Lokho Okubizwa Ngesimangaliso Semijovo Esisibonisayo
Imithi yokugoma emisha ivamise ukuthatha iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15 ukwenziwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemijovo eminingi yekhwalithi ephezulu ye-COVID-19 esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka akukaze kwenzeke.
Futhi kulula ukubona ukuthi kungani lokho kungase kubonakale kuyisimangaliso. Kepha empeleni, imigomo ye-COVID-19 iwumphumela wamashumi eminyaka wokutshala imali ngokucophelela, izinqubomgomo, kanye nobudlelwano obusungule ingqalasizinda, ithalente, kanye ne-ecosystem evumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ngokushesha.
Sinososayensi emhlabeni wonke okufanele sibabonge ngeminyaka yabo yocwaningo oluyisisekelo. Umcwaningi othile, uDkt. Katalin Karikó waseHungary, wanikela umsebenzi wakhe ekufundeni ngesithunywa i-RNA, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-mRNA. Iminyaka eminingi, imibono yakhe engajwayelekile yehluleka ukuthola ukwesekwa nokuxhaswa ngezimali okubanzi, futhi abaningi bawuchitha umqondo wokuthi i-mRNA ingasetshenziswa ukwenza imigomo nemithi yokwelapha. Kodwa uDkt. Karikó waphikelela. Indaba yakhe iwuphawu lososayensi abaningi abakutholile—okuvame ukwenziwa iminyaka—okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba kusungulwe imigomo emibili esebenza ngempumelelo ye-mRNA esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka.
Kuyisipho esizoqhubeka nokunikeza: Sekuvele kukhona abazogomela i-mRNA epayipini lentuthuko elingase libhekane nezifo ezibulala kakhulu emhlabeni, kusukela kumalaleveva kuya kumdlavuza.
Yebo, imigomo ye-mRNA akuyona ukuphela kwendaba yempumelelo ye-R&D ezophuma kule ndlela.
Isithembiso sesikhathi eside sokulandelana kwe-genomic
Njengamanje, umhlaba wonke wazi kahle ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2, igciwane elibangela i-COVID-19, seliguquke laba yizinhlobo ezithathelwanayo nezibulalayo, njenge-delta, njengoba isakazeka emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokulandelana kofuzo—okukhomba ukwakheka kofuzo okuyingqayizivele kwegciwane—ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuhlonza nokulandelela okuhlukahlukene okuvelayo.
Ngokomlando, iningi lokulandelana kwe-genomic emhlabeni lenzekile e-United States naseYurophu. Amazwe angenawo ubuchwepheshe bokulandelana angathumela amasampula egciwane kumalebhu ezindaweni ezifana ne-New York ne-London ukuze kuhlaziywe izakhi zofuzo—futhi ayezothola imiphumela ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa.
Kodwa kule minyaka emine edlule, izinhlangano bezitshala imali ekwakheni inethiwekhi yokuhlola i-genomic e-Afrika, ngakho amazwe ezwekazini angalandelanisa amagciwane afana ne-Ebola kanye ne-yellow fever. I-Africa CDC yasungula i-Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative, kwathi lapho ubhubhane luhlasela, inethiwekhi esanda kuzalwa yabheka i-SARS-CoV-2. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokuthi umhlaba wazi ukuthi okuhlukile kwe-beta etheleleka kakhulu nebulalayo kwase kuvele eNingizimu Afrika kwakungoba izwe litshale imali eningi ku-R&D—kulokhu, ukubhanqa amakhono okulandelana kofuzo nokuhlolwa kwemitholampilo kanye nezifundo ze-immunology. UDkt Penny Moore waseNingizimu Afrika ube ngomunye wososayensi bokuqala ukuthola ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwe-coronavirus oluhlonzwe eNingizimu Afrika lungase luvimbele amasosha omzimba.
Ngalolu lwazi, izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke zingahlela ngendlela efanele. Futhi iNingizimu Afrika, nayo etshale imali ejulile kungqalasizinda ukuze iqhube ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo izivivinyo zemitholampilo, ingalungisa ngokushesha izinhlolo zayo zokugoma. Baqala ukusebenza ukuze banqume ukuthi ingabe imigomo ye-COVID-19 ihlinzeka ngesivikelo esanele ekwahlukeni okusha okuzosakazeka yonke indawo maduze.
Akwanele emazweni acebile ukuthi kube yiwo kuphela anemishini nezinsizakusebenza ukulandelana kwamagciwane.
Kubonakala kusobala ukuthi emhlabeni ohlangene, lapho abantu nezimpahla zihamba njalo zeqa imingcele, akwanele ukuthi amazwe acebile kube yiwo kuphela anemishini nezinsiza zokulandelanisa amagciwane. Kodwa kwathatha ubhubhane ukuqinisa ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukusekela ikhono lamazwe anemali engenayo ephansi nephakathi lokuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha yawo—ngoba kuzuza wonke umuntu.
Futhi okujabulisa kakhulu ngenethiwekhi yase-Afrika yokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busebenzela noma iyiphi i-pathogen: Uma izwekazi likwazi ukuqhubeka nokwakha inethiwekhi, maduze nje lizobe lizenzela owalo umkhondo wezifo kumagciwane akudala ekhona njengomkhuhlane, isimungumungwane, kanye novendle. .
Ukuqamba okusha kwesayensi, ngisho nangejubane elephula irekhodi, akwanele ngokwako. Imithi yokugomela i-COVID-19 iwumsebenzi omangalisayo we-R&D, kodwa isebenza kahle kakhulu lapho wonke umuntu ekwazi ukuyifinyelela. Ukungalingani konyaka odlule kusikhumbuza ukuthi lokhu kulula ukukusho kunokukwenza.
Kukubantu—kusuka emahholo ombuso kuya ezinhlanganweni eziphansi kanye namaqembu omakhelwane—ukuba basukume bavale izikhala. Futhi kulo nyaka, yilokhu kungenelela kwabantu okunamandla, lapho kuhlangatshezwana nokutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphambilini ezinhlelweni, emiphakathini, nakubantu, okwavumela umhlaba ukuba ugweme ezinye zalezo zibikezelo zokuqala, ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukutshala imali kumaSystems
Njengoba sibhala lokhu, ngaphezu kwama-80% ayo yonke imithi yokugomela i-COVID-19 iye yanikezwa emazweni anemali engenayo ephezulu kanye naphezulu. Abanye bathole inani eliphindwe kabili noma kathathu inani lemithamo edingekayo ukumboza abantu babo, uma kwenzeka ama-booster edingeka ezinhlobonhlobo ezithathelanayo. Khonamanjalo, ngaphansi kwe-1% yemithamo iye yasetshenziswa emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi. Lokhu kungalingani kuyintukuthelo enkulu yokuziphatha-futhi kuphakamisa ingozi yangempela yokuthi amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu izoqala ukuphatha i-COVID-19 njengolunye ubhubhane lobumpofu: Hhayi inkinga yethu.YabelanaI-CaliforniaIngqikithi Yemithi Yokugoma Elawulwayo:42Abantu:39.5MInani labantu bezwekazi lonke lase-Afrika liphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-30 kunesifundazwe saseCalifornia. Kodwa engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021, ngamunye wabo wayesebenzise cishe inani elifanayo lemithi yokugoma.I-AfricaTotal VaccinesAdministered:48MPInani:1.3B
Ingqalasizinda edingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ngokushesha eminye imithamo yokugoma eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 ayikwazi ukumiswa ngobusuku obubodwa, noma ngonyaka. Kodwa i-India inikeza isibonelo salokho okwenzekayo lapho leyo ngqalasizinda yakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
I-India ibitshala imali kungqalasizinda yayo yokukhiqiza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo amashumi eminyaka-selokhu izwe lathola inkululeko. Uhulumeni wase-India usize i-Pune, idolobha eliseduze ne-Mumbai, ukuthi ibe yisizinda sokukhiqiza emhlabeni jikelele ngokutshala imali kumthamo we-R&D nengqalasizinda yendawo, njengogesi, amanzi, nezokuthutha. Basebenze neNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba wonke ukwakha uhlelo lokulawula lwemithi yokugoma oluphakamisa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe eziqinile zekhwalithi, ukuphepha, nokusebenza ngempumelelo. Futhi babambisane nabakhiqizi bemithi yokugoma e-Pune nakwezinye izindawo ezifana ne-Hyderabad kanye nesisekelo sethu ukuthuthukisa, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokuthekelisa imithi yokugoma ebhekana nezifo ezibulala kakhulu zezingane, kusukela ku-meningitis kuya ku-pneumonia kuya ezifweni zohudo. Yiqiniso, ukuba namandla okukhiqiza kwakunganele ukunganaki inselele ye-COVID-19 e-India-kuyisiqephu esisodwa sendida-kodwa kuyinqubekelaphambili emangalisayo ukuthi namuhla ngaphezu kwama-60% ayo yonke imithi yokugoma ethengiswa emhlabeni wonke yenziwa ezwenikazi.
Siphinde sabona ukuthi amazwe anotshalomali oluqinile lukahulumeni kwingqalasizinda yezempilo akwazi kangcono ukulandelela ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ezimeni eziningi, aqukethe ukusabalala kwe-COVID-19. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ekuqedeni uvendle emazweni anemali ephansi kuye kwasiza amazwe afana neNigeria nePakistan ukwakha izisebenzi ezinkulu kakhulu kwezempilo yesimanje emhlabeni jikelele. Ukutshala imali ekuqedeni uvendle kwakha ingqalasizinda yokusabela kokuqubuka kwezifo kanye nokulawulwa kokugoma—okwenze umehluko omkhulu ekuqubukeni kwezifo kusuka ku-Ebola kuya ku-COVID-19.
Kungakho ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ezinhlelweni zezempilo kubaluleke kakhulu: Kuyisisekelo sokusabela kwezifo eziphuthumayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi besingazi ukuthi iyiphi i-pathogen ethile engaholela kubhubhane lomhlaba wonke, kodwa amathuluzi okuqeda lolu bhubhane ayafana kakhulu novendle noma umalaleveva noma ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo: ukuhlolwa okusabalele futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukwelashwa okusheshayo nangempumelelo kanye nokugoma okusindisa impilo.
Ukutshala imali emiphakathini
Okunye ukungenelela okuphumelelayo ebesikulandelela kwenzeke ezingeni le-hyperlocal, eliholwa abaholi abasebenze isikhathi eside futhi kanzima ukuze bathole ukwethenjwa yimiphakathi yabo—into engeke yakhiwe ngobusuku obubodwa noma phakathi nenhlekelele.
“Amaqembu okuzisiza” abesifazane avamile kulo lonke elaseNdiya kanye nakwezinye izingxenye zaseNingizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Sekuyiminyaka uhulumeni waseNdiya kanye nabalingani bomhlaba wonke betshala imali kula maqoqo amancane abesifazane abahlanganisa imali futhi basebenzele ukuthuthukisa ezempilo, imfundo, nezinye izinsiza ezindaweni zabo.
Lapho i-COVID-19 ifika e-Bihar, e-India, okuyikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100, iqembu elilodwa lendawo lokuzisiza lasungula ukwethembana nomakhelwane balo ngokuletha ukudla nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okusekelwe ekhaya kulabo ababegula ngenxa ye-COVID-19. Lapho imithi yokugoma isilungele ukusatshalaliswa emphakathini wabo, laba besifazane baba umthombo wolwazi nesiqondiso salabo makhelwane ababenokukhathazeka ngokuphepha komgomo. Uhulumeni waseBihar uwubonile umsebenzi owenziwa ezingeni lomphakathi futhi wamemezela uMashi 8—uSuku Lwabesifazane Lwamazwe Ngamazwe—usuku lokugoma abesifazane ezweni lonke. Cishe abesifazane abayi-175,000 bathatha umthamo wokuqala womuthi wokugoma ngalelo sonto. Ngokwakhela kuleyo mpumelelo, uhulumeni wase-Bihar uphindaphinda uhlelo, eholwa abesifazane beqembu lokuzisiza.
Futhi eSenegal, ukuxhumana nomphakathi kube ukhiye ekuletheni eminye imithi yokugoma.
ISenegal ibe ngesinye sezindaba eziyimpumelelo zokugonywa okujwayelekile: Ngaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, izingane zazigonyelwa i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, kanye ne-pertussis ngamanani afanayo njengezingane zase-United States nakwamanye amazwe anengeniso ephezulu. Kepha lapho i-COVID-19 ifika, ukwesaba ukutheleleka kanye nolwazi olunganembile kwanciphisa kakhulu isidingo sale mithi yokugoma.
