Ngemuva kokuthi omakhenikha eNorthwest Airlines betelekile ngo-Agasti 20, 2005, umhloli wezokuphepha we-Federal Aviation Administration u-Mark Lund waqala ukubona izimpawu ezikhathazayo. Omunye umakhenikha oshintshayo wayengazi ukuthi ihlolwa kanjani injini. Omunye akakwazanga ukuvala umnyango wendlu. Abaningi bebebonakala bengaqeqeshiwe kahle. Ngokombono kaLund, ukungabi nalwazi kwabo kwaphumela emaphutheni ayingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, enye i-DC-10 yayinepayipi eliphukile elalivumela imfucumfucu yabantu ichitheke emishinini ebalulekile yokuhamba. Ukuvuza kwavela phakathi nendiza esuka e-Amsterdam iya eMinneapolis. INyakatho-ntshonalanga (NWA) ihlele ukuthi indiza iqhubeke iye e-Honolulu nenkinga eyingozi neyonakele ingalungisiwe—kwaze kwalamula omunye wabahloli bezokuphepha beLund eMinneapolis.
Ezinsukwini ezimbili nje kuqale isiteleka, uLund waxosha incwadi “yesincomo sokuvikela izingozi” eya kubaphathi bakhe nasendlunkulu ye-FAA eWashington. Kwakuyi-alamu enkulu kunazo zonke ayenegunya lokuyikhalisa. Ethi “kunesimo esibeka impilo engcupheni,” uLund uphakamise ukuthi kuncishiswe uhlelo lwendiza yaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga kuze kube omakhenika nabahloli benze umsebenzi wabo “ngaphandle kwephutha.” Kodwa esikhundleni sokuthathela inkampani yezindiza izinyathelo ezinqala, le nhlangano yamjezisa. Ngomhla zingama-29 ku-Agasti, abaphathi bakaLund bashaqa ibheji elalimnikeze ukufinyelela ezikhungweni zaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga futhi bamnika umsebenzi wedeski. Lokho kwenzeka ngalo lolo suku inkampani yezindiza yathumela incwadi ku-FAA ikhononda ngokuziphatha kukaLund okunezinsolo zokuphazamisa nokungaziphathi kahle. I-FAA ithi imphathe kahle uLund.
Njengoba inkampani yezindiza yandisa impi yayo ngokumelene noLund, yaphinde yahlasela. Ehamba phezu kwamakhanda ezigaba eziningi zabaphathi be-FAA, uLund wathumela isincomo sakhe sokuphepha ngefeksi ku-Mark Dayton, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyilungu leDemocratic Alliance esifundeni sasekhaya saseNorthwest eMinnesota. UDayton yena waletha lolu daba kuMhloli Jikelele woMnyango Wezokuthutha, owengamele i-FAA.
Eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokuba uLund eshaye impempe ezinkingeni ezingakaxazululwa azibonile eNyakatho-ntshonalanga, uthi, i-FAA yenza impilo yakhe yangabamnandi. Manje uLund ubuyisela umusa. Ngomhla zingama-27 kuSepthemba 2007, uMhloli Omkhulu wakhipha umbiko ngesiqephu esagxeka i-FAA ngokuphathwa kwayo uLund, owaqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe naphezu kwalokho athi kwakuwumzamo wokumxosha. Ngokwesicelo soMhloli-Jikelele, i-ejensi manje iphezu kwenqubo yokuguqula izinqubo ezisebenzisayo ukuze ibuyekeze izinsolo zokuphepha eziphakanyiswe abahloli. I-FAA ibheke ukubhekisiswa okwengeziwe ngalolu daba. NgoMashi, ikomidi elincane le-House Aviation lihlela ukubamba ukulalelwa kwecala ngesigameko sokuziphindiselela esibandakanya umhloli weSouthwest Airlines.
“Ukusingatha kwe-FAA ukukhathazeka [kukaLund] kwezokuphepha kubonakale kugxile ekwehliseni isaphulelo sokuba semthethweni kwezikhalazo,” kubhala ihhovisi lomhloli Jikelele embikweni walo. "Umphumela ongase ube mubi wokusingatha kwe-FAA lesi sincomo sezokuphepha ukuthi abanye abahloli bangase badikibale ekuletheni izindaba zokuphepha ku-FAA."
Amaphoyisa AseGroundini
Indaba kaLund igqamisa ukungqubuzana abagibeli abaningi abangenalo ulwazi olukhona: ephakathi kwabahloli bezokuphepha nezinkampani zezindiza. Abahloli bangamaphoyisa asebenza phansi aqinisekisa ukuthi izinjini zivutha ngendlela efanele, ukuthi ama-wing flap ayasebenza, kanye nokuthi yonke eminye imishini eyinkimbinkimbi endizeni isebenza kahle. Banokuqonda okubanzi kokumisa nokubambezela izindiza—amandla avame ukumelela abathwali abalulekile, ababoshelwe ngokwezimali. Lapho umhloli eqala uphenyo olusemthethweni mayelana nokwephulwa kokuphepha okusobala kwenkampani yezindiza yabagibeli, into eyenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-200 ngonyaka odlule, ngokuvamile ibangela ukulungiswa okumba eqolo. Futhi uma umthethosivivinywa udlula u-$50,000, i-FAA kumele ikhiphe umbiko kwabezindaba exwayisa umhlaba ngenkinga.
Izinkampani zezindiza ngezinye izikhathi ziyazilwela. Abaphathi bahlangana njalo nezikhulu zendawo ze-FAA ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene futhi ngezikhathi ezithile bafaka izikhalazo ezingakahleleki ngokumelene nabahloli abaqinile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abathwali baletha ukukhathazeka kwabo ngqo kusikhulu esiphezulu se-ejensi: umlawuli we-FAA. "Uma inkampani yezindiza izizwa ingakhululekile, abaphathi bazoshayela umphathi we-FAA," kusho uLinda Goodrich, owayengumhloli manje oseyiphini likamongameli wenyunyana ye-Professional Airways Systems Specialists (PASS), emele abahloli futhi akazange abambe iqhaza engxabanweni kaLund no. inhlangano. “Umphathi we-FAA uzofuna ngokushesha ukwazi ukuthi senzani kubo. Ungacabanga umhloli ezama ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe kuyilapho abaphathi bendawo beyisaba kangaka inkampani yezindiza.”
Abahloli abaningana bezokuphepha batshele iBusinessWeek ukuthi nabo bazibonele noma bazibonele ukuziphindiselela. (Iningi labahloli bezokuphepha okukhulunywe nabo yiBusinessWeek alifunanga ukudalulwa ngamagama kulesi sihloko ngenxa yaleso sizathu.) Ikomiti elincane le-House Aviation liphenya isiqephu lapho abaphathi be-FAA kuthiwa bajezisa umhloli ngo-2007, ngokusho kwemithombo emithathu enolwazi. yophenyo lwekomiti elincane. Ekhathazekile ngokuthi ezinye izikhumba ze-aluminium kuma-Boeing 737 amadala aseNingizimu-ntshonalanga (LUV) zijwayele ukuqhekeka, lo mhloli wacela ukuthi izindiza zijikiswe ziphume emkhunjini zize zilungiswe zonke—inqubo ebingathatha isikhathi futhi. ezibizayo. Waphinde wanikezwa umsebenzi nakuba kamuva wabuyiselwa emsebenzini wakhe wangaphambili. Umkhulumeli waseNingizimu-ntshonalanga uthi inkampani yezindiza "ayazi" ngokukhathazeka okuphakanyiswe yilo mhloli futhi "ayinalo ulwazi ngophenyo olwenziwa yikomidi elincane lezokuthutha leNdlu." I-FAA yenqabile ukuphawula.
Abahloli abaningana bezokuphepha okukhulunywe nabo yiBusinessWeek bathi ingcindezi yokungakhokhisi izindleko ezinkulu kubathwali yanda ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngoSepthemba 11, okwaphonsa imboni yezindiza emsileni wezomnotho. Bathe lokhu kuholele ekutheni kwehle imibiko yokuphulwa kwezokuphepha. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisithupha elandela uSepthemba 11, 2001, inani lemibiko ebizwa ngokuthi yi-enforcement investigation report (EIRs) efakwe ezinhlanganweni zezindiza ezinkulu eziyisithupha lehle ngo-62%, laya ku-1,480, uma liqhathaniswa nesikhathi seminyaka eyisithupha edlule, ngokusho kwe-FAA. idatha ibuyekezwe yiBusinessWeek. Inani labagibeli basekhaya likhule cishe ngama-42% ngalesi sikhathi esifanayo.
Ukuncipha kwama-EIR “kubangela uhlobo oluthile lokwengamela nophenyo lwenhlangano,” kusho uJim Hall, owayengusihlalo weNational Transportation Safety Board. "Izinombolo, njengoba zizimele zodwa, ziyethusa."
I-FAA ithi asikho isizathu sokukhathazeka. Le nhlangano iphawula ukuthi izinga lezingozi ezibulalayo lehle kancane kancane kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, futhi iphikisana nezinsolo eziningi eziyiqiniso nokugxekwa okubekwe nguLund, Hall, IG, nabanye abahloli bezindiza okwaxoxwa nabo yiBusinessWeek. I-FAA ithi zonke izindaba zokuphepha eziphakanyiswe nguLund ngesikhathi sesiteleka saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga zaphenywa ngendlela efanele, nokuthi umphakathi awuzange ube sengozini. Yengeza ngokuthi izinkampani zezindiza azinawo amandla okuziphindiselela kubahloli. "I-FAA ilalela abahloli bethu futhi ilindele ukuthi baphenye ngazo zonke izingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona," kubhala le nhlangano iphendula imibuzo ebuzwa yiBusinessWeek.
I-Northwest ithi ayizange iziphindiselele ku-Lund, ukuthi abagibeli abakaze babe sengozini ngesikhathi sesiteleka sango-2005, nokuthi yenza ukunakekelwa okufanele kuyo yonke indiza phakathi naleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa naleyo ephukile ipayipi langasese. Le nkampani yengeza ngokuthi uhlelo lwayo lokuqeqesha belulokhu ludlula izindinganiso ze-FAA. “Irekhodi lokuphepha laseNyakatho-ntshonalanga phakathi nalesi sikhathi lalingenasici,” kusho uRoman Blahoski, umphathi wezobudlelwano kwabezindaba eNorthwest Airlines. “Bekuhlala kuwumgomo waseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ukugcina ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana nobuchwephesha nazo zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezingamele; lokhu kuhlanganisa ne-FAA.”
“Ngizomisa Indiza” Akungabazeki ukuthi uLund ukhuhla abanye abantu ngendlela engafanele. Wazi ngekhanda incwadi yemithetho eqinile yale nhlangano, futhi uyihumusha ngokuqinile. UMark Gonzales, osebenza eScottsdale, e-Ariz, uthi: “UMark uyasukuma akhulume iqiniso.” Abanye abantu, kuhlanganise nozakwabo, abamthandi ngalokho. Omunye uzakwabo wambiza ngokuthi “inkolelo-ze” nangokuthi “okunzima ukukuthanda.” Ngaphambi kokujoyina i-FAA ngo-1990 uLund wasebenza njengosebenza ngogesi ezindizeni ze-US Navy nanjengomqondisi wokulungisa wenkampani yezindiza encane eMinneapolis. Akaxolisi ngobuntu bakhe obuhlukumezayo ngezinye izikhathi. “Ngilapha ukuze ngigcine umphakathi uphephile,” kusho uLund, oyisikhulu senyunyana yendawo ye-PASS. Uma kuphakama ukukhathazeka, “Ngizomisa indiza, futhi ngizobuka zonke izinyathelo.”
U-Lund wasebenza e-Bloomington, eMnn., Ehhovisi le-FAA elibhekele ukwengamela i-Northwest Airlines. Ku-FAA-speak, kwakuyihhovisi lokuphatha isitifiketi. Yayinabahloli ababalelwa ku-60 futhi yayinganyelwe yindlunkulu yesifunda ye-FAA eChicago. Ngesikhathi sesiteleka sango-2005, iNorthwest yayisivele ithumele ifayela lezikhalazo mayelana neLund eChicago "ebuyela emuva eminyakeni eminingi," ngokombiko we-IG.
ULund uthi iningi lezikhalo zenkampani yezindiza zavela ngesikhathi ebambezela izindiza. Ngo-1993 uLund wavimbela amahlanu
Ama-DC-10 kusukela ekusukeni ngoba iNyakatho-ntshonalanga ayizange ilungise iziphambeko zezihlalo zabagibeli ezingababangela ukuba bahlukane engozini. “Amaphepha abesesayiniwe, kodwa sathola ukuthi abengakalungiswa kahle,” kusho uLund etshela iBusinessWeek. Uthi iNorthwest icindezele abaphathi bakhe, nabo bamtshela ukuthi akabuyele ehhovisi bamqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani yezindiza izoyilungisa le nkinga. “Ngiqinisekile ukuthi bayinakekele,” kusho yena. "Kodwa asinakho ukuqinisekiswa."
Ngenkathi ehlola i-Northwest 747 ngo-1994, uLund wathola ukuthi lapho izifihla-buso zomoya-mpilo ziwela esimweni esiphuthumayo zazilengiswe ngamamitha amabili ngaphezu kwekhanda lomgibeli ojwayelekile. Lokho kwenza izifihla-buso zaba yize. Wamisa indiza yaze yalungiswa inkinga. "Umphathi wenkampani uhambe kahle," kusho umhloli we-FAA waseNorthwest Airlines onolwazi oluqondile ngalolu daba. INorthwest yenqabile ukuphawula ngalezi zigameko.
Lapho isiteleka sango-2005 siqala, uLund nabahloli abakanye naye basungula ukugadwa kwamahora angu-24 ngosuku omakhenikha baseNorthwest abangu-4,400. Abahloli babehlangana nabaphathi babo nsuku zonke ukuze baxoxe ngezinto ezingase zibe zokuphepha. Kepha ngokusho kukaLund, abaphathi be-FAA bazishaya indiva izixwayiso zabahloli. U-Lund wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi wayenenketho eyodwa kuphela: ukufaka umbiko okhethekile wokuncoma ukuphepha, okuwukuphela kwendlela abahloli be-FAA okufanele baveze ngayo ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokuthi amagama abo ahlelwe ngabaphathi. I-FAA ithi “iphenye kahle” ukukhathazeka kukaLund.
Ngomhla zingama-21 ku-Agasti uLund wasebenza kwaze kwaba sebusuku ebhala imemo enamakhasi ayisishiyagalolunye eyayichaza ukuphawula kwakhe ngamaphutha okulungisa ayi-10 ahlukene. Ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukuncishiswa kweshejuli yendiza yaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga, uphakamise ukuthi kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lwayo lokuqeqesha umakhenikha futhi kwandiswe ukubhekwa kwe-FAA kwenkampani yenethiwekhi. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uLund uthi, umphathi wakhe oqondile wathola ucingo oluvela kumphathi wezinga eliphezulu eyala ukuthi uLund avinjelwe ukuhlola izindiza zaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga. Ngemuva kwalokho umphathi wakhipha incwadi yesikhalo ngoLund, ngokusho kombiko we-IG. Ithe iNorthwest "ngeke isavumela [iLund] ukuthi ikwazi ukufinyelela ngaphandle kokuphelezelwa ezindaweni zaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga." Ephendula, i-FAA yanquma ukumvimba ekuhloleni ngokuphelele indawo.
Isikhulu senyunyana ye-PASS uGoodrich kanye nabahloli bezokuphepha abayisigamu abaxoxisana nabo abeBusinessWeek bathe bayawazi amacala afanayo kodwa awekho amarekhodi omphakathi alezi zigameko ngoba abahloli okukhulunywa ngabo abazange bathathe isinyathelo esinzima sokukhononda kulungu lephalamende. “ULund wayezimisele ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi ngenxa yezimiso. Ubehlukile kakhulu kulo mthetho,” kusho uGoodrich.
Icala elifanayo lenzeka ngo-1999 lapho umhloli wezokuphepha ogama lakhe linguCharles Lund (akukho budlelwane) ethumela i-imeyili ezikhulwini ze-FAA nabaphathi bezindiza ekhala ngokuthi le nhlangano ibingabagadisi ngokwanele abathwali baseMelika abandizela eRussia. Ezinyangeni ezine kamuva i-FAA yamehlisa esikhundleni. Ngemva kophenyo lweHhovisi Lase-US Lomthetho Okhethekile, i-ejensi ephenya izikhalazo zokungaphathwa kahle ngabasebenzi Bombuso, i-FAA yavuma ukuhoxisa ukwehla futhi ikhokhele izindleko zomthetho zika-Lund. I-FAA yenqabile ukuphawula ngalesi siqephu.
Ukuqhuma ku-Landing
Odabeni lukaMark Lund, isikhalazo sikaNorthwest sikwazile ukumenza athuliswe okwesikhashana. Kodwa izinkinga zenkampani yezindiza zaqhubeka zikhula. Emasontweni okuqala ayisithupha esiteleka abahloli bahlonze okungenani izinkinga zokuphepha eziyi-121 ezibangelwa ukuntula ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kanye nokungakwazi “ukuqedela kahle imisebenzi yokunakekela,” ngokombiko we-IG.
Yize kungekho muntu olimalile ngesikhathi kuqhubeka isiteleka, okungenani esisodwa salezi zigameko besibucayi kakhulu. Ngomhla zingama-20 ku-Agasti, amathayi amane aqhuma ngenkathi i-Boeing 757 ifika endaweni yase-Detroit, ukwehluleka kwezokuphepha okungaba yingozi engozini. NgokukaBlahoski waseNyakatho-ntshonalanga, “awukho umlando wangaphambili…
Ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, 2005, ihhovisi le-IG lathumela ithimba ukuthi liyophenya ngezikhalazo zikaLund. Abasebenzi bayo banqume ukuthi abanye abahloli babelane ngezinto ezimkhathazayo; babika ukuthi “abasebenzi ababambele babengakutholi ukuqeqeshwa okufanele futhi babengazixazululi kahle izinkinga zobuchwepheshe njengoba ziphakama,” ngokombiko we-IG. Abahloli baphinde bathi abaphathi be-FAA bakukhuthazile ukukhokhiswa inhlawulo ngokumelene neNyakatho-ntshonalanga, "ngalokho kuholele ekungameleni okusebenzayo komthwali."
U-Lund wasebenza ehhovisi amasonto ayisithupha kwaze kwaba ihhovisi lika-Inspector General lenza isivumelwano esamvumela ukuthi abuyele emisebenzini yakhe yangaphambili ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, 2005. Lapho esebuyiselwe emsebenzini, waqala ukusebenza ephenya ngokufika kwe-757 okuphuthumayo eDetroit. ULund wembule izithombe namanye amadokhumenti abonisa ukuthi e-Seattle omunye umakhenikha uvale ikhebula lebhuleki engazi. Lokhu kuvimbe ukuthi ibhuleki liphume liphelele, okwenza ukuthi amathayi aqhume ngesikhathi efika, ephetha.
Enesibindi, uLund wathumela esinye isincomo sezokuphepha ngo-Oct. 12, 2005, echaza lokho akutholile. Waphinda izincomo ezinganakiwe zememo yangaphambili futhi wengeza ibha encane. "I-Northwest Airlines iyinkampani yezindiza esebenzayo," kubhala uLund. “Akusona isikole sokuqeqesha omakhenikha baso kuyilapho sisebenza ngokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha emphakathini.”
Kungakapheli nenyanga isiteleka saphela, impilo yaqala ukubuyela kwesijwayelekile eNyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kodwa uLund ukholelwa ukuthi abaphathi be-FAA baqale ukuzama ukumxosha. Abaphathi baqala ukumgxeka ngamaphutha amancane. Iziqondiso zakhe zathunyelwa kuye ngokungazelelwe zibhaliwe futhi wanikezwa nezinsuku eziqinile zokuqeda imisebenzi. Abaphathi “bangikhiphe ngaphandle,” kusho uLund. “Kwadala ingcindezi eyengeziwe.”
ULund naye wanikwa ama-oda awathola engathandeki, ngokusho kozakwabo. Ngesinye isikhathi, umphathi wamphoqa ukuba abuyekeze umbiko ukuze ahlele inkomba yenkinga encane yokuphepha. “Lapho enqaba, bakhipha incwadi yesixwayiso nencwadi yokusola,” kusho omunye umhloli onolwazi oluqondile ngalendaba. Lokho kwabeka uLund onqenqemeni lokuxoshwa. “Babengasafuni izinkinga ngenkampani yenethiwekhi futhi bebengafuni izinkinga ngoMark,” kusho lo mhloli. I-FAA ayizange iphawule ngezinsolo zokuthi izame ukuchitha uLund.
Ukuqinisekiswa okuvela ehhovisi le-IG kuthathe cishe iminyaka emibili. Njengoba i-IG yatusa, i-FAA idala inqubo entsha yokubuyekeza ukukhathazeka okuphakanyiswe abahloli. Kuzodinga izisebenzi ze-ejensi ezimele—ezivela ngaphandle komugqa oqondile wokuqondisa womhloli—ukuba ziphenye izingxabano phakathi kwabahloli nezinkampani zezindiza. U-Lund uthi manje usenengxabano encane nabaphathi baseNyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye ne-FAA kunangaphambili. Lo mbiko “ungiqinisekisa kabusha ukuthi ngiqhubeke, ngiqhubeke ngenza engikwenzayo,” kusho uLund.
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