Impucuko yasendulo yase-Amazon yadalulwa yihlathi eligawulwayo

Izimpawu zalokho okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyimpucuko yasendulo eyayingaziwa ngaphambili zivela ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezigawuliwe zase-Amazon. Izindlela ezinkulu ezingaba ngu-260, imisele kanye nezivalekile zibonwe emoyeni endaweni enqamula umngcele weBrazil neBolivia.

Umbono wendabuko ukuthi ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi namaPutukezi ekhulwini le-15 yayingekho imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi endaweni yase-Amazon - ngokuphambene ne-Andes entshonalanga lapho ama-Inca akha amadolobha awo. Manje ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwanda kokuhamba ngendiza nemifanekiso yesathelayithi kuxoxa indaba ehlukile.

“Akupheli,” kusho uDenise Schaan weFederal University of Pará eBelém, eBrazil, owathola okuningi okusha ngezindiza noma ngokuhlola izithombe ze-Google Earth. “Isonto ngalinye sithola izakhiwo ezintsha.” Ezinye zazo ziyisikwele noma zingunxande, kuyilapho ezinye zakha imibuthano egxilile noma izibalo zejiyomethri eziyinkimbinkimbi njengamahexagon nama-octagon axhunywe izindlela noma imigwaqo. Abacwaningi bawachaza wonke njengama-geoglyphs.

IMIZI ESINGADI

Ukutholakala kwabo, endaweni esenyakatho yeBolivia nasentshonalanga yeBrazil, kulandela eminye imibiko yakamuva yoxhaxha lwamadolobhana axhumene aziwa ngokuthi “amadolobha asengadini” enyakatho emaphakathi neBrazil, asukela cishe ngo-AD 1400. Kodwa izakhiwo ezambiwa ezindaweni zedolobha elingadini akufani ngokungaguquki noma i-geometric njengama-geoglyphs, kusho uSchaan.

“Ngikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi amadolobha angadini aseXingu nama-geoglyphs ayengahlobene ngokuqondile,” kusho uMartti Pärssinen weFinnish Cultural and Academic Institutes eMadrid, eSpain, osebenza noSchaan. Noma kunjalo, kokubili okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi izindawo [eziphezulu] zasentshonalanga ye-Amazonia zazinabantu abaningi ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweYurophu.”

Ama-geoglyphs akhiwa ngemisele efinyelela kumamitha ayi-11 ububanzi namamitha ayi-1 kuye kwayi-2 ukushona. Zisukela kumamitha angama-90 kuye kwangama-300 ububanzi futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi zisukela eminyakeni eyizi-2000 edlule kuze kufike ekhulwini le-13.

INDAWO YABANTU

Ukumba kutholakale izitsha zobumba, amatshe okugaya nezinye izimpawu zokuhlala kwabantu kwezinye zezindawo kodwa hhayi kwezinye. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abanye babenezindima zemikhosi nje, kanti ezinye kungenzeka ukuthi zazisetshenziselwa ukuzivikela.

Kodwa-ke, ngokungajwayelekile ezakhiweni ezivikelayo, umhlaba wawunqwabelene ngaphandle kwemisele, futhi nawo ahambisana kakhulu. “Uma ucabanga ngokuzivikela usuke wakha udonga noma umsele,” kusho uSchaan. “Akudingeki ukuba wenze izibalo ukuze ube yindilinga noma isikwele.” Izakhiwo eziningi zibheke enyakatho, futhi ithimba liphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi zazinokubaluleka kwezinkanyezi.

UColin McEwan, inhloko yengxenye yaseMelika eMnyuziyamu WaseBrithani eLondon uthi: “Izimpucuko eziningi ezinkulu zakudala zazinesisekelo somfula futhi sekuyisikhathi eside i-Amazon ibukelwa phansi futhi inganakwa ngaleyo ndlela.

IMIHLANGANO EPHUMELELAYO

Nakuba bungekho ubufakazi bokuthi ama-Amazoni akha imibhoshongo emibhoshongo noma asungula ulimi olubhalwayo njengoba kwenza imiphakathi yaseGibhithe lasendulo noma eMesophothamiya, “ngokwendlela yokwethambekela ekwandeni kwenkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo nokufuywa kwendawo, leli kwakungelona nje ihlathi elihlanzekile elinemizulane engayodwa. izizwe,” kusho uMcEwan. "Lawa bekungamasiko aqinile, ahlala futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aphumelele kakhulu."

Ngenkathi ezinye izingosi ze-Inca zisendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-200 nje entshonalanga ye-geoglyphs, azikho izinto ze-Inca ezitholakele kumasayithi amasha. Futhi azibonakali zinento efanayo nama-Nasca geoglyphs asePeru.

“Angingabazi ukuthi lokhu kuwukuklwebha kuphela,” kusho u-Alex Chepstow-Lusty we-French Institute for Andean Studies eLima, ePeru. “Izinga lemiphakathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian e-Amazonia livela kancane kancane futhi sizomangala ngenani labantu ababehlala lapho, kodwa futhi nangendlela esimeme kakhulu. Ngokudabukisayo, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nokuqedwa kwamahlathi okuveza lezi zindlela zokuhlala zangaphambi kwe-Columbian nakho kuwusongo lokuba nesikhathi esanele sokuziqonda kahle.”