Abesifazane, Ubucwebe Nomlando
Ngo-1986, i-US International Trade Commission yabika (ngokwesicelo seKomiti Yezimali Zesigele), ukuthi abesilisa bathenga ubucwebe njengezipho zabesifazane, “Izinto zobucwebe ngokwesiko zithathwa njengezinto zokuthenga futhi ukuthenga okuningi bekuyileso sizathu.”
Eminyakeni eyishumi phakathi kuka-1960-1970 “ukuzithengela” kwabesifazane kwakungabalulekile. Izizathu zisobala… ngenani elincane kuphela labesifazane emsebenzini ababenamandla alinganiselwe okuthenga izinto ezibizayo. Ukuthenga okungabalulekile kowesifazane kuya kowesifazane kwakuvame ukwenziwa ngumama othengela indodakazi yakhe isipho noma phakathi kukagogo nomzukulu.
Imakethe ehlosiwe
Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka imboni ibheka abesifazane “njengabathonya besibili”; kodwa-ke, ekugcineni, abesifazane sebephenduke “imakethe eqondiwe.” Imboni namuhla ibukeka futhi iziphathe ngendlela ehlukile futhi amagama wokumaketha asetshenziselwa ukuchaza lo mthengi wesifazane afaka phakathi "owesifazane ozithengayo" (owesifazane ozithengela ubucwebe), futhi "ngoba nje uthenga" (ukuthenga okungajwayelekile lapho ubucwebe bungasasebenzi khona) t umaka umcimbi okhethekile).
Bonke abesifazane bazithengela ubucwebe obuningi, futhi, ngokusho kukaSarah Tanner eLyst (inkundla yocwaningo lwemfashini), iphesenti labesifazane (uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa), abathenga ubucwebe besifazane lenyuke ngamaphesenti ayi-14 kusuka ngo-2016 kuya ku-2017.
Unikwe Amandla Okuthenga
Okubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi “ukuzithenga kwabesifazane,” izinkulungwane zeminyaka kanye nabanye abathengi besifazane bokuhloba ubucwebe, lapho befika ngendlela efanele, kungenzeka balethe inzuzo kulaba abenza ubucwebe. Iqembu le-DeBeer likhombe, “indlela yokuzithenga” “… elinye lamathuba acacile okukhula kwesikhathi esizayo” (Umbiko we-Diamond Insight ka-2016). UChavie Lieber (2017) uthola ukuthi ukuheha abesifazane abazithengayo kwakuyitshe legumbi eliyinhloko lecebo elizayo lomcebo wamagugu omhlaba.
Abesifazane Abazithengayo
Ekhulwini lama-21 abesifazane abaningi bayasebenza, bahola imali eningi, bathuthukisa izindlela zomsebenzi, bahlala bengashadile isikhathi eside, bathola izingane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke bathola imali ethe xaxa yokuzikhethela ... futhi basebenzisa leyo mali ukuthenga ubucwebe.
Ucwaningo lukaLyst luthola ukuthi abesifazane benza amaphesenti angama-78 okuthenga kwabo ubucwebe; kodwa-ke, kungenzeka bachithe imali encane kuzicucu ngazinye kunamadoda - kepha - bathenga kuze kufike kathathu ngaphezulu kobucwebe. Eminyakeni eyedlule, abathengi besilisa basebenzisa isilinganiso esingu- $ 327 ngomgexo ngamunye, kanti abesifazane ngokuvamile basebenzisa cishe ama- $ 176.
Musa ukwehlisela iminyaka eyizinkulungwane
Ku "Diamond Insight Report", uDeBeers uthole ukuthi izinkulungwane zeminyaka zisebenzise ama- $ 26 billion ezintweni zokuhloba idayimane ngo-2015 kanti amaphesenti angama-31 alokho kuthengwa kwakuyizingcezu abesifazane abazithengela zona. Abesifazane abaphakathi kuka-25-39 bagqugquzela umugqa wamakhophi we-DeBeers othi, “A Diamond is Forever,” kanti ukuthenga bekubandakanya iqoqo labashadikazi kanye nezinyathelo zobudlelwano. Abesifazane banamuhla abagcini ngokuthenga “ngemali encane” yabo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi muva nje, abesifazane ababili bathenga iRepossi White Noise Choker ngo- $ 38,300.
Lokhu kuziphatha kuphakamisa ukuthi abesifazane bafake ubucwebe ezitolo ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke zokuthenga njengokuthenga izicathulo noma izingubo, maqondana nobucwebe njengokufuna / isidingo esifinyelelekayo nesivumelekile.
Ubuzwe
Ezingxenyeni ezingama-24.3 ezinamandla, abesifazane abaMnyama babala u-14% wabo bonke abesifazane base-US kanye nama-52% abo bonke abantu base-Afrika-baseMelika. Ucwaningo lwakamuva, "Abesifazane base-Afrika-baseMelika: Isayensi Yethu, Umlingo Wakhe" (Nielsen 2017), kunqume ukuthi abesifazane abaMnyama, ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, maningi amathuba okuthi bathenge futhi bathenge bobabili ubucwebe obuhle nobuhle. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi phakathi kwabesifazane base-Afrika nabamaMelika, amaphesenti angama-52 azokhokha imali ethe xaxa ngobucwebe uma kuhambisana nesithombe abafuna ukusiveza; lokhu bekungamaphesenti angama-31 ngaphezu kwabesifazane abamhlophe abangewona abaseSpanishi.
Ucwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi amaphesenti ayi-16 abesifazane abamnyama ayesemathubeni amaningi kunabesifazane abamhlophe abangewona amaSpanishi ukuthi bathenga ubucwebe bemvunulo ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule kanti amaphesenti ayi-9 maningi amathuba okuthi athenge ubucwebe obucolekile kunabesifazane abamhlophe abangewona abaseSpanishi. Ubucwebe obuhle obuthengwe ngabesifazane abaMnyama buphakathi kuka- $ 100- $ 499.
Okushisa-izikhotha
Abesifazane bayahamba. Noma ngabe bajikeleza umhlaba wonke ukuvala amadili ezinkampani, ukukhuphuka iHimalaya, noma ukufaka nokuqoqa izingane enkulisa naseLa Crosse, ukunyakaza kuyingxenye nenqwaba yemizuzu yonke yosuku. Ngokwazi nokwamukela leli qiniso elisha, abaklami bobucwebe bafaka le ndlela yokuphila esebenzayo ebucwebecweni babo. Izici ezintsha zokwakhiwa zifaka:
- Ukuqina. Ukuzijabulisa kungaba nzima kuzesekeli; ngakho-ke, ubucwebe kufanele benzelwe ukuhlala isikhathi eside. Kugxilwe ebucikweni nasezintweni ezihlala njalo, kuqinisekiswe owesifazane ukuthi ubucwebe ngeke buphuke noma buwe ngesikhathi sokuqwala izintaba, ukubhukuda noma ukushibilika eqhweni.
- Ukulungele amanzi. Izinto zokusebenza ngeke zonakaliswe ngamanzi, umjuluko, ukushisa noma amakhaza aneqhwa.
- Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Amasongo nemigexo kumele kube okuguquguqukayo futhi okuguquguqukayo– okwaziyo ukulingana zonke izihlakala nentamo, ukuze zikwazi ukugqokwa kusuka kwasekuseni esidlweni sokudla kuya kusihlwa sedina elimnyama.
- Isitayela. I- imiklamo kufanele ibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside… ukulahlekelwa ubuhlalu ngesikhathi somhlangano webhodi akwamukelekile neze
JA Ubucwebe Expo
Umkhakha wezinto zokuhloba uyaphila. Sekukonke ubucwebe be-US obuhle nokuthengiswa kwamawashi ngo-2014 kubhalise u- $ 78.08 billion nge-jewelry sales accounting ebalwa ngama- $ 68.8 billionon.
Ukuthola abanye abathengisi abahamba phambili basekhaya nabakwamanye amazwe, abathengi bezinto zokuhloba bahambele umbukiso wakamuva we-JA New York eJavits Convention Centre. Kusukela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 eyedlule, i-JA ixhumanise amalungu omkhakha wezinto zokuhloba ndawonye ogwini olusempumalanga izinsuku ezintathu zokuthenga, ukubonwa kwemikhuba, ukuzingelwa kwamagugu nokuxhumana ngebhizinisi. Abathengisi baqhuba i-gamut kusuka emadayimane kuya ku-deco namatshe ayigugu, kuyilapho abaklami abanekhono behlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi abahlukahlukene, kusukela kwendabuko kuya emaphethelweni.
Ubucwebe obukhethiwe besiphathamandla esijikelezayo:
U-Alice Sturzinger. EMontclair, eNew Jersey
I-Sturzinger yinhlangano esezingeni eliphezulu esebenza ngokukhethekile ngezipho nobucwebe, ethengisa abathengisi kulo lonke elase-USA. Bonke ubucwebe, amabhibili nobuhlalu benziwe ngezandla kusuka engilazini yaseVenetian yase-Italy iMurano ngabenzi bomsebenzi abaqala ubuciko babo ngekhulu le-12. I-Sturzinger isebenza ngokubambisana nabaculi base-Venetian kanye nabaqambi nokwakha amagugu ayingqayizivele e-urbane yowesifazane wesimanje ophethe. Ukukhethwa kufaka imigexo, namasongo, amasongo namacici kanye nezinto zezipho. Le nkampani ingumhambisi osemthethweni wase-US ka-Antica Murrina.
Umfundisi. ENorwalk, eConnecticut
I-Evocateur yaqalwa nguBarbara Ross-Innamorati. Ngokuthanda iqabunga legolide kusukela ebuntwaneni, uRoss-Innamorati waguqula le nto ukuze yakhelwe ubucwebe futhi inqubo yakhe yobunikazi yadala i-Evocateur. Imiklamo yakhe yasekuqaleni iyatholakala kulo lonke elaseMelika, eYurophu, e-Afrika nase-Asia futhi ilungele abaphumelelayo, abanamandla, nabaphathi.
Izingcweti ezinamakhono zakha futhi zakha ucezu ngalunye, zizisonge ngegolide elingu-22K kanye nehlamvu lesiliva elihle kakhulu. Ubucwebe buhlobisiwe futhi bushe ngesandla futhi buqanjwa esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezi-5, kwethulwa imisebenzi yobuciko ehlanganisa ubuciko nemfashini. Izingcezu zingenziwa ngoku-oda futhi zithunyelwe kungakapheli amasonto ama-2.
Iqoqo le-Lika Behar (ukuhlukaniswa kwama-ISC Industries). I-Istanbul, eTurkey
Umklami owine umklomelo uLika Behar wethula iqoqo elimangalisayo lobuciko obugqokekayo. Ukudwetshwa ngezindlela zakudala zokwenza ubucwebe ezivamile eMpumalanga Eseduze, ubucwebe benziwa ngegolide elingu-24K, isiliva elihle kakhulu ekuqedeni okwenziwe nge-oxidized noma matte, amadayimane namatshe ayigugu. Iqoqo lihle, liyinkimbinkimbi futhi lehlukile.
UBehar wakhulela emndenini ogxile ebucwebeni… ubaba wakhe wayengumthengisi wezinhlamvu zegolide nowegolide e-Istanbul. Lapho eneminyaka eyi-12 wazulazula eGrand Bazaar futhi wabheka umugqa wezitolo njengekhaya. Njengamanje uhlala eNew Jersey nehhovisi eManhattan.
Ubucwebe Bengqondo. I-Orlando, eFlorida
USane uyibhizinisi eliphethwe ngumndeni / eliqhutshwa ukusetshenziswa futhi ngumthengisi oshibhile onikezela ngobucwebe obuhle obudizayinelwe ngaleso sikhathi. Le nkampani igxile kumasongo wegolide ayi-18K, imigexo, amaketanga, amacici, kanye nemihlobiso elengayo.
Abesifazane Badinga Amagugu Abo
UMadeleine Albright, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-US
© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.
LOKHO ONGAKUTHATHE KULESI SIHLOKO:
- The study also found that 16 percent of Black women were more likely than non-Hispanic white women to have purchased costume jewelry in the past 12 months and 9 percent more likely to have purchased fine jewelry than non-Hispanic white women.
- In 1986, the US International Trade Commission reported (at the request of the Senate Finance Committee), that men bought jewelry as gifts for women, “Jewelry has traditionally been considered a gift item and most purchases were for that purpose.
- Ekhulwini lama-21 abesifazane abaningi bayasebenza, bahola imali eningi, bathuthukisa izindlela zomsebenzi, bahlala bengashadile isikhathi eside, bathola izingane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke bathola imali ethe xaxa yokuzikhethela ... futhi basebenzisa leyo mali ukuthenga ubucwebe.
