Kundatshana yomthetho wezokuvakasha kuleli sonto, sihlola icala likaGardner v. United States of America, Delta Air Lines, Icala No. 1: 14-cv-00125-JNP-DBP (D. Utah June 8, 2018) lapho iNkantolo uphawule ukuthi “uRonald Gardner wamangalela iDelta Airlines kanye ne-United States of America ngokuya ngokusebenzisana kwakhe ne-air marshal… UGardner (ubengaboni) ngokomthetho (futhi) engezwa kahle futhi unezinsiza-kuzwa (futhi) wayeneminyaka engama-59 ubudala.
NgoJanuwari 20, 2011, uGardner wayehleli esigabeni sokuqala sendiza yeDelta esuka eWashington, DC iya eSalt Lake City. Ama-marshali amabili ombuso afihliwe (i-FAM1 ne-FAM2) nawo abesendizeni. I-FAM1 ibihleli ngqo ngemuva kukaGardner (futhi) ingamamitha ama-6 amayintshi ama-intshi ubude, inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-2, futhi isisindo esisebenzayo. Ngemuva kokusuka, uGardner waqala ukuhlalisa kancane kancane isihlalo sakhe. Wezwa ukushaya okunodlame ngemuva kwesihlalo sakhe… Ngemuva kwemizuzu emihlanu kuya kweyishumi, uGardner waqala ukuhlala esihlalweni sakhe okwesibili. Isihlalo sakhe sashaywa ngemuva ngamandla kakhulu, okwenza u-Gardner wagudlukela phambili esihlalweni sakhe… Emizuzwini embalwa kamuva, uGardner wazama ukusibeka phansi isihlalo sakhe okwesithathu, kodwa i-FAM235 yaphinda yasidudula isihlalo saya phambili…
UGardner waya egali (futhi wakhononda) isisebenzi sendiza sabona ukuthi uGardner 'wayethuthumela ngokoqobo', ejuluka futhi ephefumula kancane… Isisebenzi sendiza enkulu sakhuluma neFAM1 (kanye) [g] nezinga lokuyaluza le-FAM1 phakathi nengxoxo futhi iqiniso lokuthi wayehlomile, isisebenzi sendiza sakhathazeka ngokushesha ngenhlalakahle kaGardner nabo bonke abanye abagibeli ababekule ndiza. (UGardner ubuyele esihlalweni sakhe elandelwa yi-FAM1) obambe isihlalo sangemuva sikaGardner futhi 'waqeda lokho'… Isisebenzi sendiza enkulu safika esihlalweni sikaGardner, sakhothama sathi 'Kulungile. Usemgodini wenqwaba. Yi-federal air marshal '…
Ngemuva kokuhlala phansi, uGardner wasukuma kodwa wavinjwa yi-FAM1 wathi, “Uxolo, kufanele ngithathe ipotimende lami '. I-FAM1 ayinyakazi noma isho lutho ukuphendula. UGardner usiphindaphindile isicelo sakhe sokufika nge-FAM1 kaninginingi, cishe imizuzu emithathu i-FAM1 ihlale inganyakazi futhi ithule… Lapho bengena esikhumulweni sezindiza, uGardner utshele umsebenzi wasezikhumulweni zezindiza eDelta ukuthi ufuna ukucasha ukuze agweme noma ikuphi ukuhlangana ne- (FAM1) ”. Isahlulelo esifingqiwe sinikezwe iDelta nesinqumo esifingqiwe esinqunyelwe i-US ”.
Ecaleni likaGardner, iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “uGardner wamangalela bobabili iDelta ne-United States ngokususelwa kulesi sehlakalo (esola) ukuthi ukuhlangana kwakhe neFAM1 kwamenza wahlushwa ukuphazamiseka kwengcindezi ngemuva kokuhlukumezeka; ukukhathazeka; ukucindezeleka; ngezikhathi ezithile, ukulahleka okuhlobene nokukhathazeka kombono omncane osele anawo; ukwethuka; ukwesaba izindawo zomphakathi; ukuqwasha; namaphupho amabi aphindayo.
UGardner uzichithile ngokuzithandela izimbangela ezimbili zesenzo asifakazile ekuqaleni, washiya izimangalo ezibhekiswe kuDelta (1) zokunganaki, (2) ukuhlukumeza okunganaki kokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, (3) ukwephula umsebenzi womuntu ophethe umgibeli okhubazekile, (4) ukwephula umsebenzi ohambela isivakashi sebhizinisi kanye (5) nesizathu sokwenza isenzo uGarner asibiza njengesimangalo esiphakeme kunawo wonke… UGardner uphinde wagomela ngezimangalo ezibhekiswe e-United States (1) ngobudedengu, (2) ngokuhlukumeza ngamabomu ukukhathazeka ngokomzwelo, (3) ukuhlukumeza ukukhathazeka ngokweqile, (4) ukuboshwa okungamanga, (5) ukushaywa kanye (6) nembangela yesenzo uGardner asibiza ngokuthi yisicelo esiphakeme kakhulu ”.
Izimangalo zeDelta zivuliwe
"I-Federal Aviation Act yango-1958 (FAA) yagunyaza ibhodi ukulawulwa kwezimboni zezindiza… Ngo-1978 iCongress yachibiyela i-FAA ngomthetho we-Airline Deregulation Act (ADA)… 'Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iMelika ayizukuqeda ukuhlulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, I-ADA ifake nelungiselelo lokukhokhelwa ... Izimangalo zikaGardner ezibhekiswe eDelta zihlala emibonweni emithathu ehlukene. Okokuqala, uGardner uthi lowo osebenza ezindizeni ngobudedengu wamtshela ukuthi i-FAM1 yayiyi-air marshal, eyamenza waba nengcindezi nokukhathazeka. Okwesibili, uthi umphathi wezindiza omkhulu wehlulekile ukumkhipha ngokushesha ebhanoyini ngemuva kokumncenga ukuba alinde esihlalweni sakhe futhi wehluleka ukungenelela lapho i-FAM1 ivimbe i-aisle. Okwesithathu, uphikisa ngokuthi abasebenzi baseDelta behlulekile ukuvimba i-FAM1 ukuthi ingamlandeli esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Okuhlobene Nensizakalo yeDelta
UDelta uthi yonke le mibono yesikweletu ihlobene nensizakalo yeDelta. Isekethe Leshumi lihumushe igama elithi 'insizakalo yomphathi womoya' kabanzi: 'Izinto zesevisi yenethiwekhi yomoya… zifaka izinto ezinjengokuthikithi, izinqubo zokugibela, ukuhlinzekwa kokudla neziphuzo, nokuphathwa kwemithwalo, ngaphezu kokuhamba uqobo'… Ngaphansi kwale ncazelo 'yesevisi', izimangalo zikaGardner ezibhekiswe eDelta 'zixhumene noma zibhekiswe' kwinsizakalo ye-Delta… Ezinye izinkantolo ezihlolisise izimangalo ezifanayo ziphethe ngokuthi zathathelwa phambili ... Ngakho-ke, inkantolo iphetha ngokuthi ukunganaki kukaGardner okwemizwelo isimangalo sosizi kanye nezimangalo zakhe ezibhekiswe ebudedengu zikhululwe ngokusobala ”.
Izimangalo Ezimelene ne-United States
"Ubufakazi, obuthathwe njengokuvuna kukaGardner, bukhombisa ukuthi ngesikhathi uGardner ezama ukuhlala esihlalweni amahlandla amathathu ahlukene, i-FAM1 yasidudulela phambili ngamandla. Kamuva, i-FAM1 inyakazise isihlalo sikaGardner njengoba ebehleli phansi ukuze amsabise ngokomzimba. I-FAM1 iyavuma ukuthi yathola ukuthi uGardner wayeyimpumputhe ngaphambi kokuba kufike indiza. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi umphathi wezindiza kanye nomgibeli owayehleli eduze kukaGardner babona ukuthi ushaqeke kakhulu ngesenzo se-FAM1, othole iqiniso angaphetha ngokuthi i-FAM1 nayo ibazi ukuthi isabise uGardner waze waqhaqhazela, wajuluka futhi wathatha kancane ukuphefumula. Ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi, silinde noGardner (no) inkukhu uGardner wazama ukuphuma ebhanoyini, i-FAM1 yamvimbela ngenhloso ngokuma endaweni yezinyawo imizuzu emithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi i-FAM1 yazishaya indiva izicelo zikaGardner zokuthi akahambe ukuze uGardner akwazi ukudlula. I-FAM1 bese icuphe uGardner esikhumulweni sezindiza ukuze iqhubeke nokumsabisa.
Isiphetho
Ukuthatha la maqiniso ndawonye, umfaki weqiniso onengqondo angaphetha ngokuthi i-FAM1 bekufanele ibone ukuthi isenzo sayo sibandakanya ubungozi obungenangqondo bokubangela uGardner ukuthi azizwe ecindezelekile emoyeni. Ngokwengeziwe, i-factfinder ingaphetha ngokuthi i-FAM1 bekufanele ngabe ibonile ukuthi usizi lungaholela ekuguleni noma ekulimaleni komzimba. INkantolo, ngakho-ke, isenqabile isicelo se-United States sokuthi isinqumo esifingqiwe senziwe ngesenzo sikaGardner sokunganaki isimangalo sokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo ngokusekelwe ezenzweni ze-FAM1 ”.
UPatricia noTom Dickerson
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, udlule emhlabeni ngoJulayi 26, 2018 eneminyaka engama-74. Ngomusa womndeni wakhe, eTurboNews uvunyelwe ukwaba izindatshana zakhe esinazo efayeleni asithumele lona ukuze sizolishicilela masonto onke ngokuzayo.
UMhlonishwa. UDickerson uthathe umhlalaphansi njenge-Associate Justice ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi wabhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts in Izinkantolo zase-US, iThomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Izenzo Zekilasi: Umthetho Wezizwe eziyi-50, i-Law Journal Press (2018), kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-500 eziningi zazo ezitholakala nycourts.gov/courts/9jd/taxcertatd.shtml. Ngezinye izindaba zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU, bheka IFTTA.org.
Funda izindatshana eziningi zeJustice Dickerson lapha.
Le ndatshana kungenzeka ingakhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume.
