I-United States inesilinganiso esishaqisayo sika-D sokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi
Ngesonto eledlule nje iHawaii ithole amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu lapho i-Unicast ishicilela amazinga ayo okuhambisana nokuncishiswa komphakathi kwawo wonke ama-50 ase-United States. IHawaii ikleliswe endaweni yokuqala esizweni futhi yathola umklomelo kuphela Ibanga eliqinile njengoba kunqunywe i-Unacast Scoreboard:
Namuhla umuntu wesithathu ushonile eHawaii ku-COVID-19
Izikolo namazinga bekusekelwe emsebenzini wombuso ngamunye wokuqhela emphakathini, uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebenzi ohlobene ngaphambi kwe-COVID-19.
Kuleli sonto asikho iSifunda noma Indawo e-US esithole isilinganiso esingu-A, ngaphandle kweSifunda sase-Columbia (Washington DC) esithola u-A-
Emhlabeni jikelele i-United States inesilinganiso sika-D sokuncishiswa komphakathi, okuyinto ethusayo impela.
IHawaii kanye neMassachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York zehlele kuB-
Ngaphakathi kweHawaii, I-Kauai County isalokhu inesilinganiso esingu-A esiphelele. I-Kauai ukuphela kwesifunda esinemikhawulo yendiza kanye nesikhathi sokufika ekhaya.
I-Maui County ine- Isilinganiso B, Honolulu County B-, kanye ne-Hawaii County isilinganiso C
Imicabango kaDkt. Anton Anderssen
Ngiyisazi sezomthetho. Iziqu zami zobudokotela zisemthethweni, futhi iziqu zami ze-post-doctorate ngeze-anthropology yamasiko. Sifunda izigigaba ezinonyawo olulodwa emthethweni kanye nolunye ngokwesiko - izihloko eziyimpikiswano njengomshado wobulili obufanayo, ukuvukela kwezombusazwe, nokuthobela amasiko neziyalezo zikahulumeni. Lezi izikhathi ezithakazelisayo, ikakhulukazi epharadesi. IHawaii ihlukile ngoba yake yaba umbuso wasebukhosini, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezacishe zaqothula abantu bakhona, zaketulwa izikhathi eziningi, yabe isihlanganiswa nezwe elisha eligcine isikhundla salo njengomnotho omkhulu emhlabeni kusukela ngo-1871.
Abantu bokuqala abafika kulezi ziqhingi kwakungabaseMarquesans. Baketulwa abaseTahiti, ababiza abantu ababebanqobile ngokuthi manahune (abavamile) futhi benza iningi labo laba izigqila zabo. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule, ukubalwa kwabantu kuka-1820 okwenziwa uKaumualiʻi, “inkosi” yaseKauaʻi, kwembula ama-65 manahune emiqulwini. Baphinde babizwe ngeMenehune, kusolwa ukuthi babengabantu abancane - kodwa ubukhulu buyalingana. AbaseTahiti babebakhulu ngesiqu; baketula kalula izakhamuzi zabomdabu.
I-Hawaii ibe umbuso ngemuva kokuthi u-Kamehameha, u-aikāne (umhlanganyeli wezocansi kanye nesithunywa sezombangazwe) seNduna u-Kalani'opu'u, evuke emandleni ezombusazwe. U-Kamehameha wazalelwa u-Kekuʻiapoiwa II, umshana ka-Alapainui. U-Alpainui uketule i-Hawaii Island ngokubulala izindlalifa ezisemthethweni zeNkosi u-Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. UKamehameha waqhubeka nokuketula u-Oʻahu, uMaui, Molokaʻi, kanye noLānaʻi ngo-1795. Ngo-1810, uKauaʻi noNiʻihau bazinikela kuye kunokuba abantu babo babulawe empini. U-Kamehameha wayaziwa ngokubulala bonke abesilisa, abesifazane nezingane ababengena endleleni yakhe. Wabiza yonke indawo ngokuthi UMbuso WaseHawaii, egcizelela ukuthi umbusi weSiqhingi SaseHawaii (yena ngokwakhe) manje usebusa wonke umuntu.
U-Kamehameha wayethanda abantu bangaphandle ngezikhali - wayedinga ama-muskets kanye nenganono ukuze abulale izimbangi zakhe. Wavumela amasosha ukuba ahlubule amahlathi e-sandalwood ukuze athole izikhali. Abangaphandle beza nazo zonke izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya nama-virus, abantu ababengenawo ukuzivikela. Kube nobhubhane ngemuva kobhubhane ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseHawaii, owathatha iminyaka engaphansi kweyi-100.
AbakwaMarquesans (izakhamuzi zomdabu) base bebulewe kakade ingxenye enkulu ngokufika kweThe Kingdom. UKamehameha wabulala izinkulungwane ekufuneni kwakhe amandla, futhi izinkulungwane ezengeziwe zabulawa indlala ngemva kwezimpi zakhe. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, uMbuso, egameni lokukhula komnotho, wangenisa abantu bangaphandle abengeziwe ukuba basebenze emasimini; futhi kwafika nabo izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Kusukela cishe ezakhamuzini eziyisigidi ngesikhathi sokufika kukaKaputeni Cook ngo-1778, inani labantu bomdabu baseHawaii (isiTahiti) lehla laba ngaphansi kuka-24,000 1920 ngo-1778. Izazi ze-anthropologists azivumelani ngenani labantu bomdabu baseHawaii (amaTahiti) ababehlala embusweni ngo-XNUMX.
Phakathi noMbuso wokuqala, kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile lomthetho olubizwa ngokuthi i-kapu. Ukwehlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kwakugxile kakhulu esikweni. Uma isithunzi sakho esivamile sithinta omunye wabakwa-Aliʻi (isikhulu esigabeni senhlalo) wawubulawa. Abantu babeziqhelelanisa, ngoba imiphumela yokusondelana kakhulu nomuntu ongalungile kwakuyicala lokufa. Kwakukhona izigaba eziyishumi nanye ze-aliʻi. U-Aliʻi osezingeni eliphezulu waqhubeka nokubusa iziQhingi zaseHawaii kwaze kwaba ngu-1893, lapho, ngokuxakayo, iNdlovukazi uLili'uokalani iketulwa umbuso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wawungubani, mhlawumbe kwakukhona othile okwakudingeka umlalele, owayenegunya elikhulu kunawe, futhi le ndlela yokuphila ayizange iphele nya esikweni. Namuhla, ngabantu abanemali eningi abasesigabeni esiphezulu senhlalo.
Lapho abaholi bethu bamanje baseHawaii betshela abantu ukuthi baqhelelane, izakhamizi zenza njengoba zazitsheliwe. Abantu baseHawaii babazi ukuthi kukhona isifo esiwumshayabhuqe esibulalayo esicashe phakathi. Babenesipiliyoni seminyaka eminingi ukuze bazi ukuthi bangadlali imidlalo nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Umthetho namasiko kuhlanganiswe ukwenza ukuziphatha okuholele ekutheni iHawaii ikleliswe endaweni yokuqala ngokuhambisana nokuqhelelana komphakathi. Uma kukhulunywa ngezifo eziwumshayabhuqe, abantu baseHawaii banenkumbulo ende kakhulu.
I-Hawaii inezifunda ezinhlanu. Azikho izehlakalo zeCoronavirus eKalawao County. Bambalwa abantu abake bezwa ngalesi sifunda, futhi abekho lapho. Ngamenywa ukuba ngivakashele eKalaupapa eSifundazweni SaseKalawao ukuze ngiyohlangana nabasinde endaweni eyayiyikoloni yochoko, okuseyikhaya labantu abaningana ababedingiselwe lapho phakathi nawo-1960. Okungenani abantu abangu-8,000 basuswa ngendluzula emindenini yabo futhi bathuthelwa eKalaupapa phakathi neminyaka edlule. Ngo-1865, iSishayamthetho Saphasiswa, futhi iNkosi uKamehameha V yagunyaza, “Umthetho Wokuvimbela Ukusabalala Kochoko”, owahlukanisela umhlaba ukuze uhlukanise abantu okukholelwa ukuthi bangasakaza Isifo sikaHansen. Izikebhe ezigcwele abantu zayiswa kuleli koloni, zabe sezixoshwa emapulangweni ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi wasolwandle ufike ezweni. Abahlukumezekile batshelwa ukuthi bacwile noma babhukude. Iningi lezakhamizi zanamuhla zaseKalawao County zinolwazi lokuqala mayelana nokuhlaliswa zodwa ngokwezempilo, futhi zilandela imikhuba yokuhlanzeka emsulwa njengengxenye yalelo fa.
Namuhla, uhulumeni waseHawaii unezinhlelo zethelevishini lapho abantu becelwa ngomusa ukuba “bazihlukanise.” Kuyasebenza. Abantu basabela ngezindlela ezehlukene ezakhayo - njengokubeka amaribhoni amhlophe emafasiteleni abo ukukhombisa ukweseka umsebenzi wezokwelapha. Babeka izibani zikaKhisimusi kumavulandi abo ukuze bamele ithemba ngesikhathi sobumnyama. Nginezibani zikakhisimusi ezingama-200 kuvulandi wami, futhi ziyabonakala ukusuka endaweni eyimayela. Ingxenye yendwangu e-Walmart isuliwe ngoba abantu bathunga imaski futhi banikele ngayo kwabadala nabasengozini. Ukuzithiba kuyamangaza lapha.
Ngeshwa izingxenye eziningi ze-United States azinaso isiyalo esidingekayo ukuze simelane nobhubhane. IFlorida yavumela izinkulungwane zamabhishi asentwasahlobo agcwala amabhishi abo ngoMashi, futhi imiphumela iyalimaza. Esifundeni se-Grant-Valkaria e-Brevard County, e-Florida, iqeqebana lamaqembu aveza ubulili alihlangananga nje ngokungemthetho, kodwa laqhumisa i-Tannerite, okuholele emlilweni ongamahektha ayi-10. Lokho kuyisibonelo somlilo we-dumpster.
Umyeni wami, isakhamuzi sase-Italy, wabaleka e-Italy ngolunye usuku ngaphambi kokuba izindiza zivinjelwe ezweni lakubo. I-Italy yayishayeke kanzima. Abangane bethu nezihlobo bathi “AmaNtaliyane akanaso isiyalo. Lapho uhulumeni evalela izindawo ezithile, abantu abaningi bahamba beshwiba eqhweni ngoba bebengasebenzi.” ISpain nayo yashaywa kanzima. Umyeni wami wase-Italy waphawula, “Ungasho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe aseJalimane/asenyakatho eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngokumelene namazwe aseLatin/aseNingizimu. Abantu abenqaba ukuziphatha yibona abakhokha kakhulu.”
Ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu engikubonile kubanjwe kuvidiyo. NgoMashi 28, umcimbi wokuzalwa womntwana ononyaka owodwa waholela ekutheni amaphoyisa ahlakaze umbuthano ongekho emthethweni. Ukungazi nokungakhathaleli okwaboniswa yilaba “bantu abadala” kwakushaqisa. Kufanele kubonakale kukholakala: https://youtu.be/jRVvMoEoItU . Lama qembu ajikijela amaphoyisa ngenhlamba - ulimi lwawo lwalumbi ngendlela engafanele nokunyatheliswa.
Ngesikhathi sodlame lomkhuhlane waseSpain, izikhulu azizange zikubekezelele lokho kuziphatha okudelelayo. Ngomhla zingama-27 kuMfumfu, 1918, isikhulu esikhethekile sebhodi lezempilo laseSan Francisco okuthiwa uHenry D. Miller wadubula futhi walimala kanzima uJames Wisser phambi kwesitolo sezidakamizwa esisedolobheni ePowell and Market street, kulandela ukwenqaba kukaWisser ukufaka imaski yomkhuhlane. Ngiyangabaza ukuthi siyoke sibone ukuphoqelelwa kwalolu hlobo phakathi nalolu bhubhane, okungenani oluvela ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, kodwa ngibikezela ukuthi izakhamuzi ezizimele zizosebenzisa amandla abulalayo ukuvimbela izigebengu eziphikayo ukuthi zithelele amalungu omndeni endaweni yomuntu siqu. Ukuthengiswa kwezibhamu nezinhlamvu kunyuke kakhulu enyangeni edlule, futhi kunezizathu zamasiko ngempela zalokho. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingu-3.7 sezizonke zokuhlolwa kwezibhamu zenziwe ngohlelo lokuhlola isizinda se-FBI ngoMashi, okuyisibalo esiphezulu esirekhodiwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20.
Ukuzihlukanisa akukubi ngendlela abantu abaningi abacabanga ngayo. Phakathi kuka-1603 no-1613, lapho amandla kaShakespeare njengombhali esesezingeni lakhe eliphezulu, i-Globe nezinye izindawo zokudlala zaseLondon zavalwa isamba esimangalisayo sezinyanga ezingama-78 ngenxa yeBubonic Plague - lokho okungaphezu kuka-60% wesikhathi. Ngakho-ke wenzani uShakespeare ngenkathi ezihlukanisa? Ubhale iKing Lear, noMacbeth no-Antony noCleopatra ukuthi baqale. U-Issac Newton wenze omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu ngenkathi ezihlukanisa yedwa, yilokho okwaholela ekubeni abe nguSIR Isaac Newton. Umshana wami watshela udadewethu, “Uyabona mama, yonke leyo minyaka lapho ungitshela ukuthi ngihlezi usuku lonke kusofa ngidlala imidlalo yevidiyo ngigqoke izingubo zokulala ngeke neze ngilungiselele umhlaba wangempela. Maye kumama oyisicefe."
Hhayi-ke, angikaze ngidlale igeyimu yevidiyo. Kepha ngiyabonga ukuthi ngihlala eHawaii, lapho inhlonipho yokuncishiswa kwezenhlalo iphakeme kakhulu esizweni. Manje, ngicabanga ukuthi ngizobhala okuthile nge-iambic pentameter.
Landela umbhali uDkt. Anton Anderssen ku-Twitter @hartforth naku
