Ukwelashwa Nokugonywa: Indaba yempumelelo yase-European COVID-19

Ukugxila ikakhulukazi kwimikhiqizo yokwelapha esivele ivunyelwe esinye isifo noma okungenani isakhula. Ukuzibuyisela kabusha kungaphumelela ngokushesha kunokuthuthuka okusha okuyisisekelo.

Izidakamizwa eziningi ezikhona njengamanje ziyahlolwa ukuthi zisifanele yini isifo se-corona Covid-19. Imvamisa zingelinye lamaqembu amathathu alandelayo:

Kodwa-ke, kusekhona amaphrojekthi wentuthuko entsha yezidakamizwa.

Ukuthola ukucaciseleka ngokushesha ngokufaneleka kwemithi

Ezifundweni eziningi lapho umuthi onjalo wawuhlolwe futhi uhlolelwa ukufaneleka eChina nakwezinye izindawo, iziguli ezimbalwa kuphela ezazibandakanyekile; futhi kaningi akukho ukuqhathanisa okuqondile neziguli ezithola kuphela ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo ngaphandle kwemithi eyengeziwe. Izifundo ezinjalo zingasethwa ngokushesha, kepha imiphumela yazo ivame ukungacaci. Kuneziguli eziningi zeCovid-19 emitholampilo emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa hhayi eziningi kangangoba ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ngokuphelele yonke imishanguzo ephakanyiswayo njengamanje.

I-European Medicines Agency (EMA) ngakho-ke inxuse izinkampani nezikhungo zocwaningo ukuthi zihlele izifundo zeziguli zamazwe omhlaba, ezezikhali eziningi, ezilawulwayo nezingahleliwe zemithi yazo ngangokunokwenzeka:

Izifundo ezinjalo, ngokusho kwe-EMA, zingaba namathuba amaningi okuholela emiphumeleni ecacile ngokufaneleka kwezidakamizwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo ezincane, ezizophinde zivumele ukuthi izidakamizwa ezivunyelwe iCovid-19 zivunyelwe.

I-World Health Organisation (WHO) isanda kumemezela lolu cwaningo: lolu cwaningo, olubizwa nge-SOLIDARITY, kuhloswe ngalo ukuqhathanisa ukwelashwa okune kanye nemikhiqizo yokwelapha efanelekile ukushintsha ukusebenza komunye nomunye kanye nokwelashwa okuyisisekelo okumsulwa. Ucwaningo-ke luzoba nalezi “zingalo zocwaningo” (= izinhlobo zokwelashwa) ezilandelayo lapho kulindeleke ukuthi iziguli eziyizinkulungwane eziningana zibambe iqhaza - zisatshalaliswe ngezikhathi ezithile:

Izikhungo zezokwelapha ezivela e-Argentina, Iran naseNingizimu Afrika zizobamba iqhaza ocwaningweni. Ibhodi lokuqapha lizobuyekeza njalo imiphumela yesikhashana yocwaningo bese liqeda izingalo zocwaningo lapho iziguli zingcono (noma zimbi kakhulu) kuneqembu elilawulayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ungeze izingalo eziningi ocwaningweni, lapho kuzanywa khona ezinye izindlela zokwelashwa.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ucwaningo LOKUTHOLA luqale eYurophu nase-UK ngesakhiwo esifana ncamashi, esiqondiswa yinhlangano yocwaningo yaseFrance i-INSERM. Iziguli ezingama-3,200 ezivela eJalimane, eBelgium, eFrance, eLuxembourg, eNetherlands, eSpain, eSweden nase-UK zizobamba iqhaza. Esikhundleni se-chloroquine, umuthi ofanayo we-malaria i-hydroxychloroquine kufanele isetshenziswe.

Isikhumbuzo yasungulwa ekuqaleni ngu I-Sciences yaseGileyadi ngokumelene nokutheleleka kwe-Ebola (okungakaze kufakazelwe), kepha kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kuyasebenza ukulwa namagciwane e-MERS elabhoratri. Umuthi onalesi sithako esisebenzayo manje usuvivinywa ezifundweni eziningana ngokuqhathaniswa ne-SARS-CoV-2.

ICytoDyn iyi ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe umuthi wayo wokulwa namagciwane ILeronlimab iyasebenza ngokumelene ne-coronavirus. Sekwakhiwe isikhathi eside ukulwa ne-HIV kanye nomdlavuza webele ongenawo ama-triple-negative, osekuvele kuhlolwe ngawo ezifundweni. Isivivinyo sesigaba II seCovid-19 manje silindile.

I-AbbVie inenye imishanguzo ye-HIV ne Inhlanganisela izithako ezisebenzayo i-lopinavir / ritonaviryenziwe yatholakala ukuze ihlolwe njengokwelashwa kweCovid-19. Izifundo neziguli ziyaqhubeka, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo lapho iziguli nazo adonse umoya uNovaferon kusukela I-Beijing Genova Biotech . Le-alpha interferon ivunyelwe e-China ekwelapheni i-hepatitis B. Umuthi manje usuzohlolwa kwizifundo ezinkulu emhlabeni jikelele.

Inkampani i-Ascletis Pharma ihlanganisa i-ritonavir esikhundleni sokugunyazwa e-China kwesidakamizwa se-hepatitis C nesithako esisebenzayo UDanoprevir . Izifundo ziyaqhubeka.

E-China, inkampani UZhejiang Hisun Wemithi Izifundo zomtholampilo zokwelashwa kweCovid-19 ngomuthi olwa namagciwane oqukethe isithako esisebenzayo i-favilavir kuvunyelwe. Kuze kube manje, i-favilavir isavunyelwe kuphela ukwelashwa kwemikhuhlane (eJapan nase China).

Futhi empeleni ngokumelene nomkhuhlane kusentuthuko I-ATR-002 , i-kinase inhibitor yenkampani i-Atriva Therapeutics eTübingen. Inkampani manje ibheka ukuthi ngabe isithako esisebenzayo futhi singavimbela yini ukwanda kwe-SARS-CoV-2.

I-APEIRON Biologics (Vienna) kanye ne-University of British Columbia bafuna umuthi i-APN01 test ovele ocwaningweni lakwaSARS futhi osuvele uhlolwe ezifundweni zeziguli ezibhekene nezinye izifo zamaphaphu. Ivimba i-molecule ebusweni bamangqamuzana amaphaphu asetshenziswa amagciwane njengenhloso yokungena kumaseli.

I-Chloroquine empeleni seyaziwa njengesithako esisebenzayo semithi yokwelashwa umalaleveva, kepha kunqunyelwe okuncane kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Kodwa-ke, manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi isithako esisebenzayo singasetshenziswa futhi nangemithi elwa namagciwane. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa okuhle kwelabhoratri kuqhathaniswa ne-SARS-CoV-2. Abaphenyi baseChina nabo bathole izindaba zokuthi i-chloroquine ikhombisile ukuthi iyasebenza esifundweni somtholampilo. Inkampani yaseBayer yabe isiqala kabusha ukukhiqizwa kokulungiswa kwayo kwasekuqaleni nge-chloroquine. Izifundo ku

izidakamizwa ze-malaria ezinesithako esifanayo esisebenzayo i-hydroxychloroquine nazo ziyahlolwa njengamanje. Inkampani i-Novartis ivumile ukuxhasa le mizamo kanye nokuhlinzeka maqondana nezinqumo ezinhle ngabaphathi abalawulayo ngasekupheleni kuka-May kuze kube yizigidi ezingama-130 zamayunithi ezenzelwe ukwelashwa kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi, iSanofi ukuhlinzeka ngomuthi we-malaria ngalo muthi otholakalayo.

Kusuka emkhakheni wangaphambilini wesicelo, I-Camostat Mesilat empeleni akuyona i-ejenti elwa namagciwane - umuthi onawo uvunyelwe eJapan ukuvuvukala kwamanyikwe. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi abavela enhlanganweni yamaJalimane yezikhungo zocwaningo eholwa yiGerman Primate Center eGöttingen bathole ukuthi ivimbela i-enzyme evela kumaseli wamaphaphu elabhorethri ebalulekile ekungeneni kwamagciwane akwaSARS-CoV-2. Ngakho-ke uhlela ukukuhlola ezifundweni zokwelashwa.

Futhi isithako esisebenzayo Brilacidin kusuka inkampani i-Innovation Pharmaceuticals ayizange yathuthukiswa ekuqaleni ukulwa namagciwane. Esikhundleni salokho, njengamanje kuhlolwe ukwelashwa kwezifo zamathumbu ezivuthayo nokuvuvukala komlomo womlomo. Kodwa-ke, kulindeleke ukuthi ihlasele imvilophu engaphandle yegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2. Lokhu okwamanje kuyahlolwa kumasiko amaseli.

Inkampani yaseSpain i-PharmaMar ifuna ukuhlola umuthi wayo nge-plitidepsin ocwaningweni olubhekiswe kuCovid-19 ngemuva kokukhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri. Umuthi, ovunyelwe e-Australia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ukwelashwa kwe-myeloma eminingi (uhlobo lomdlavuza womnkantsha), kufanele uvimbele ukuphindaphindeka kwegciwane ngoba livimba amaprotheni adingekayo i-EF1A kumaseli athintekile.

UPfizer unjalo njengamanje ihlola okungeziwe ama-antiviral agents elabhorethri inkampani eyakhe ngaphambili yokwelapha ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Uma oyedwa noma abaningi babo bezibonakalisa ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri, iPfizer ibabeke ezivivinyweni ezifanelekile zobuthi bese iqala ukuhlola nabantu ekupheleni kuka-2020. I-MSD njengamanje uphenya ukuthi iyiphi yayo imishanguzo yokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene ne-SARS-CoV-2 kungasebenza. INovartis iphenya ukuthi imiphi imikhiqizo yayo nokuthi iziphi izinto ezisuka kumtapo wolwazi wayo wokuthuthukisa izidakamizwa nazo ezingafaneleka ukwelashwa kweziguli ezingama-Covid 19 - kungaba njengomuthi olwa namagciwane noma kube ngenye indlela (bheka ngezansi).

Ukusabela kokuzivikela komzimba kuyathandeka ngokuyisisekelo kubantu abanegciwane; akumele nje zeqe ngokweqile ukuze zidale umonakalo omkhulu kunosizo emaphashini.
Ngalesi sizathu, ukusabela okweqile kokuzivikela komzimba ezigulini ezigula kakhulu kuzoncishiswa kumaphrojekthi amaningi.

ISanofi neRegeneron ngakho-ke bahlola i-immune modulator yabo sarilumab ocwaningweni neziguli ezithintekile zeCovid-19. Lo ophikisana ne-interleukin-6 uvunyelwe ukwelashwa nge-rheumatism.

URoche uvivinya umphikisi wayo we-interleukin-6 tocilizumabneziguli zeCovid-19 ezine-pneumonia enamandla. Isidakamizwa sesivele sigunyaziwe ukwelashwa kwesifo samathambo. Odokotela baseChina nabo bebeyihlola ezigulini ezitheleleke ngezingulube amasonto ambalwa.

Odokotela baseChina nabo bahlola i- fingolimim i-immunomodulator eneziguli. Yakhiwa nguNovartis ekwelashweni kwe-multiple sclerosis futhi yamukelwa yona.

ECanada, colchicine kuyinto ukuhlolwa esivivinyweni somtholampilo ukuze phatha izimpendulo ezeqile zomzimba, eziholwa yiMontreal Heart Institute. Isidakamizwa sivunyiwe ngokumelene ne-gout (nakwamanye amazwe futhi ngokumelene ne-pericarditis).

Ngomqondo obanzi unga futhiI-metaarsenite yesodium (NaAsO ₂ ) ingomunye wama-modulators omzimba ngoba anciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezithile zesithunywa sohlelo lomzimba (ama-cytokines), ezingadala ukusabela okukhulu kwamasosha omzimba. Inkampani yaseNingizimu Korea I-Komipharm usungule umuthi wezinhlungu ezihambisana nesimila (igama lephrojekthi PAX-1-001). Manje icele ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo ukuhlola umuthi ezigulini zeCovid-19.

Abaphenyi baseChina bafuna ukuhlola umuthi iRoche onesithako esisebenzayo i-pirfenidone esivele sivunyiwe seziguli ezine-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lo muthi ulwa nokulimala kwezicubu zamaphaphu ezilimele.

Inkampani yaseCanada i-Algernon Pharmaceuticals ihlela ukuhlola umuthi wayo i-NP-120 ngesithako esisebenzayo i-Ifenprodil ukuze ifaneleke. I-ifenprodil manje ayisenawo amalungelo obunikazi eJapane naseNingizimu Korea ekulweni nezifo zemizwa. U-Algernon ubelokhu enza umuthi olwa ne-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ngalesi sithako esisebenzayo isikhathi esithile.

Inkampani yeViennese biotech i-Apeptico ifuna isithako sayo esisebenzayo I-Solnatidengokuhluleka kwamanje kwamaphaphu (i-ARSD) ukufaneleka kweziguli ze-Covid-19 ezinomonakalo omkhulu wamaphaphu. Kuhloselwe ukubuyisela ukuqina kolwelwesi ezicutshini zamaphaphu.

Inkampani yase-US I-Bioxytran futhi njengamanje wenza umuthi onesithako esisebenzayo I-BXT-25 ezigulini ezine-ARDS. Kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukise ukuthathwa komoya-mpilo emaphashini alimele futhi kusize iziguli ezinganikezwa ngokwanele nge-oxygen ngamaphaphu okufakelwa. Le nkampani futhi ifuna ukuzama umuthi wayo nomlingani wayo weziguli ezigula kakhulu ezineCovid-19.

Inani elikhulayo lamaphrojekthi nawo azama ukwenza imishanguzo emisha elwa neCovid-19. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamaphrojekthi:

Nazi izibonelo zamaphrojekthi avela kulezi zindawo:

Ama-antibody wokugoma okungenziwanga

Enye yezindlela zakudala zemithi yokulwa namagciwane ukujova iziguli ngama-antibody asuka egazini le-serum labantu (noma lezilwane) asevele asindile kulesi sifo. I-diphtheria antiserum ka-Emil von Behring kusuka ngo-1891 yayivele inalo mphumela, noma ngabe akekho owayazi lutho ngama-antibody ngaleso sikhathi. Esinye isibonelo imijovo yokugoma ngokungenzi lutho (“vacive vaccination”) yabantu okungenzeka ukuthi batheleleke ngqi (tetanus) ngoba abakagonyelwanga yona. Muva nje, imishanguzo eminingi equkethe ama-antibody equkethe i-Ebola nayo ikhonjisiwe ukuthi iyasebenza kakhulu ezifundweni.

Iningi lamaphrojekthi wokwenziwa kwemithi emisha elwa ne-SARS-CoV-2 ngakho-ke ligxila kwi-serum yegazi yeziguli zangaphambili ze-Covid 19, okuthiwa yi "convalescent serum". Ithemba ukuthi amanye ama-antibody aqukethe azokwazi ukunikeza i-SARS-CoV-2 ukuthi ingakwazi ukuzala emzimbeni.

Lesi sizathu silandelwa iphrojekthi yinkampani yeTakeda: Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe- I-TAK-888 iphrojekthi, inhloso ukuthola ingxube ye-antibody egazini le-plasma labantu abathole ku-Covid-19 (noma kamuva kubantu abagonyelwe i-Covid-19). Inhlanganisela enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi i-anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-IG) ; ukwelashwa "ngokugoma nje".

Ezinye izinkampani kanye namaqembu ocwaningo emhlabeni nawo alandela lo mbono oyisisekelo, kodwa aya kwelinye igxathu ngokuya nge-biotechnology: Zibuye ziqale nge-serum ye-convalescent, kodwa zikhethe ama-antibodies afanele kakhulu bese "zikopisha" ngezindlela ze-biotechnical ukukhiqiza isidakamizwa. Enye yalezi zinhlelo ilandelwa yiSweden Karolinska Institute. Enye inkampani, i-AbCellera neLilly, imemezele ukuthi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuphela amasosha omzimba atholakalayo asebenza kakhulu ukwengeza umuthi ongahlolwa ezigulini. Futhi i-AstraZeneca (UK), iCelltrion (South Korea) futhi (ngokusho kwemibiko yabezindaba) iBoehringer Ingelheim kanye neGerman Center for Infection Research (DZIF) zisebenza ukuthuthukisa umuthi ngale ndlela.

Inhlangano yezikhungo zocwaningo e-USA iya kwelinye igxathu njengengxenye yeDarpa Pandemic Preparedness Platform. Ekugcineni, isidakamizwa sabo akufanele sibe namakhophi ama-antibody asebenza kahle kakhulu avela ku-plasma yokululama uqobo, kodwa esikhundleni salokho izakhi zofuzo zaso - ngendlela ye-mRNA. Noma ngubani ojojowe ngale mRNA ukhiqiza ama-antibody uqobo emzimbeni wakhe isikhashana futhi uyavikelwa. Ubuhle bale nqubo: Kungenzeka ukuthi ukhiqize inani elikhulu lemithamo yezidakamizwa ngokushesha kunokuba bekufanele ukhiqize amasosha omzimba nge-biotechnologically. Okubi: Kuze kube manje, asikho esinye isidakamizwa esisebenza kanjena. Le phrojekthi iholwa, phakathi kokunye, nguJames Crowe, iVanderbilt University, eTennessee, owathola i-Future Insight Prize enkampanini yaseJalimane iMerck ngo-2019 ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuphayona kulo mkhakha.

Amaphrojekthi amaningi emishanguzo emisha ayahlukahluka ngendlela ye- "convalescent serum". Ngaleyo ndlela iVir Biotechnology phambilini amasosha omzimba avela egazini le-serum yeziguli kutholakele okutholakale ekuthelelekeni kukaSARS ngonyaka ka-2003. Le nkampani manje iyahlola nezikhungo zase-US i-NIH ne-NIAID ukuthi ziyakwazi yini ukunqanda ukuphindaphindeka kwe-SARS-CoV-2. IVir Biotechnology ibambisana nenkampani yaseMelika iBiogen kanye nenkampani yaseChina iWuXi Biologics ekukhiqizweni kwama-biotechnological "amakhophi" ala magciwane.

Usosayensi wase-University of Utrecht (eNetherlands) uphinde wahlola amasosha omzimba avela egazini le-serum le-SARS elulama kusukela ngo-2003. Bathole i-antibody engavimbela ukwanda kwe-SARS-CoV-2 kwezamasiko. Manje kufanele ihlolwe ngokuqhubekayo. URegeneron unjalo  kuqhuba iphrojekthi efanayo: Inkampani ihlola umuthi onama-ntibodies monoclonal REGN3048 futhi REGN3051 esigabeni engisifunda namavolontiya. La ma-antibody aklanyelwa ukwelapha i-MERS coronavirus, ehlobene ne-SARS-CoV-2. Amaphrojekthi akhona ezigabeni zokuqala zemithi elwa namagciwane Ithimba labacwaningi e-University of Lübeck liphishekela enye indlela

Sekuyiminyaka sithuthukisa okuthiwa ngama-alpha-ketoamide njengama-antiviral agents alwa ne-corona kanye nama-enteroviruses (anesibopho sokubola komlomo phakathi kwezinye izinto). Ekuhlolweni kwelabhoratri, izinto ezintsha zokuhlola zivimbela ukuphindaphindeka kwala magciwane. Esinye sazo, esibizwa nge- “13b”, silungiselelwe ukulwa nama-corona virus. Manje sekuzohlolwa kumasiko namaseli nasezilwaneni futhi, uma kwenzeka kuba nemiphumela emihle, kuzohlolwa kwizifundo nabantu kanye nenkampani eyenza imithi.

Amaphrojekthi amasha wokuthuthukisa izidakamizwa

Izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu ezenza imithi zihlanganyele ndawonye ukwenza imishanguzo emisha yokwelapha (njengemithi yokugoma nokuxilonga) emelene neCovid-19. Esinyathelweni sokuqala, bazokwenza amaqoqo abo ama-molecule atholakale, lapho eminye imininingwane ngokuphepha nendlela yokusebenza isivele itholakala. Lokhu kuzohlolwa yisikhungo se- "Covid-19 Therapeutics Accelerator", esethulwe yiGates Foundation, Wellcome neMastercard. Kumamolekyu ahlukaniswe njengathembisayo, ukuhlolwa ngezilwane kufanele futhi kuqale kungakapheli izinyanga ezimbili. Iqembu lezinkampani lifaka iBD, bioMérieux, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gilead, GSK, Janssen (Johnson & Johnson), MSD, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer neSanofi.

Izinkampani ziphishekela uhlelo oluhlukile iVir Pharmaceuticals kanye ne-Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Umemezele ukuthi uzokwakha okuthiwa ama-siRNA agents avimba igciwane ngokubanga ezinye zofuzo zalo ziyeke ukusebenza. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvala izakhi zofuzo.