Sikufisela Usuku Lokuzimela Oluhle e-Comoros

I-Comoros iyiqoqo leziqhingi ezinentaba-mlilo ngasogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, emanzini afudumele oLwandlekazi i-Indian e-Mozambique Channel.

Inyunyana yaseComoros iyiqembu labathathu. Isiqhingi saseGrand comores, i-moheli ne-anjouan. Isiqhingi saseMayotte siyingxenye yesiqhingi saseComoros kodwa hhayi senyunyana. Itholakala esiteshini saseMozambique ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, inyunyana iyilungu leNhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika.

I-Comores nayo iyilungu le- I-Vanilla Islands
Ezokuvakasha zibaluleka kakhulu to umnotho weNyunyana.

Njengezitshalo, izilwane zihlukahlukene futhi zinokulinganisela, nakuba zimbalwa izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-24 zezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingu-12 ezihlala zikhona. Izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingu-1,200 XNUMX nezinhlobo eziyikhulu zezinyoni zingabonwa.

Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo waklama ugu. Imihlume ingatholakala kuzo zonke iziqhingi. Ziyakhiqiza, zihlinzeka ngezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezifanele izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Emhlabeni, amanzi ahlanzekile (izinyoni, njll.), kanye nezilwane zasolwandle (izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusk nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinhlobonhlobo) zikhona emhlume.

Izixhobo zamakhorali ziyathandeka kubavakashi. Zimibalabala ngendlela emangalisayo, zakha izindawo zokuhlala ezimise ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi ziyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasendle. Izixhobo zezixhobo zomhlaba ziwumhlaba othakazelisayo ongawuhlola lapho utshuza futhi iwumdwebo obalulekile wezivakashi ezivakashini zethu.

IFAUNA LASEMALI

Izilwane zasogwini nezasolwandle zaseComoros zihlukahlukene futhi zihlanganisa nezinhlobo ezibalulekile emhlabeni. Ulwandle nogu lwalezi ziqhingi kuyikhaya lezinto ezimangalisayo ngempela. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-820 zezinhlanzi zasemanzini anosawoti, kuhlanganise ne-coelacanth, kanye nezimfudu zasolwandle, imikhomo yama-humpback namahlengethwa.

I-insularity ye-Comoros iholela ezindaweni eziningi zobuhle bemvelo kanye nezwe elingavamile ngendlela emangalisayo. Izinga le-endemism ezilwaneni ezisemhlabeni nasolwandle kanye nezitshalo, okuhlanganisa ulwelwe, liphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-Comoros ibona i-ecotourism njengento ehamba phambili.

Isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke kuzwelonke, iGrande Comore (Ngazidja) izungezwe amabhishi kanye nodaka oludala olusuka endaweni yentaba-mlilo esebenzayo ye-Mt. Karthala. Eduze kwetheku kanye ne-medina enhloko-dolobha, iMoroni, kuneminyango eqoshiwe kanye nethempeli lamaSulumane elinemipheme emhlophe, i-Ancienne Mosquée du Vendredi, okukhumbuza ifa leziqhingi zama-Arabhu.

Inani labantu ngo-2020 lalingama-869,595.

Ngomhla zingama-22 kuZibandlela 1974, kwaba nenhlolovo yenkululeko eComoros.

Iziqhingi ezintathu zakhetha ukuzimela. E-Mayotte, nokho, u-63.8% wabantu uvotele ukuqhubeka yingxenye ye-French Republic. Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuJulayi 1975, iziphathimandla zaseComorian zamemezela ukuzimela kwazo ngokuzimele.

Kungenzeka ukuthi iComoros yayihlalwa abantu bozalo lwaseMalayo-Polynesia ngekhulu lesi-5 noma lesi-6 CE futhi ngokunokwenzeka ngaphambili. Abanye babevela e-Afrika eseduze naseMadagascar, futhi ama-Arabhu nawo akha ingxenye enkulu yabantu bokuqala.

Lezi ziqhingi azizange zivele ebalazweni lomhlaba laseYurophu kwaze kwaba ngu-1527 lapho ziboniswa umdwebi wamabalazwe ongumPutukezi u-Diego Ribero. Abantu bokuqala baseYurophu abaziwa ngokuvakashela leli qoqo leziqhingi, cishe kamuva ekhulwini le-16, kubonakala sengathi babengamaPutukezi.

Indoda eyiNgisi uSir James Lancaster yavakashela iGrande Comore cishe ngo-1591, kodwa ithonya elinamandla lakwamanye amazwe eziqhingini lahlala lingama-Arabia kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19.

Ngo-1843 iFrance yayithatha ngokusemthethweni iMayotte, futhi ngo-1886 yabeka ezinye iziqhingi ezintathu ngaphansi kwesivikelo sayo. Njengoba ixhunywe eMadagascar ngokomthetho ngo-1912, iComoros yaba indawo yaphesheya kwezilwandle yeFrance ngo-1947 futhi yanikezwa ukumelwa eSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke SaseFrance.

Ngo-1961, ngemva konyaka iMadagascar ithole inkululeko, lezi ziqhingi zanikezwa inkululeko yangaphakathi. Abantu abaningi eziqhingini ezintathu zabotela inkululeko ngo-1974, kodwa iningi lezakhamuzi zaseMayotte lathanda ukuqhubeka nokubusa kweFrance.

Lapho uMkhandlu Kazwelonke WaseFrance uthi isiqhingi ngasinye kufanele sizinqumele isimo saso, uMongameli waseComorian u-Ahmed Abdallah (owakhishwa esikhundleni kamuva ngalowo nyaka) wamemezela ukuthi lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi lizimele ngo-July 6, 1975.

Ngemuva kwalokho iComoros yamukelwa eNhlanganweni Yezizwe Ezihlangene, eyaqaphela ubuqotho balo lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi njengesizwe esisodwa. I-France, nokho, yabuvuma ubukhosi beziqhingi ezintathu kuphela futhi yaphakamisa ukuzimela kweMayotte, ikubiza ngokuthi “iqoqo lendawo” (okungukuthi, akuyona indawo noma uMnyango) yaseFrance ngo-1976.

Njengoba ubudlelwano buwohloka, iFrance yahoxisa yonke intuthuko nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe eComoros. U-Ali Soilih waba umongameli futhi wazama ukuguqula izwe libe yiriphabhulikhi yezwe, yezenhlalakahle.

Ngo-May 1978 ukuketula umbuso okuholwa isakhamuzi saseFrance, uCol. Robert Denard, kanye neqembu lamasosha aseYurophu kwabuyisela u-Abdallah, owayengumongameli owayedingisiwe, esikhundleni.

Ubudlelwano bezobuzwe neFrance baqalwa kabusha, kwakhiwa umthethosisekelo omusha, futhi u-Abdallah waphinde waqokwa njengomongameli ngasekupheleni kuka-1978 futhi futhi ngo-1984, lapho engenela ukhetho ngaphandle kokuphikiswa.

Wasinda emizameni emithathu yokuketula umbuso, kodwa ngoNovemba 1989 wabulawa. Ukhetho lukamongameli lwamaqembu amaningi lwabanjwa ngo-1990, futhi u-Saïd Mohamed Djohar wakhethwa njengomongameli, kodwa ngo-September 1995 wakhishwa ngokuketulwa umbuso okwakuholwa uDenard. Ukuketula umbuso kwaphazamiseka ngesikhathi ukungenelela kweFrance kususwa uDenard kanye namasosha.

Ukhetho olusha lwenziwa ngo-1996. Ngaphansi kukamongameli osanda kukhethwa, u-Mohamed Abdoulkarim Taki, umthethosisekelo omusha wamukelwa futhi kwenziwa imizamo yokunciphisa izindleko zikahulumeni nokwandisa imali engenayo.

Ngo-August 1997 izinhlangano ezifuna ukuhlukana eziqhingini ze-Anjouan kanye ne-Mohéli zazibe ziqine ngokwanele kangangokuthi abaholi bazo bamemezela ukuthi isiqhingi ngasinye sizimele ku-republic.

Ngenyanga elandelayo uhulumeni wobumbano wenza umzamo wokucindezela inhlangano elwela ukuhlukana, kodwa amasosha athunyelwa esiqhingini sase-Anjouan axoshwa ngokuphelele. Ukuzimela kwalezi ziqhingi ezimbili akuzange kuqashelwe yinoma iyiphi ipolitiki engaphandle kweziqhingi, nokho, futhi imizamo yokulamula lesi simo ngezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe yehlulekile.

U-Taki ushone kungazelelwe ngoNovemba 1998 futhi esikhundleni sakhe kwangena umongameli wesikhashana, u-Tadjiddine Ben Saïd Massounde.

Umthethosisekelo wabiza ukhetho olusha, kodwa, ngaphambi kokuba lubanjwe, umongameli wesikhashana waxoshwa ngo-April 1999 ngokuketula umbuso kwamasosha okwakuholwa umphathi wamasosha, uCol. Azali Assoumani, owathatha izintambo kuhulumeni.

Uhulumeni omusha akazange aqashelwe umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ngoJulayi u-Assoumani waxoxisana nabafuna ukuhlukana esiqhingini sase-Anjouan.

Abafuna ukuhlukana basayine isivumelwano esasungula ihlandla likamongameli elizozungeza phakathi kweziqhingi ezintathu. Ihlandla likamongameli elishintshayo lavunywa yizo zontathu iziqhingi ngoZibandlela wezi-2001, kanjalo nohlaka olusha lomthethosisekelo olwanikeza isiqhingi ngasinye ukuzimela okuyingxenye kanye nomongameli waso wendawo kanye nomhlangano womthetho.

Ukhetho lokuqala lwenhlangano ngaphansi kwemibandela yomthethosisekelo omusha lwenziwa ngo-2002, kwathi u-Assoumani, waseGrande Comore, wakhethwa njengomongameli. Ngo-2006 ihlandla likamongameli lazungeza esiqhingini sase-Anjouan. U-Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi umenyezelwe njengophumelele ukhetho lukamongameli lwenhlangano ngoMeyi futhi wathatha ukulawula kukahulumeni wobumbano ngokudlulisela amandla ngokuthula.

Ukuthula okuntekenteke kwasongelwa ngo-2007 lapho uhulumeni wobumbano, ephendula udlame nobufakazi bokwesatshiswa kwabavoti, uyala uhulumeni wase-Anjouan ukuba aluhlehlise ukhetho lukamongameli wendawo futhi wacela umongameli wase-Anjouan, uCol. Mohamed Bacar, ukuba ehle esikhundleni futhi avumele ukuba kube khona ukhetho. umongameli wesikhashana.

UBacar wawushaya indiva lo myalelo kwathi ngoJuni 2007 wabamba ukhetho lapho kwathiwa uwinile. Imiphumela ayizange ibonwe uhulumeni wobumbano noma i-African Union (AU): bobabili bafuna ukhetho olusha, u-Bacar anqaba ukulubamba.

Njengoba isimo sasishubile, i-AU yafaka unswinyo kubaphathi baka-Bacar ngo-Okthoba, okwaba nomthelela omncane ekumcindezeleni ukuthi athobele izimfuno zabo.

Amasosha aseComorian kanye ne-AU ahlasela i-Anjouan ngoMashi 25, 2008, futhi ngokushesha avikela isiqhingi; U-Bacar ugweme ukuthunjwa futhi wabaleka ezweni.

Isimo sikaMayotte—esasifunwa yiComoros kodwa silawulwa yiFrance—kwakuyisihloko senhlolovo kaMashi 2009. Bangaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-95 abavoti baseMayotte abagunyaze ukuguqula isimo sesiqhingi neFrance sisuka ekubeni yiqoqo lendawo siye emnyangweni waphesheya kwezilwandle ngo-2011, siqinise ubudlelwano nalelo zwe. I-Comoros, kanye ne-AU, iwuchithile umphumela wevoti.

Ngo-2010 ihlandla likamongameli lazungeza esiqhingini sase-Mohéli, kwathi Ikililou Dhoinine, omunye wabakwaSambi. okuphambene omongameli, bathole amavoti amaningi emzuliswaneni wokuqala wokuvota, obanjwe ngoNovemba 7. Uqhubekile wanqoba ukhetho lwangoDisemba 26 ngamaphesenti angama-61 amavoti, nakuba ukunqoba kwakhe kufiphazwe yizinsolo zokukhwabanisa kwamaqembu aphikisayo. I-Dhoinine yavulwa ngoMeyi 26, 2011.