Kulesi sihloko sala maviki, sixoxa ngecala lika-Chung v. StudentCity.com, Inc., 2017 US App. I-LEXIS 6460 (1st Cir. 2017) lapho umfundi wesikole samabanga aphezulu acelwa khona umqhubi wokuvakasha womfundi ukuthi abhalisele iphakheji yeholide yokuthweswa iziqu e-Cancun ngohambo olwengeziwe lwe-snorkeling. “Uhambo lwe-snorkeling lwaba nesiphetho esidabukisayo: i-Sea Star yashayisa udonga lwamakhorali futhi yaqala ukudonsa amanzi, nokho izisebenzi azizange zinikeze usizo kubagibeli (ngempela, abanye abasebenzi bawushiya umkhumbi). Bezenzela ngokwabo, uLisa noLoren bafaka izinto zokulondoloza impilo futhi bazama ukufinyelela ezokuphepha ngokubamba intambo eyayinwebeka phakathi koLwandle nomkhumbi omncane wangasese. Imizamo yabo yehluleka base bedonswa ngaphansi kwamanzi. U-Loren walimala kabi, kodwa wasinda; U-Lisa kuthiwa ufile ubuchopho esibhedlela futhi washona (ngemva kwalokho)”. Bona ingxoxo yethu ngezingozi zezinhlelo zokuvakasha zabafundi ku-Travel Law kuSigaba 5.04[4][I] kanye no-Dickerson & Roman, Ukunikeza Izinhlelo Zokuhamba Zabafundi: I-Risky Business, New York Law Journal, February 19, 2016, p. 4.
Ukuvuselelwa Kokuqondiwe Kobuphekula
IManchester, eNgilandi
ECallimachi naseSchmitt, iManchester Bomber Met With ISIS Unit eLibya, Izikhulu Zithi, nytomes.com (6/3/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Umbhomu owabulala abantu abangu-22 ekhonsathini ye-pop eManchester, eNgilandi, ngenyanga edlule wahlangana. eLibya namalungu ophiko lwe-Islamic State oluxhumene nokuhlasela kwamaphekula eParis ngoNovemba 2015, ngokusho kwezikhulu zezobunhloli zamanje nezisethathe umhlalaphansi ... ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uqondiswe noma unikwe amandla yizisebenzi ze-Islamic State eLibya, ngokumelene neSyria, kusikisela ukuthi isizinda seqembu eMpumalanga Ephakathi siyancipha, okungenani eyodwa yezindawo zayo ezikude yenza izindlela zokuqhubeka nokuhlasela eYurophu”.
London, England
ECallimachi * Bennhold, London Attackers Slipped By Naphezu kwe Avalanche of Warnings, nytimes.com (6/6/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “inkulumo-ze ye-Islamic State itholwe esikhwameni somhlaseli oyedwa ngesikhathi ezama ukugibela indiza. e-Italy. Intatheli ye-FBI ithe yahlaba umkhosi ngomhlaseli wesibili eminyakeni emibili edlule. Owesithathu owahlaselwa, wanqatshelwa ukukhoseliswa eBrithani, wabonakala enyonyobela e-Ireland. Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso ngabahlaseli abathathu abebesevenini elimhlophe abaphihlize bagwaza endaweni ekahle yaseLondon zawela obala ngoLwesibili zafaka ingcindezi emaphoyiseni...ukuba azichaze”.
Paris, France
EBreeden & Moreen, Police Shoot Attacker Outside Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, nytimes.com (6/6/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Iphoyisa lidubule lalimaza umhlaseli obehlome ngesando nemimese yasekhishini esigcawini esingaphandle. I-Notre-Dame Cathedral eParis ngoLwesibili ntambama".
Manila, Philippines
Uhlonze umhlaseli wekhasino e-Manila futhi akalona iphekula, i-travewirenews.com (6/4/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Umsolwa oyedwa ohlasele ikhasino nenxanxathela yezitolo e-Manila wayengumlutha wokugembula wase-Filipino onezikwele eziningi… ushayasibhamu esigamekweni esiyingozi sekhasino ePhilippines ubonakale ezithombeni zekhamera yezokuphepha edubula emoyeni isibhamu sakhe i-M4, evutha futhi edubula abezokuphepha ezitebhisini ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwashona okungenani abantu abangu-38”.
ITehran, e-Iran
E-Erdbrink, i-Iran Ithi Abahlaseli baseTehran Baqashwe Ngaphakathi Kwezwe, nytimes.com (6/8/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Okungenani abahlaseli abahlanu ekuhlaselweni okubulalayo kweTehran baqashwe yi-Islamic State ngaphakathi kwe-Iran… babeyizakhamuzi zase-Iran...abezindaba base-Iran babike ukuthi isibalo sabantu abashonile sesikhuphuke safinyelela ku-17 kwalimala abangu-52”.
IKabul, e-Afghanistan
EKabul isibalo sokushona kokuqhuma sikhuphuke safinyelela ku-159 njengoba kuqhubeka ukuhlasela okubulalayo, travelwirenews.com (6/6/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “'Bangaphezu kuka-150 amadodana namadodakazi angenacala ase-Afghan abulewe kwathi abalimele abangaphezu kuka-300 balethwe esibhedlela beshile futhi. ukunqunywa kwezitho zomzimba'”.
Musayab, Iraq
E-Iraq, i-travewirenews.com (30/6/9) iveze ukuthi “owesifazane uqhumise ibhande lakhe emakethe empumalanga yedolobha elingcwele lamaShiite, iKerbala ngoLwesihlanu, kwashona okungenani abangu-2017. futhi kwalimala abangu-30, kusho imithombo yezokuphepha yase-Iraq”.
Mogadishu, Somalia
Cishe babalelwa ku-70 abashonile e-al-Shabab ehlasele inkambi yamasosha aseSomalia, travelwirenews.com (6/8/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Ontamolukhuni be-al-Shabab bagasele enkanjini yamasosha esifundazweni saseSomalia, iPuntland, babulala eduze Abantu abangama-70…Izikhulu zikubize ngokuhlasela okubulala kakhulu kule ndawo eminyakeni edlule”.
I-Kenya Ikhipha Isexwayiso Sokuvakasha
E-Kenya ikhipha isexwayiso sokuvakasha eNingizimu Afrika, i-travewirenews.com (5/8/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “iKenya ikhiphe isexwayiso sokuvakasha ngokumelene neNingizimu Afrika, icaphuna igagasi elikhulayo lobugebengu emgudwini ongase udale umzuliswano omusha umdonsiswano wamanxusa ezinyangeni ngemuva kokuthi iMibuso yomibili ixazulule ukungezwani kwama-visa okwathatha isikhathi eside. Esexwayiso sezokuphepha esithunyelwe ezikhulwini eziphezulu zikahulumeni zasePitoli, uThishanhloko Wezindaba Zangaphandle eKenya…uxwayise ngokwanda kwamacala okugetshengwa kuhlonyiwe, ukuntshontshwa kwezimoto, ukweba, ukugqekeza, ukuthumba, ukudlwengula nokugebenga”.
Ukugebenga Ukuhlasela
E-Scott & Wingfield, I-Hacking Attack Ine-Security Experts Scrambling to Contain Fallout, nytimes.com (5/13/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Imizamo yomhlaba wonke yeza ngaphansi kosuku ngemva kwesoftware enonya, esakazwa nge-imeyili futhi yebiwa kuZwelonke. I-Security Agency, iqondise ubungozi ezinhlelweni zamakhompiyutha cishe emazweni ayi-100 ekuhlaselweni okukhulu kakhulu kwe-'ransoware' okurekhodiwe. Abahlaseli be-inthanethi bathathe amakhompuyutha, babhala ngemfihlo imininingwane yawo base befuna ukukhokhelwa u-$300 noma ngaphezulu kubasebenzisi ukuze bavule imishini”.
Amahhotela Nokuphulwa Kwedatha
Ku-Soloway & Mohler, Ukuhlola u-Rick kumahhotela eNkathi Yokuphulwa Kwedatha, i-New York Law Journal (5/9/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Imboni yokwamukela izihambi ayizange igwemeke ekuchayekeni ekwephuleni umthetho futhi eqinisweni eziningana ze izigameko ezisakazwa kabanzi zibandakanya amahhotela amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Emasontweni ambalwa edlule, i-Intercontinental Hotels Group (IHG) imemezele ukuthi yephulwe yidatha ezindaweni eziningi zamahhotela e-IHG anegama le-IHG e-United States nasePuerto Rico ngasekupheleni kuka-2016. Lokhu kuza ngemva kokudalulwa kwe-IHG ngoFebhuwari yohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha oluhlukile. ukuhlasela okuveza idatha yekhasimende kumahhotela angu-12 aphethwe yi-IHG ase-US. I-IHG ayiyedwa, njengoba i-Wyndham Worldwide, i-Hard Rock Hotels, i-Omni Hotels & Resorts kanye ne-Hilton Hotels, phakathi kokunye, zonke ziphawulwe esidlangalaleni njengezisulu zokuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi kanye nomphumela wokuphulwa kwedatha”.
Ukuphahlazeka Kwebhasi EVietnam
Engozini yokushayisana kwebhasi maphakathi neVietnam kubulala abangu-12, travelwirenews.com (5/7/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Iloli lishayisane nebhasi emaphakathi neVietnam kwashona abantu abangu-12 kwalimala abangu-33…Iphephandaba licaphune amaphoyisa ethi uphenyo lokuqala luveze ukuthi iloli beligijima ngesivinini esingu-105km ngehora labe seliwela emzileni webhasi. Izingozi zomgwaqo zabulala abantu abangu-8,685 eVietnam ngonyaka odlule”.
Ukuphahlazeka Kwebhasi ETanzania
Engozini yebhasi yaseGrisly ibulale izingane zesikole ezingama-32 enyakatho yeTanzania, www.eturbonews.com (5/7/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ukuphepha kwamabhasi kube yinkinga eTanzania. Ikakhulukazi ezweni elithembele kwezokuvakasha ekuthengiseni amazwe angaphandle, ukuphepha kufanele kube phezu kwe-ajenda. ITanzania iphakathi kwamazwe ase-Afrika athambekele ezingozini kanye nenkohlakalo edla lubi lapho abantu abangaphezu kuka-3,000 befa ngenxa yezingozi eziningi emigwaqeni…Kushone izingane ezingu-XNUMX ngoMgqibelo ekuseni ngemuva kokuba ibhasi ebezihamba ngalo lishayisa umhosha enyakatho yeTanzania e-Arusha”.
Udaka luyashelela eSri Lanka
E-Mudslides, izikhukhula zibulala abangaphezu kuka-200 eSri Lanka, travelwirenews.com (5/31/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezinhlekelele sithe abantu abangu-300 baqinisekisiwe ukuthi bashonile. Bangaphezu kuka-77,000 asebeshiywe dengwane kanti amakhaya angaphezu kuka-1,500 acekeleke phansi selokhu izimvula ziqale ukukhukhula ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasentshonalanga yezwe eliyisiqhingi sase-Indian Ocean ngoLwesihlanu olwedlule”.
Umlilo webhethri ye-Lithium-Ion ku-JetBlue
E-Zhang, Umlilo ogibele indiza ye-JetBlue udalula ukuthi kungani ukuvinjelwa kwe-laptop kaTrump kungaba yingozi kangaka, businessinsider.com (6/1/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “NgoLwesibili, iJetBlue Flight 915 isuka esikhumulweni sezindiza saseNew York (JFK) iya eSan Francisco. yaphambukiselwa e-Michigan ngemuva kokuthi ibhethri le-lithium-ion elisesikhwameni somgibeli lidale umlilo...Ngokusho kwenkampani yezindiza, isinqumo sokuphambukisa senziwe ngemuva 'kwemibiko yentuthu ephuma esikhwameni ogibela kuso ephethe idivayisi kagesi'. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zesikhumulo sezindiza zithi umlilo owawusendizeni wawusucishiwe ngesikhathi indiza ifika”.
I-United Airlines: Lapho Uyaphinda Futhi
Encwadini ethi Woman Flies ngaphezu kuka-4,000km endleleni engalungile endizeni ye-UA, travelwirenews.com (5/7/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Inkampani yezindiza ibize isigameko, esisanda kusixazulula ngokuyimfihlo; icala, 'ukwehluleka okubi'…Owesifazane okhuluma isiFulentshi undize ngaphezu kuka-4,800k, endaweni engafanele e-US ngemuva kokuthi i-United Airlines ihlulekile ukumazisa ngokushintsha kwesango lendiza yakhe ngomzuzu wokugcina. U-Lucie Bahetoukilae, ongasazi isiNgisi, bekufanele aye eParis esuka eNewark…kodwa wethuka lapho efika eSan Francisco…lapho alinda khona amahora angu-11 engeziwe ngaphambi kokugibela indiza ebuyela eParis. Sekukonke, uthi usehambe amahora angu-28”.
Ababungazi Be-Airbnb Benqaba Kukhutshaziwe
E-Chokshi & Benner, Ababungazi Be-Airbnb Kungenzeka Kakhulu Benqaba Abakhubazekile, Ucwaningo Olutholwayo, nytimes.com (6/2/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Abanye abasebenzisi babike ukuchema okufanayo, kanye nocwaningo olusha lwe-Rutgers University olusekelwe kokuningi. kunezicelo zokulala ze-Airbnb ezingu-3,800 ezithunyelwe abacwaningi-ziphakamisa ukuthi kungase kuvame: Abahambi abakhubazekile maningi amathuba okuthi banqatshwe futhi mancane amathuba okuba bathole imvume yangaphambili, noma imvume yesikhashana, ukuze bahlale, ababhali bathole. Ababungazi banikeze imvume yangaphambili kumaphesenti angama-75 abahambi abangazange bakhulume ngokukhubazeka, ngokocwaningo. Lelo zinga lehle lafinyelela ku-61% kulabo abathi bane-dwarfism, amaphesenti angama-50 kulabo abayizimpumputhe, amaphesenti angama-43 kulabo abanokukhubazeka kobuchopho kanye namaphesenti angama-25 kulabo abalimele umgogodla”.
Amahhotela Nabapheki Bosaziwayo
E-Bernstein & Garcia, Co-branding a Boutique Hotel and Restaurant With a Celebrity Chef, New York Law Journal (5/8/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ngokuthandwa okuhlala kukhula kwe-Food Network kanye namakhasimende ezindawo zokudlela aqaphela kakhulu. sekukhiqizile, imboni yezokwamukela izihambi ibone ushintsho olukhulu ekubalulekeni kwezindawo zayo zokudlela ezisayiniwe, ikakhulukazi emahhotela asemadolobheni kanye nezindawo zokungcebeleka. Ngenxa yalokho, indima yabapheki abadumile nezindawo zokudlela ezisayinayo isiyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yiliphi ihhotela eliphumelelayo…Kubanikazi bamahhotela ezitolo nezindawo zokudlela kanye nonjiniyela, kunezinzuzo eziningi zokuhlanganisa amabhizinisi abo nompheki ongasiza. ukuthuthukisa isisekelo samakhasimende ebhizinisini labo…Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali okunjalo kungase kubangele izinzuzo ezinkulu, ukuvikela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo abanikazi bamabhizinisi abanolwazi bazoqinisekisa ukuthi bafaka izigaba ezingaqhudelani ezifanele nezisebenzisekayo”.
Ama-Drones Avuliwe
Kuma-Personal drones akusadingi ukubhaliswa ne-FAA, imithetho yenkantolo yombuso yase-US, travelwirenews.com (5/20/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Inkantolo yokudlulisa amacala idubule umthetho ozodinga ukuthi kubhaliswe ama-drones angewona ezentengiso. , isinqumo abagxeki abathi sizokwenza ukuthi isibhakabhaka siphephe kancane. NgoLwesihlanu, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala YaseMelika Yesifunda Sase-Columbia ivune uJohn Taylor, umshisekeli wendiza encane engaphethwe muntu (UAS), owafaka icala okokuqala ngokumelene ne-(FAA) ngo-2016".
Ihlobo Lesihogo
EMcGeehan, Abagibeli be-Amtrak bazohlanganyela ku-'Summer of Hell' ye-Penn Station, ku-nytimes.com (5/30/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “I-Amtrak namakhasimende ayo bazokwabelana ngobunzima nabagibeli baseNew York City phakathi namasonto ambalwa umsebenzi wokulungisa ophazamisayo esiteshini sasePennsylvania kuleli hlobo, ngokohlelo olubuyekeziwe izikhulu ze-Amtrak sezidwetshiwe. Phakathi kwezinguquko ezimenyezelwe yi-Amtrak ngoLwesibili ukuhoxiswa kwezitimela ezintathu zansuku zonke ohlangothini ngalunye phakathi kwePenn Station ne-Union Station eWashington. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitimela ezine zansuku zonke phakathi kwePenn Station kanye ne-Harrisburg, Ps., zizoqala futhi ziqede ukugijima kwazo e-Philadelphia noma eNewark…Ngemuva kochungechunge lwezinkinga ePenn Station, okuhlanganisa nokudilizwa kwezitimela ezimbili, i-Amtrak yamemezela emasontweni ambalwa edlule ukuthi inqume ukusheshisa ukulungiswa okungathatha amathrekhi ukuthi angasebenzi isikhathi eside”.
Igwebu Elinobuthi ENdiya
'Ekukhithikeni kweqhwa lamakhemikhali': Igwebu elinobuthi lidala isiphithiphithi emgwaqweni ophithizelayo wase-Bangalore, travelwirenews.com (5/29/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Abagibeli e-India baphoqeleka ukuthi bashayele phakathi kwezinqwaba zamagwebu anuka kabi njengoba izikhulu zendawo zizama ukunqanda ukugeleza kwegwebu lamakhemikhali eligingqika echibini lase-Bangalore eVarthur. Umcimbi, obizwa 'ngeqhwa lekhemikhali', wenzeke ngemuva kokuthi izihlambi zangaphambi kwemvula equbule igwebu echibini eligcwele indle. Umoya onamandla wabe usuphakamisa igwebu elinobuthi phezu kothango lwezintambo zocingo langena e-Varthur Kodi Junction, indawo ematasatasa yabagibeli, ngempelasonto”.
Icala Lomthetho Wezokuvakasha Weviki
Uhlelo Lokuvakasha Kwabafundi
Ecaleni likaChung iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “Ekwindla ka-2007, uLisa Tam Chung (Lisa) noLoren Daly (Loren) babengabadala esikoleni esiphakeme eGrand Prairie, eTexas. Omele i-StudentCity uxhumane no-Loren ukuze akhuthaze izimpahla zefemu futhi wavusa ilukuluku lakhe lokubhuka uhambo lokuthweswa iziqu. Lapho isixuku esibucayi sabafundi sesibonise intshisekelo mayelana nohambo olunjalo, omele i-StudentCity ubambe umhlangano wolwazi. Ummeleli uqinisekise umhlangano (kuhlanganise nabazali abambalwa) ukuthi abasebenzi be-StudentCity baya kuyo yonke imicimbi nokuthi abafundi ababambe iqhaza ngeke bavunyelwe ukuya noma kuphi ngaphandle kokuphelezelwa”.
Ukugada Okuthembisayo
“Uphinde wasabalalisa izinto zokuphromotha ezishiwo engxenyeni efanelekile: (1) I-StudentCity izohlinzeka '[o] ngabasebenzi besayithi kuyo yonke imicimbi ehleliwe-eqala kuze kube sekupheleni'; (2) I-StudentCity 'isebenza kuyo yonke imicimbi ehleliwe kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni'; (3) I-StudentCity igcina 'inani elikhulu kunawo wonke labasebenzi nabafundi futhi abasebenzi bethu bamahora angama-24 bakhona ukuze bakunike ukuthula kwengqondo okudingayo'; (4) Abasebenzi baseDolobheni labafundi bazobe bekhona 'ukuzoqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uba nesikhathi esihle nesinomthwalo wemfanelo'”.
Izibusiso Zomndeni
“Abazali bakaLoren bahlangane nomele iStudentCity bafunda izinto ezibhaliwe. U-Lisa wadlulisela izethulo ze-StudentCity kubazali bakhe, ababenolwazi olulinganiselwe lwesiNgisi. Ngesibusiso sayo yomibili imindeni, amantombazane athenga amaphakheji okuvakasha ohambo lwangoJuni 2008 oluya eCancun, eMexico, enezela uhambo lokuzikhethela lwe-snorkeling”.
I-Snorkeling Excursion
“Uhambo lwe-snorkeling lwenzeka ngoJuni 7. Ngesikhathi abahlanganyeli begibela i-SS Sea Star, i-catamaran ephethwe futhi iqhutshwa yi-Servicios Maritimos 7 Acua del Caribe SA de CV (SMA). Umsebenzi we-StudentCity uthuthele uLisa no-Loren kwa-Sea Star, umkhumbi ogunyazwe ukuthwala abagibeli abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kanye nabasebenzi abathathu kulolu hlobo lokuphuma. Ngosuku okukhulunywa ngalo, nokho, ibithwele okungenani abahambi abangu-120 be-StudentCity kanye nabantu abangekho ngaphansi kwama-210 sebebonke. Akekho omele iStudentCity owayesemsebenzini”.
The Investigation
Njengoba kuphawuliwe uhambo lwe-snorkeling lwaphela ngenhlekelele lapho i-Sea Star ishayisa udonga lwamakhorali, ithatha amanzi futhi yashiywa abanye babasebenzi abaholela, ekugcineni, ekulimaleni okubi kukaLoren nokufa kukaLisa. “Ngemva kophenyo, umphathi wetheku waphetha ngokuthi 'ukugcwala kwabagibeli esikebheni' kubangele 'ukungalingani okukhulu' okungenzeka kwaholela ekushayisaneni kwe-Sea Star nomhlanga wamakhorali. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni waseMexico uthe le ngozi idalwe 'ukugcwala ngokweqile' kwe-catamaran kanye 'nokusebenza budedengu' kukakaputeni”.
Icala
“Kwabe sekungena isigameko somphakathi. Nakuba lesi simangalo ekuqaleni besinekhampasi ebanzi, okuwukuphela kwesimangalo (esisebenzayo) yisimangalo sokufa kuka-Lisa ngokungafanele-isimangalo sabazali bakhe...Mayelana nalesi simangalo, i-StudentCity yathuthela ekuchithweni noma, ngokuhlukile, ukuze ikhiphe isinqumo esifingqiwe. …Ngemva kokutholakala okulinganiselwe…inkantolo yesifunda yakhipha isinqumo esifingqiwe esivuna i-StudentCity…inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi ‘abukho ubufakazi obuphakamisa ukuthi izinyathelo ezithathwe i-StudentCity ekukhetheni umdayisi wayo wohambo lokushushuluza emanzini zazingenangqondo ngaphansi kwalezi zimo’…Sibuyekeza isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda. ukufakwa kwesahlulelo esifingqiwe se-novo...Amaqembu ayavuma ukuthi, ngokuhambisana nokunikezwa komthetho esivumelwaneni samakhasimende, umthetho waseMassachusetts ulawula lapha (futhi) [u]ngaphansi komthetho waseMassachusetts, ukufa ngokungalungile kuwuhlobo lobudedengu... futhi njengoba lokho kufuna ubufakazi bezinto ezine: 'ukuthi ummangalelwa wayekweleta ummangali umsebenzi wokunakekela okuphusile, ukuthi ummangalelwa wephule lo msebenzi, umphumela walowo monakalo, nokuthi kwakukhona ubudlelwano obungavamile phakathi kolwandle lomsebenzi kanye nomonakalo'”.
Inkinga Ye-Causation
“Lapha, impikiswano enkulu yabamangali iwukuthi inkantolo yesifunda yenza iphutha ekwethuleni isinqumo sayo esifingqiwe mayelana nokungabikho kwesizathu—indaba engazange iphikiswe yi-StudentCity futhi engazange ivulekele ukutholwa…. yona kanye nama-ejenti ayo 'babeyingxenye yabasebenzi base-Sea Stares, futhi babengenawo umthwalo wemfanelo wokugibela abagibeli, benquma ukuthi abagibeli bazobekwa kuphi, baqondise umkhumbi, bahlinzeke ngezinto zokuphepha emkhunjini, ukulawula noma ukukhawulela inani labagibeli, noma ngenye indlela. iyalela abagibeli noma ababambiqhaza beStudentCity ngemithetho nemithethonqubo ye-Sea Stares'”.
I-StudentCity Yathatha Umsebenzi
“Ngokwengqikithi, nokho, kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi lezi zimpikiswano azithuthukiswanga mayelana nanoma iyiphi inkinga kodwa ukuze kusekelwe ithiyori ye-StudentCity yokuntuleka komsebenzi… umthwalo' ufana nokuthi 'umsebenzi'…Kuphawulile esiphakamisweni sawo…ukuthi '[t]osebenzisa uhlelo lwethu njenge-StudentCity ababophezelekile ngezinsolo zokunganaki kwabahlinzeki benkonzo beqembu labo…kungakhathaleki ukuthi inkolelo-mbono ethuthukisiwe'. Lesi sitatimende esibanzi asisizi ngalutho ku-StudentCity, noma kunjalo, ngoba ayikunaki lokho inkantolo yesifunda ethi, kulokhu, i-StudentCity ithathe ngokuzithandela umsebenzi wokuqondisa. Uma sekucatshangwa, lowo msebenzi bekufanele wenziwe ngokucophelela...Siphetha ngokuthi i-StudentCity ayizange iveze isizathu njengesizathu sesinqumo esifingqiwe (futhi) [b]nesizathu esingazange sibekwe odabeni, sithatha isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda sokuqulwa kwesinqumo sayo. ngaleyo ndlela kube 'uhlobo lokwahlulela okufingqiwe kwe-sua sponte'.
Isiphetho
“Umyalelo wesinqumo esifingqiwe senkantolo yesifunda awukunaki ukuvinjelwa kwethuba lamaqembu okuveza amaqiniso…Ukuqinisa iphutha, abamangali bebengenayo isaziso sokuthi isizathu bekuyindaba esesilungele ukuthi ithathelwe isinqumo kulesi sigaba secala…Uphawu lwabamangali isimangalo siwukuthi ukwehluleka kwe-StudentCity ukugada uhambo lokushushuluza, kuhlanganise nobudedengu bomnikazi womkhumbi, kubangele ukufa kuka-Lisa…Erekhodini elincane eliphambi kwethu, kunemibuzo eminingi engase ibe khona yejaji. Siyasishiya isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda futhi siboshwe”.
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, uyi-Associate Justice esethathe umhlalaphansi ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi ubelokhu ebhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-41 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press. (2016), Litigating International Torts in US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2016) kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-400 eziningi zazo ezitholakala ku-nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Ukuze uthole izindaba ezengeziwe zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU bheka i-IFTTA.org
Lo mbhalo awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume kaThomas A. Dickerson.
Funda eziningi ze- Izindatshana zikaJustice Dickerson lapha.
