Kusihloko somthetho wezokuvakasha waleli viki, sihlola icala lika-Brown v. Oceania Cruises, Inc., Ikesi elingunombolo 17-22645-CIV-ALTONAGE/Goodman (SD Fla. May 30, 2018) lapho “Ummangali (oneminyaka engu-78) kanye umyeni wakhe (abagibeli abaphindayo)…babengabagibeli emkhunjini i-Riviera (futhi) bakhetha(ed) futhi bathenga(d) (uhambo lwasogwini) ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokumaketha zemigqa yohambo.
Lapho ukhetha uhambo lolwandle (abamangali) susa(d) ekucabangeleni (kwabo) lonke uhambo olunezimpawu ezilula noma ezinzima/ezinzima, ucabangela kuphela izinkambo ezinezimpawu 'ezimaphakathi'. (Kulolu hambo) Ummangali uthenge i-Virgin Gorda kanye ne-Baths Excursion e-Tortola, e-British Virgin Islands…ngemuva kokuba (bona) bathole i-Cruise Vacation Guide, isikhangiso sokumaketha esithunyelwe (kubo) ummangalelwa (esichaze) i-Excursion. 'njengomsebenzi ophakathi'…Ngesikhathi sihamba umkhondo ... unyawo lommangali lwabanjwa phakathi kwamadwala amabili futhi iqakala lakhe laphuka...Ngemva kokuba udokotela womkhumbi encoma ukuthi ummangali ehle (yena) uphuthunyiswe esibhedlela Sabantu e-Tortola (kodwa) wenqaba ukuhlinzwa (futhi) wake wabuyela eFlorida… wahlinzwa eqakaleni futhi wahlala esihlalweni sabakhubazekile amasonto ambalwa”.
Abamangali bamangalele futhi basola ubudedengu, ukukhwabanisa, ukwephulwa kweSahluko 817.41 Florida Statutes kanye nokuhlanekezela amaqiniso ngobudedengu.
Izicelo zesinqumo esifingqiwe zabamangali kanye nommangalelwa zinqatshiwe.
Icala likaBrown liphakamisa udaba lwenoveli okuwukubaluleka okungokomthetho kwezilinganiso zohambo lwasogwini lapho olayini bokuvakasha bechaza izinga lomsebenzi lokuvakasha abalikhuthazayo. Isibonelo, isihloko se-Virgin Gorda kanye ne-Baths Excursion (i-Excursion) ichazwa imigqa ye-cruise ehlukene ngokuhlukile, okungukuthi, i-Oceania ichaze i-Excursion "njengomsebenzi omaphakathi"; I-Seven Seas Cruises (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Regent) ikala i-Excursion 'njengomsebenzi onzima'; I-NCL (Bahamas) Ltd, ilinganisele I-Excursion ngokuthi “Izinga Lomsebenzi 3″.
Izingxabano Ngencazelo Yamagama
“Ummangalelwa uphawula inqwaba yeminye imizila yokuhamba ngomkhumbi imaketha I-Excursion enezincazelo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa 'okukhandlayo', 'okusebenzayo', 'inani elikhulu lokuhamba endaweni engumqansa neshelelayo' kanye 'nokulinganisela'. Ummangalelwa ugomela ngokuthi izincazelo nezexwayiso ezinikezwe abanye olayini bohambo ngomkhumbi mayelana no-Excursion zifana kakhulu nezazo (“umsebenzi omaphakathi”). Ummangali uyakuphikisa ukuqhathanisa koMmangalelwa kwencazelo yakhe kanye nezixwayiso nalezo zezinye izintambo zokuhamba ngomkhumbi ngoba kungase kube 'nokungafani' phakathi kohambo loMmangalelwa nalolo olunikezwa ezinye izinkampani”.
Inkantolo I-Negligence
“Ummangali uthi unegunya lokufinyeza isinqumo ngesimangalo sakhe sobudedengu ngoba Ummangalelwa wehlulekile emsebenzini wakhe wokuxwayisa ngobungozi bendawo ye-Excursion, futhi lokhu kwehluleka kubangele ukulimala kwakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ummangalelwa uyaphikelela ukuthi unegunya lokufinyeza isahlulelo...ngoba isilinganiso saso sohambo bekungeyona incazelo yomgomo, uxwayise ummangali ephindelela ngesimo esinzima se-Excursion, izimo zendlela bezivulekile futhi zisobala nanoma ibuphi ubudedengu kuyo. ayizange ibangele ukulimala kommangali…Ummangali uyavuma ukuthi Ummangalelwa unikeze izexwayiso, kodwa uthi izexwayiso 'zazingenele' ngoba uchaze Ukuvakasha njengomsebenzi 'omaphakathi'. Ummangali noMmangalelwa abavumelani ngokusobala ukuthi incazelo yoMmangalelwa Yohambo Lokuvakashelayo njengokuthi 'okulinganiselayo' kwakuyisexwayiso esanele, futhi uhlangothi ngalunye lucaphuna amaqiniso asuka kwirekhodi ukuze lusekele incazelo yalo yesixwayiso...Inkantolo ngeke inqume ngokwayo...ukuthi incazelo wanelisa umsebenzi woMmangalelwa wokuxwayisa uMmangali ngezingozi ayezazi noma okufanele ngabe ziyazazi. Ingxabano ecacile yeqiniso elibonakalayo ikhona futhi) umbuzo wokuthi yiluphi ulimi olwanele ukuxwayisa ngezingozi Zokuvakasha kuyindaba eyiqiniso ukuze ijaji linqume…Ngaphezu kwalokho noma izingozi ezidalwe Uhambo bezivulekile futhi zisobala, '[ t]amanoni engozi ekhonondayo avulekile futhi kusobala akuyona ibha ephelele yokululama (ecaphuna i-Pucci v. Carnival Corp., 146 F. Supp. 3d 1281, 1289 (SD Fla. 2015)).
Bala II-Ukukhwabanisa
“Ukufakazela ukuthi Ummangalelwa wenze isitatimende esingamanga seqiniso elibonakalayo, Ummangali uthi izinto zokumaketha zoMmangalelwa ziqukethe 'incazelo engamanga nenganele ngokudabukisayo ye-Excursion ngoba babhale i-Excursion njengemaphakathi kunokuba inzima...Ukuqala, abathintekayo abakwazi ngisho ukuvumelana ngokuthi ubani olinganisele. i-Excursion 'njengemaphakathi'. Ummangali usola ukuthi uMmangalelwa wenze njalo; kuyilapho Ummangalelwa ethi 'Uhambo' [lwamakethwa] 'njengolumaphakathi' ngesicelo sabasebenzi bokuvakasha, i-Island Shipping and Trading Co., hhayi i-Oceania'. Incazelo yokuqukethwe kwezinto zokumaketha nayo iyaphikiswana...Izinqumo eziyiqiniso mayelana nokuthi izinto zokumaketha zoMmangalelwa ziyisitatimende esingamanga yindaba yejaji, hhayi iNkantolo”.
Bala Ukukhangisa Okudukisayo III
“Isimangalo sommangali sokukhangisa okudukisayo sivela ngaphansi kweSigaba 817.41, Florida Statutes. '[T]o gcina isenzo somphakathi sokwephula umthetho [ummangali kufanele] afakazele ingxenye ngayinye yokukhwabanisa komthetho esihlokweni, okuhlanganisa ukuthembela kanye nokulimaza, ukuze kubuyiselwe umonakalo'…Izingxabano zikhona ngenhlonipho ukuthi ngabe Ummangalelwa uhlanyise ukuhlanekezela amaqiniso abalulekile. Ummangali uthembele ezilinganisweni ze-Excursion ezikhishwe yi-Regent Seven Seas Cruises kanye ne-Norwegian Cruise Line ukuze aphikisane nesilinganiso sikaMmangalelwa sokuthi 'okumaphakathi' siwukuhlanekezela amaqiniso. NgokukaMmangalelwa, isilinganiso sayo se-Excursion asikona ukuhlanekezela amaqiniso ngoba izilinganiso azihloselwe ukumela noma yiliphi iqiniso elihloselwe nhlobo [lokhu ukuhluka kokuzivikela okukhukhumezayo emacaleni okukhwabanisa omthetho ovamile]. Ummangalelwa uphinde aphikisane nezilinganiso zabanye abaqhubi be-Virgin Gorda kanye nohambo lwaBaths-okuhlanganisa nalezo ze-Carnival Cruise Line, Norwegian Cruise Line kanye ne-Shire Excursions Group-zifana nezilinganiso zabo 'ezimaphakathi', okubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso sifanelekile...Iqiniso eliyisisekelo lalokhu izingxabano ziyaphikisana”.
Isiphetho
Kunesidingo sokufana phakathi kwemigqa ehlukahlukene yohambo lwesikebhe ngendlela lolu hambo olufanayo oluchazwa ngayo. Icala likaBrown lisiza abagibeli ngomkhumbi ngokugxilisa ukunaka kweNkantolo ekuzichazeni ngokwazo komzila wesikebhe ngohambo lwayo lolwandle.
UPatricia noTom Dickerson
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, udlule emhlabeni ngoJulayi 26, 2018 eneminyaka engama-74. Ngomusa womndeni wakhe, eTurboNews uvunyelwe ukwaba izindatshana zakhe esinazo efayeleni asithumele lona ukuze sizolishicilela masonto onke ngokuzayo.
UMhlonishwa. UDickerson uthathe umhlalaphansi njenge-Associate Justice ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi wabhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts in Izinkantolo zase-US, iThomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Izenzo Zekilasi: Umthetho Wezizwe eziyi-50, i-Law Journal Press (2018), kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-500 eziningi zazo kuyatholakala lapha. Ngezinye izindaba zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU, bheka IFTTA.org.
Funda eziningi ze- Izindatshana zikaJustice Dickerson lapha.
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