu obhale i-Op-Ed ziyethusa zonke izintatheli zakwamanye amazwe e-US," kusho u-Eduardo Suáphansi, inhloko yokuhlela e-Reuters Institute, ekubhaleni enkundleni yezokuxhumana i-Bluesky. "U-Ozturk ubesezweni ne-visa yabafundi. Kodwa kuthiwani ngezintatheli ezine-I-Visa [i-visa enikezwe abamele abezindaba bakwamanye amazwe]? Ingabe zizoxoshwa uma zishicilela okuthile uTrump angakuthandi?"
Osolwazi basenyuvesi abafisa ukungadalulwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwabo batshele i-CPJ ukuthi abanye abafundi bacele ukuthi imigqa engezansi isusiwe kusukela ezihlokweni ezimayelana nemibhikisho yasekolishi, besaba ukuthi umsebenzi wabo ungase udonse ukunaka okungafunwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphathimandla noma izishoshovu.
“[Izintatheli] zinomuzwa wokuthi zingavalelwa nje noma [ukuthi izikhulu zingavele] zibathathele ama-visa azo omsebenzi ngaphandle kwesaziso noma enye into, noma uma beboshwa noma baboshwe kwenye yezinqubo zabo [zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe] ngenxa nje yokwenza umsebenzi wabo.”—UMaritza Félix, umsunguli kanye ne-CEO yewebhusayithi yezindaba ye-Conecta Arizona
Izintatheli ezikhuluma ngezokufika ezihlala ziwela imingcele yaseMelika nazo zizwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuboshwa nokuhoxa ukuze ziphenywe imibuzo mayelana nomsebenzi wazo, ikakhulukazi uma ukubika kwazo kuphikisana nokulandisa kwabaphathi. Ukusabela kulokhu kukhathazeka, i-CPJ ikhiphe umhlahlandlela wayo wokuqala wokuphepha wezintatheli eziwela umngcele wase-US. Futhi lokhu kukhathazeka akunasisekelo. I-CPJ ibikiwe ukuthi, ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaTrump, ukuhlolwa kwesibili kwezintatheli kwavulela kanjani ama-agent ithuba lokuthola izinto ezibucayi zomthombo ngaphandle kwemvume. Kulabo abangenabo ubuzwe base-US, ukwesaba kubi nakakhulu.
"Sinabantu abasezigabeni ezihlukene zokuthuthela kwelinye izwe noma ohambweni eqenjini lethu," kusho u-Maritza Félix, umsunguli kanye no-CEO we-Conecta Arizona, iwebhusayithi yezindaba engenzi inzuzo ngolimi lwesi-Spanish. Ezinye zezintatheli, kusho uFélix, ziyangabaza ukusondela emngceleni, yize zinesimo esisemthethweni e-US.
“[Izintatheli] zinomuzwa wokuthi zingavalelwa nje noma [ukuthi izikhulu zingavele] zibathathele ama-visa azo omsebenzi ngaphandle kwesaziso noma enye into, noma uma beboshwa noma baboshwe kwenye yezinqubo zabo [zokufika emngceleni] ngenxa nje yokwenza umsebenzi wabo,” kusho uFélix.
