U-Paul Hudson, umongameli wenhlangano yezindiza enkulu kunazo zonke elwela abathengi e-United States, uthumele imibono kuMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-US (DOT) kanye noMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US (DOJ) ephendula isicelo sabo Solwazi (RFI) mayelana nesimo ukuncintisana embonini yezindiza. Lokhu kubuyekezwa okuphelele kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi ukuncintisana embonini yezindiza kuqhubeke kanjani nokuncipha nokuthi izinyathelo ezisekela ukuncintisana zingathathwa kanjani esikhathini esizayo.
Iwebhusayithi yeFlyers Rights iphinde inikeze ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nalesi sifinyezo, okuhlanganisa isifinyezo sezimpikiswano.
Isingeniso
I-FlyersRights iyayemukela imizamo ehlanganyelwe yoMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-US kanye Nomnyango Wezobulungiswa yokubuyekeza ukuncintisana embonini yezindiza. Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwemboni yezindiza akukaze kwenzeke kusukela ngoMthetho Wokuhoxiswa Kwezindiza we-1978.
I-ejensi eyodwa kuphela enegunya lokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, okungalungile, nokukhohlisa kwezinkampani zezindiza.
Izabelo zayo zekhongolose kanye nemikhawulo esemthethweni yezinhlawulo zokuphoqelela akwanele ukuvikela abathengi kanye nokuncintisana.
Emashumini eminyaka kusukela ekuhoxisweni komthetho, izinkampani zezindiza ziye zagcizelela ukuthi ukuncintisana kwezimakethe, hhayi umthetho, kuzofeza kangcono izithakazelo zomphakathi endizayo ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuhlanganiswa, ukunciphisa ukuncintisana, ukumisa imigoqo ekungeneni, futhi kunciphise ukucaca kolwazi oludingekayo ukuze abathengi balwenze. izinqumo ezinolwazi.
Ukuziphatha Okumelene Nokuncintisana: Ukulungisa Amanani Nokuziphatha Kwamandla
Izincwadi ze-Antitrust zigcwele amasu okulungisa amanani enkampani yendiza. Kusukela ngokushesha ngemva kokwesulwa komthetho, lezi zinhlelo zokulungiswa kwamanani entengo zazisobala futhi zingenawo amakhono. Kodwa ngokuhambisana nokusha kwezobuchwepheshe, kwaba nzima ukuzibona.
Okokuqala, ama-CEO ezinkampani zezindiza azobiza amanye ama-CEO ukuze abeke amanani nemizila ngokuhlanganyela. Lapho lokho sekujezisiwe, izinkampani zezindiza zathuthela ekwabelaneni ngolwazi lwentengo nokuxoxisana ngezintengo ngenkampani ephethwe yiqembu lezinkampani zezindiza. Muva nje, ukuxhumanisa kuthathe uhlobo lokusayina amanani kanye “nokuziphatha kwekhono.”
I-American Airlines kanye ne-Southwest Airlines bahilelekile ecaleni lesenzo sekilasi bethi benza itulo lokwenyusa amanani endiza. Zombili izinkampani zezindiza zilixazulule icala, kodwa zaphika ukuthi azinacala.
I-Delta Air Lines kanye ne-United Airlines babonakala besavivinywa. Ezincingweni zabanikazi bamasheya omphakathi, izindiza zizokhombisa ukuthi zifuna ukugcina "isiyalo samandla." Ngamanye amazwi, bazama ukunciphisa umkhiqizo ukuze banyuse amanani. Ukwehlukanisa amanani okugibela ube yimenyu yezinkokhelo futhi kunika amandla ukusebenzisana kwamanani aphezulu.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, izindiza eziningi ziye zakhuphula izindleko zezikhwama ku-lockstep.
Izivumelwano nama-joint ventures
Ngaphezu kwesenzo esibumbene, esifezwa kalula embonini egxile kakhulu, izinkampani zezindiza ziye zenza imifelandawonye nezinkampani ezihlanganyelayo ezigxilisa kakhulu imboni ngenxa yokuthi amalungu omfelandawonye awaqhudelani.
I-American Airlines kanye ne-JetBlue Airways babambe iqhaza ku-Northeast Alliance cishe iminyaka emithathu, okubenza bakwazi ukuxhumanisa izindiza kanye nemali engenayo. I-Delta, i-American, ne-United zingamalungu emisebenzi emithathu ehlanganyelwe yokuhamba kwamanye amazwe eduze kwezindiza ezinkulu zangaphandle kanye nezindiza zase-US ezifana ne-Alaska Airlines ne-Hawaiian Airlines. I-JetBlue ingene esivumelwaneni somfelandawonye nezinkampani zezindiza ngazinye ezivela emabhizinisini amathathu ahlanganyelwe ngaphandle kokuba yilungu elisemthethweni lomfelandawonye.
UMnyango Wezobulungiswa uthi lezi zinhlangano ezintathu zezindiza zilawula u-82% wemakethe yezokuvakasha yezindiza yamazwe ngamazwe yase-United States-European Union.
UMnyango Wezokuthutha unikeza ukuvikeleka kokungathembeki kulezi zinkampani zezindiza naphezu kokuphikisa kokuthi imboni yezindiza iyaqhubeka nokugxila kakhulu. Kumbangi ngamunye ozimele othathwe emzileni owela i-Atlantic onezimbangi ezine, amanani akhuphuka ngo-7%.
UMnyango Wezobulungiswa uphinde wanquma ukuthi izinzuzo zokuncintisana ezivela kulezi zinkampani zezindiza azincikile ezinkampanini zezindiza ezinokuvikeleka kokungathembeki.
Ubunikazi Obujwayelekile
Iningi labanikazi bamasheya abayishumi abaphezulu banoma iyiphi inkampani yezindiza yase-US futhi bangabanikazi bamasheya abayishumi bezinye izinkampani zezindiza zase-US. Ubunikazi obujwayelekile bezindiza bunciphisa izikhuthazo zenkampani yezindiza eyodwa ukuthi iqhudelane kanzima, yehlise izintengo zayo, noma ingene emakethe entsha. Ikhuphula amanani futhi inciphise umphumela embonini yezindiza.
I-Antitrust Immunity kanye ne-International Airline Alliances, Iqembu Lokuhlaziya Umnotho, Umnyango Wezobulungiswa.
IPHEPHA LENGXOXO
Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Azar lulinganisela ukuthi ubunikazi obuvamile bezindiza "bukhuphula ukugxilisa ingqondo cishe ngokusuka ezithwalini ezine ezinosayizi olinganayo kuye kwabathwali ababili abalinganayo."
I-Azar ilinganisela ukuthi ubunikazi obuvamile bomzila wendiza ojwayelekile “bukhulu ngokuphindwe kayi-10 kuneleveli yomkhawulo ‘okungenzeka kuthuthukiswe amandla emakethe’ esimweni sokuhlangana okujwayelekile, ngokuya Ngemihlahlandlela Yokuhlanganisa Evundlile ye-US Antitrust Agencies’.”
U-Azar uphetha ngokuthi “izwi, izinxephezelo, nokuvota-kanye nokungenzi lutho” izindlela ubunikazi obuvamile obulimaza ngazo ukuncintisana.
Ukuphikisa Ukulawulwa Kokungafihli
Imakethe yokuncintisana idinga umthengi onolwazi onikwe amandla okwenza isinqumo esiphusile. Ukuze ukuncintisana kuphumelele, abagibeli kufanele baqaphele imenyu ehlala ikhula yezinkokhelo ezihambisanayo ezihlukayo ngokusekelwe emizileni, izinsuku, umgibeli ngamunye, kanye nosuku noma indawo inkokhiso ekhokhwayo.
Ngomhla ziyi-17 kuMbasa 2024, uMnyango Wezokuthutha ushicilele umthetho wokugcina odinga izinkampani zezindiza ukuthi zidalule izinkokhelo ezibalulekile lapho ulwazi lwemali yokugibela nolwazi lweshejuli lunikezwa umthengi. Lezi zimali ezihambisanayo zifaka phakathi imali yesikhwama esilayishwa kuqala, imali yesikhwama esilayishwa okwesibili, imali oyogibela nayo isikhwama, imali yokushintsha kanye nemali yokukhansela.
Kodwa-ke, i-Airlines for America, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Alaska Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, International Air Transport Association, kanye neNational Air Carrier Association bamangalele ukwenza lo mthetho ungasebenzi.
Lo mthetho ubuzothuthukisa ukuncintisana.
Uma izinkampani zezindiza zithole indlela yazo, bezizokwephula uMthetho Wokukhangisa wemali yokugibela. Lapho sekuhlongozwa ukwenza umthetho, banxusa kakhulu ukuvimba futhi
Khona-ke, yaphonselwa inselelo enkantolo, futhi manje isiyisivikelo esiyisisekelo kubagibeli.
Ukuhluka Kwesango, Ukushwibeka Kwezikhala, Nokubusa Kwesikhumulo Sezindiza.
Abathwali abaphethe bavimbela ukuncintisana ngokubeka imigoqo yokungena kwabangase baqhudelane. Ngamahabhu ezinqaba namasango akhethekile, abathwali abanegunya bakwenza kube nzima ngokwezimali nangokwenyama ukuncintisana esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Eziningi zezindiza ezinkulu, ezihlanganisa i-Charlotte, Dallas, Philadelphia, Houston International, Washington Dulles, Atlanta, Detroit, Salt Lake City, kanye neMinneapolis, ziphethwe inkampani yezindiza eyodwa yase-US. Izindiza eziya noma ezisuka endaweni eyinqaba ziza nezintengo ezikhuphuke ngokwenziwa.
Ngokulawula ukungena kwesango esikhumulweni sezindiza ngezinkontileka zesikhathi eside, izindiza ezikhona zingavimbela ukungena kwezinkampani zezindiza ezintsha emakethe. Amaningi ala masango ahlala engasetshenziswa, elimaza abagibeli kanye nokuncintisana.
Imiphumela Ephikisana Nokuncintisana Yobunikazi Obujwayelekile
Izikhumulo zezindiza ezintathu zase-US zinomthamo futhi zinesistimu ye-slot eyenganyelwe yi-FAA.
Uhlelo lwe-slot lwaluhloselwe ukunciphisa ukuminyana ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuthi izikhumulo zezindiza zingakwazi ukusebenzela abagibeli abaningi ngokusemandleni.
Ngokuphambene nenjongo yesistimu kanye nokuba yingozi kwayo emqhudelwaneni, izinkampani zezindiza zihlanganyela “ekubeni ne-slot,” lapho zisebenzisa izindiza ezinomthwalo ophansi ukuze zivimbele inkampani yezindiza esincintisana nayo ekutholeni leso sikhala.
I-Airline Loyalty Programs
Izinhlelo zokuklomelisa ngokwethembeka zakha izithiyo zokungena. Lokhu akuzi kuphela nokukhathazeka kobumfihlo bedatha, izinkokhelo zokusebenzisa izinzuzo ezinqwabelene, nezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesaziso, kodwa lezi zinhlelo zenza abathengi babone amanani aphezulu.
Solutions
Buyela ku-Common Gates
E-United States, izindiza ezihamba phambili zingalawula amaphesenti amakhulu amasango esikhumulo sezindiza ngokuqashisa okunenzuzo kwesikhathi eside nesikhumulo sezindiza. Lokhu kulawula kuphusha izimbangi ngaphandle futhi kudikibalise abangase bancintisane nabo ukuthi bangene emakethe. Ukuqashiswa kwamasango okukhethekile kuvame ukusungulwa kwakamuva kwaseMelika. Ukuqashiswa kwamasango okukhethekile kufanele kuchazwe ngokwanele njengezinqubo ezimelene nokuncintisana lapho kususwa izimbangi futhi kuvimbela okungenzeka izimbangi.
Isinxephezelo Sokubambezeleka Kwendiza kanye Nemithetho Yokubuyelana/Ye-Interline
Umnyango Wezokuthutha kufanele umemezele umthetho wesinxephezelo sokulibaziseka kwendiza kanye nomthetho wokuvumelana ukuze ukhuthaze ukusebenza ngesikhathi ezindabeni ezingaphansi kolawulo lwenkampani yenethiwekhi.
Abagibeli baseMelika balimala lapho inkampani yezindiza ibangela ukubambezeleka kwendiza, ukukhansela, noma ukuphazamiseka. Izinkampani zenethiwekhi zase-US zijwayelene nesinxephezelo sokulibaziseka, njengoba imithetho ye-EU kanye ne-Montreal Convention zidinga isinxephezelo sokulibaziseka ngezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe.
Isinxephezelo sokulibaziseka kwendiza kuwumbuzo wokuncintisana ngokwemvelo. Uma abagibeli bevaleleke ngenxa yokubambezeleka kwendiza, babonwa yinkampani yezindiza ukuze babayise lapho beya khona ngokushesha okukhulu. Uma ezinye izindiza zisebenzisa indiza, ithikithi lokuhamba ngezinyawo lizobiza okungenani ngokuphindwe kathathu kunethikithi lazo langempela.
Njengoba imboni yezindiza intula ukuncintisana ngokuvamile, izinkampani zezindiza azikhuthazwa ukuba zihambise kabusha abagibeli bazo abavaleleke futhi zinciphise ukubambezeleka okulawulwayo.
Ukubuyisela umthetho wokubuyisana kungenye indlela yokugqugquzela ukuncintisana ngokuklomelisa izindiza ezisebenza ngesikhathi nanjengoba kuhleliwe. Ngaphambi kokuhoxiswa komthetho, umthetho wokubuyisana kwakuyitemu kuwo wonke amanani entengo yendiza egunyazwe yi-CAB. Umthetho wokubuyisana udinga inkampani yezindiza ukuthi ihambise kabusha umgibeli obambezelekile endizeni elandelayo etholakalayo, kungakhathaliseki inkampani yezindiza.
Ukubuyisela lo mthetho kuzogqugquzela abathwali ukuthi bagweme ukubambezeleka futhi kunciphise umonakalo kubagibeli obangelwa izinkampani zezindiza. Izijeziso ezizenzakalelayo ngeke zidinge uphenyo oluthatha isikhathi lwe-DOT.
Ukusabalalisa kabusha Slots
UMnyango WezokuThutha kufanele ukhiphe kabusha izikhala ngodlame ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zabagibeli kanye nokuncintisana. Lokhu akumele kubhekwe njengempahla yenkampani yezindiza, impahla ebalulekile ethethelela ukuhamba kwezindiza ezingenalutho ukuze zigcinwe.
Nweba Amakhono Okuqinisekisa
Okwamanje, i-ejensi eyodwa kuphela engasebenzisa imithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Ayikho imithetho eminingi yokuvikela abathengi okufanele ilandelwe yizinkampani zezindiza, nokho izinkampani zezindiza zitholakala zephula leyo mithetho njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani zezindiza ziphathe izinhlawulo ze-DOT, ezilinganiselwe ngokusemthethweni, njengezindleko zokwenza ibhizinisi. Bakhetha ukwephula lezi zivikelo zabathengi ngaphansi kwesibalo sokuthi ithuba lokuphoqelela liphansi futhi izindleko zesenzo sokuphoqelela ziphansi kunalokho okufanele zibe njalo.
Amandla oMnyango wezokuThutha kumele anwetshwe. Lokhu kungenziwa ngenani elikhulu labasebenzi eliphoqelela imithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Ukwengeza, uMnyango Wezokuthutha ungaqhubeka nelungiselelo lawo nabameli bombuso jikelele ukuze bahlanganise izinsiza zezifundazwe nesiphathimandla sombuso soMnyango Wezokuthutha.
ICongress kufanele ishaye umthetho ovumela abameli bombuso ukuthi basebenzise imithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Ngo-2024, iqembu labameli bombuso abangama-38 labhalela iCongress licela leli gunya.
Vikela Ivelu Yezimpahla Zohlelo Lobuqotho Bezindiza
Izinhlelo zokwethembeka zezindiza zinemiphumela ephikisana nokuncintisana ngokuvalela abagibeli inkampani yezindiza eyodwa.
Ngaphandle kokungafihli lutho kanye nokuvikelwa kwabathengi okudingekayo endabeni yokunciphisa inani nesaziso, izikhathi ezimfushane zezaziso nokwehla okuqhubekayo kukhulise lo mphumela wokulwa nokuncintisana.
Abagibeli baphoqelekile ukuthi baphuthume noma baphoqelele ukuthenga abebengeke bafune ukugwema ukulahlekelwa yizinzuzo abebezihlele ngaphambilini.
ukuthengiselana nezinkampani zezindiza (lapho le misebenzi ithonywa ukulindela kwalezi zinzuzo zesikhathi esizayo).
Dala Imikhawulo Yemali
Ngokuhambisana nezinye izinqubomgomo zokuncintisana ezingenhla, ukunciphisa le mikhawulo kuzovumela abasha abangenayo ukuthi baqhudelane nabathwali abakhona futhi kusize abathwali abakhona ekugcineni nokukhulisa ukuncintisana kwabo ngokumelene nezinye izinkampani zezindiza.
Okwamanje, umthetho wenhlangano ubeka ubunikazi bangaphandle benkampani yezindiza ku-25% futhi udinga inkampani yezindiza ukuthi ibe nokulawula ekhaya. Ngo-2019, Ihhovisi Likahulumeni Lokuziphendulela lafunda ngemiphumela engaba khona yokukhuphula leli qophelo libe ngu-49% futhi alitholanga monakalo kushintsho olunjalo, okuhlanganisa nokuvikeleka kwezwe.
Nakuba i-GAO ithole imiphumela emihle emqhudelwaneni, ingacacisi, i-GAO ithole ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezimali zakwamanye amazwe okwandisiwe kungaba nomthelela omuhle emncintiswaneni esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kungenzeka nakakhulu ngesikhathi sokuwohloka komnotho kanye nokuqothuka okungenzeka, kuyilapho lolu cwaningo lwenzeka ngesikhathi esiqinile somnotho wase-US.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ekuhoxisweni komthetho, izindiza zikwazile ukukholisa abalawuli ukuthi bangayihlolisisi i-oligopoly yabo. Ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano zezomnotho okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, izinkampani zezindiza ziveza ukwehla okuhlosiwe kwezindleko zokugibela njengobufakazi bokuthi ukuhoxiswa komthetho kuphumelele. Lolu hlobo lwengxabano
- indiva ukuthi imali yokugibela ingaba ephansi kangakanani ngokuncintisana okunyukile namuhla
- indiva eminye iminyaka engamashumi amane yokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe obekungaqhubekisela phambili inkambiso eyehlayo yentengo eyenzeka eminyakeni yokugcina yokwesulwa komthetho,
- azinaki izimali ezihambisanayo kanye nokulimala kubagibeli okuvela ngenxa yokubambezeleka, ukukhansela, ukubaleka, ukushayisana, namazinga aphansi esevisi yamakhasimende.