SINGAPORE - Kuwuphawu lokushintsha kwezikhathi zezindiza ukuthi njengoba inkampani yezindiza ezihamba phezulu iJapan Airlines (JAL) ike yafaka isicelo sokuqothuka ngenyanga edlule, inkampani yesabelomali yaseSingapore iTiger Airways yayidayisela umphakathi amasheya ayo ukuze isitokwe sayo siphelelwe yisikhathi. ibhaliswe ngokwedlulele izikhathi ezingama-21 emakethe yesitoko yedolobha.
Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zikaphethiloli, ukwehla kwesidingo sokuhamba phakathi nokuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni, kanye nenkinga yomkhuhlane we-H1N1 yangonyaka odlule, konke kwakha itulo ngokumelene nabathwali bezinsizakalo ezigcwele esifundeni (FSCs), okubangele abaningi ukuba banciphise imizila futhi banciphise abasebenzi - noma, esimweni se-JAL, ukuphahlazeka nokushisa ngaphansi kwesisindo sezikweletu ezinzima.
I-JAL, nakuba kwakuyisimo esibi kakhulu, yayingeyedwa phakathi kwezinkampani ezithwala imali ephambili e-Asia edonsa kanzima phakathi nokuwohloka kwezimali komhlaba wonke. I-Singapore Airlines (SIA), okuyinkampani yezindiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngenani lemakethe, ngonyaka odlule yehlise umthamo wayo ngo-11%, yabambezela ukulethwa kwezindiza ezintsha eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Airbus, yanciphisa amaholo abasebenzi namahora okusebenza - futhi isalahlekelwe yi-S$428 million (US$304 million) ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokuqala zonyaka wezimali, ezimele ukulahlekelwa kokuqala okulandelanayo kwekota okutholwe inkampani ehamba phambili eminyakeni engaphezu kweyisikhombisa.
I-Thai Airways iphinde yabhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu emithwalo ephansi yabagibeli kanye nokungaphathwa kahle kwezinga eliphezulu, okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi inkampani yezwe eyake yaziqhenya ingase ihambe ngendlela ye-JAL eyonakele ngaphandle kokulungiswa okukhulu kokusebenza kwayo. I-Garuda yase-Indonesia yaphoqeleka ukuthi ihlehlise izinhlelo zayo ngonyaka odlule ukuze ifake ohlwini lwe-stock exchange ngenxa yokwehla kokusebenza kwezimali.
Ngokumelene naleso sizinda esibuhlungu, izinkampani zezindiza zase-Asia ezingabizi lutho, ezinezindleko eziphansi (LCCs) zisebenzise ubunzima bomnotho womhlaba njengethuba elihle lokuzuza isabelo semakethe futhi baqinise izikhundla zabo ngokuqhathaniswa nezinkampani zezindiza ezihamba phambili. Lokho kubheka okuhle kubonakale engqungqutheleni yezimboni kule nyanga eSingapore, lapho abaphathi abaphezulu be-LCC bekhuluma ngenzuzo erekhodiwe, amasu okukhulisa izifiso kanye nokufakwa kuhlu kwezimakethe zamasheya okungenzeka.
Ama-LCC abalelwa ku-15.7% wemakethe yezindiza yase-Asia ngonyaka odlule, noma ngaphansi kwesihlalo esisodwa kuzo zonke eziyisithupha ezithengiswayo esifundeni, ngokusho kweCentre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Lokho kwenyuka kusuka ngaphezudlwana kuka-14% ngo-2008 futhi kuqhubekisela phambili ukukhuphuka kusuka kuma-LCC angu-1.1% kuphela ayebalwe ngo-2001. Lezo zinzuzo zemakethe, abahlaziyi bathi, zize ngezindleko eziqondile zezinkampani zezindiza ezihamba phambili zesifunda.
Ama-LCC enze okungaphezu kokushintsha umnotho oyisisekelo wemboni; baye basabela ngokushesha kakhulu ekushintsheni izintandokazi zabathengi kanye nezitayela. Ngenkathi ukwehla kwamandla emali emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008, abahambi base-Asia behle kakhulu ezihlalweni zikanokusho futhi baya ngokuya befuna imali yokugibela ephansi.
Izinkampani zezindiza ze-Premium, eziningi ezisindwa yizindleko eziqinile zezakhiwo nezikweletu eziphezulu, zaphuza ukuphendula oguquko futhi ngenxa yalokho zalahlekelwa izimbangi ze-nimbler ze-LCC. Ngokwengxenye, lokho kungenxa yokuthi ama-LCC asebenza ngesethi ehlukile yokuqagela kwezomnotho nezezimali.
UTony Davies, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Tiger Airways yase-Singapore esanda kufakwa ohlwini, uthi inkampani yakhe yezindiza ilandele ezinyathelweni zamasu omthengisi wase-US emakethe enkulu i-Walmart: "[Ama-LCC] empeleni abathengisi," esho. “Ibhizinisi lethu ukudayisa izihlalo.”
Njengama-LCC amaningi esifunda, i-Tiger Airways yehlise izindleko ngokususa ama-frills, okuhlanganisa ukudla okusebhodini kanye nokubala amathikithi asendaweni. Ama-LCC ajwayele ukundiza imizila yamahora amane noma ambalwa, okuwavumela ukuthi asebenzise ithimba lendiza elifanayo ezindizeni ezibuyayo ngosuku olufanayo. Lokho kuvumele ama-LCC ukuthi aqashe abasebenzi abambalwa futhi agweme izindleko ezinkulu zendawo yokulala yamalungu ezisebenzi.
Ama-LCC amaningi futhi agcina izindiza ezilula ngokuqhathaniswa, eziningi zithumela uhlobo lwejethi olulodwa, oluyonga uphethiloli, njenge-Airbus 320 noma i-Boeing 787. Lokho kubavumele ukuthi bonge ekunakekeleni, izingxenye eziyisipele nezindleko zokuqeqesha. Njengoba izindleko ezinjalo zehliselwa phansi, ama-LCC angakhokhisa imali yokugibela ephansi kakhulu kunezinkampani zezindiza ezihamba phambili ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa, ikakhulukazi esimweni esibucayi.
Ama-LCC nawo athole izindlela zokudala zokukhulisa imali engenayo engahlobene namathikithi. Aziwa emashidini awo ebhalansi njengemali engenayo “esizayo,” ama-LCC athile azuze ngokuqaqa imikhiqizo namasevisi avumela abagibeli ukuthi bakhethe futhi bakhokhele abakufunayo. U-Lim Kim Hai, usihlalo omkhulu wenkampani yezindiza yesabelomali ye-Regional Express yase-Australia, ubiza inqubo yokuhlanganisa “njengenzuzo engenabuhlungu”.
Angaqoqwa kalula ngokukhokhisa izindleko eziphindwe kahlanu ngokudla ongakukhetha, noma ngokubophana okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuthandwa kwezinkampani zomshwalense okuvumela ama-LCC ukuthi aqoqe isikhathi ngasinye lapho umgibeli ethenga umshwalense wokuhamba ngethikithi lakhe.
Iphayona le-LCC i-AirAsia muva nje lisungule umnyango wenkonzo yezezimali okhethekile nokwethembeka ukuze lisebenzise amandla okuzihlanganisa namabhange namahhotela ukuze anikeze amakhadi esikweletu akhishwe ngokuhlanganyela, amanani akhethekile wamahhotela nezinye izinkonzo ezihlobene nokuvakasha. "Ngale ndlela sizuza imali yethu futhi sikhulise ukwethembeka kumaflaya ethu," kusho inhloko yomnyango wakwa-AirAsia uJohan Aris Ibrahim.
Imingcele yomoya emisha
I-International Air Transport Association (IATA), okuyinhlangano yezimboni, ithe engqungqutheleni yezindiza esanda kwenzeka eSingapore isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific sesidlule iNyakatho Melika njengemakethe yezokuvakasha yezindiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, njengoba ngo-647 ngabagibeli abangu-2009 million. abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-638 abandize ngezindiza zezentengiselwano ngonyaka odlule eNyakatho Melika.
Imakethe enkulu yase-Asia yiChina, kodwa isifunda saseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia siphinde sibe namandla amakhulu ngemakethe yaso ehlangene yabantu abayizigidi ezingu-600. Abahlaziyi bezimboni baqaphela ukuthi iphesenti elikhulu labantu bakulesi sifunda alikakahambi ngendiza futhi ngamanani amanje cishe ngeke likwazi ukukhokhela isihlalo senkampani yezindiza esebenza ngokugcwele.
Lesi yisigaba semakethe esingagcinwanga kahle abaphathi be-LCC abathi sinamathuba amakhulu okukhula, ikakhulukazi uma imali engenayo yesifunda ngomuntu ngamunye ikhuphuka njengoba bekulindelwe. Ngenkathi i-AirAsia yase-Malaysia ivula uhambo lwesabelomali sesifunda ngo-2001, bangama-6% kuphela abantu baseMalaysia ababendize ngendiza. Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo sokumaketha esithi “Manje wonke umuntu angandiza”, inkampani ephethe isabelomali ivame ukunikeza amanani amathikithi aphansi kunezinye izinkokhelo zamabhasi.
“Ama-LCC ngokuqinisekile ayishintshile indlela abantu abahamba ngayo,” kusho uKris Lim, umqondisi ohlanganyele wesikhungo sezobunhloli samasu sePacific Asia Travel Association eBangkok. "Banikeza amandla abantu abasha abaningi abanesabelomali sokuhamba esilinganiselwe noma abantu abampofu abangakwazi ukukhokhela abathwali benkonzo ephelele."
Ukuhoxiswa kwakamuva kwesibhakabhaka saseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kuye kwavula imboni emqhudelwaneni wangempela wamanani ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka engqubuzana yokuhlangana phakathi kwabathwali befulegi kazwelonke. Umzila we-Malaysia-Singapore, isibonelo, usanda kuvulwa ukuze uqhudelane ngemva kokuba i-SIA ne-Malaysia Airlines bephethe umzila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-35.
Ukuziphatha kwe-Duopolistic kubangele omunye wemizila ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni ngendiza yemizuzu engama-55, nezintengo zamathikithi ngokuvamile zingaphezu kwama-US$400. Ama-LCC manje anikeza imali yokugibela ikota yalelo nani kanye nemvamisa ephezulu kakhulu. I-AirAsia ihamba phakathi kweKuala Lumpur neSingapore izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye ngosuku.
Ukukhululwa okwengeziwe kwezimakethe kusendleleni ye-Southeast Asia ebizwa ngokuthi i-Open Sky Agreement, esizoqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele ngo-2015 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuzuze ama-LCC esifunda. Lesi sivumelwano sizovumela abathwali bezindiza besifunda ukuthi benze izindiza ezingenamkhawulo kuwo wonke amalungu e-10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) futhi sithembisa ukukhulisa ezokuvakasha kwangaphakathi kwesifunda, ukuhweba kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu - iBrunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar , ePhilippines, eSingapore, eThailand naseVietnam.
Nakuba ukuqaliswa kwesivumelwano ngokungangabazeki kuzohlangabezana nokukhononda kwabavikeli, abahlaziyi bezimboni bakholelwa ukuthi inkambiso yokuhoxiswa kwemithetho ihamba kahle. UNgqongqoshe wezokuThutha eSingapore uRaymond Lim kule nyanga unxuse ukuthi kube nenkundla yokuncintisana esezingeni eliphezulu ezinkampanini zezindiza zakulesi sifunda. "Umbuso okhululekile uzophinde ubangele amathuba amakhulu okukhula komnotho nxazonke," esho.
Ukuthi ukuvuleka okukhulu kuzoholela yini kwabanye abangena emakethe yezindiza akukacaci, uma kubhekwa ingcebo yokuhlaba umkhosi yezinkampani eziningi zezindiza ezihamba phambili. Umbiko wakamuva ovela e-Sydney-based Center for Asia Pacific Aviation ubikezela ukuhlanganiswa kwemboni yesikhathi esizayo phakathi kwabadlali abancane, abaningi babo ababikezela ukuthi bazophoqeleka ukuba bahlangane noma bavale njengoba ukuncintisana kushisa.
"Izindiza ziyimboni encintisana kakhulu futhi, akufani nomkhakha wamabhange, ukuhlanganiswa noma ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwama-LCC kuhlale kungenzeka ngenxa yokuncintisana kwe-cutthroat," kusho uNg Sem Guan, umhlaziyi wezindiza ocwaningweni lwe-OSK olusekelwe e-Kuala Lumpur.
Okwamanje, ama-LCC amaningi abhida kanzima ukuze ahehe abathengi, okuhlanganisa abahambi bebhizinisi abakhokha kakhulu, kude nontanga yabo yeprimiyamu enezinkinga zezimali. Kuleyo ndawo, u-Chong Pit Lian, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Jetstar Asia, wenza ibhizinisi lokuthi amanani ashibhile ama-LCC asho ukuthi abahambi bezinkampani bangandiza njalo ukuze bahlangane nozakwethu bomhlaba futhi bathumele abasebenzi abancane ukuze bathole ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe nezinye izinjongo zokuchayeka.
Kanti abanye bafuna ukungena esizindeni sabashayeli bamapheshana aphambili esake saba ngokukhethekile sohambo olude, okuhlanganisa nezindiza ezisuka e-Asia ziye e-Europe ngamanani aphansi angakaze abonwe. Ngonyaka odlule, i-AirAsia X yase-Malaysia yethula imizila emide esuka esifundeni iye e-London ngengxenyana yalokho okukhokhiswa izindiza ze-premium.
Uma, njengoba kulindelekile, amanye ama-LCC alandela ukuhola okude kwe-AirAsia X, ukuncintisana okwandisiwe kuzokwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuthi abathwali be-premium abanezikweletu nabalahlekelwayo besifunda benze indawo elahlekile, kusho abahlaziyi bezimboni.
“Kuyohlale kunemakethe yabathwali bemali ephambili yabahambi abazimisele ngokuthola okuningi ukuze bathole izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezingcono,” kusho umhlaziyi uNg. "Kodwa ekugcineni kosuku ukusinda kwezindiza ekugcineni kuzoncika ekuphathweni kwebhalansi yazo."
