Ukubuyiselwa kokuziphindiselela ku-No Fly List: Ingabe izikhulu zombuso zinecala ngokwazo?

Esihlokweni somthetho wezokuvakasha waleli sonto, sihlola icala lika-Tanvir v. Tanzin, i-Docket No. 16-1176 (2d. Cir. May 2, 2018) "isikhalazo, phakathi kokunye, sasisolwa ngokuthi ukuziphindiselela kubamangali benqaba ukusebenza njengabamangali. izimpimpi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zibeke noma zigcine amagama Abamangali ngokungafanele 'Ohlwini Lwezindiza Ezingekho', ngokwephula amalungelo Abamangali ngaphansi Kwesichibiyelo Sokuqala Nomthetho Wokubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Yezenkolo, 42 USC 2000bb et seq. (I-RFRA). Isikhalazo besifuna (1) impumuzo egunyazayo kanye nesimemezelo kubo bonke abamangalelwa abasezikhundleni zabo ezisemthethweni zokwephulwa okuhlukahlukene komthethosisekelo nomthetho, kanye (2) namademeshe ayisinxephezelo nesijeziso avela kubaphathi bomthetho wombuso ezikhundleni zabo ezisemthethweni ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abo ngaphansi Kwesichibiyelo Sokuqala. kanye ne-RFRA…Njengoba kufanele lapha, inkantolo yesifunda ibambe ngokuthi i-RFRA ayikuvumeli ukutholwa komonakalo wemali kuzikhulu zikahulumeni ezimangalelwe ngamakhono azo ngamanye. Abamangali baphikisa isinqumo se-RFRA kuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi asivumelani nenkantolo yesifunda futhi siphethe ngokuthi i-RFRA ivumela ummangali ukuthi abuyise amademeshe emali kuzikhulu zikahulumeni ezimangalelwe ngokwazo ngokwazo ngokwephula ukuvikela okuqinile kwe-RFRA, siyasihoxisa isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda”.

Ecaleni likaTanvir, iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “Abamangali ngamadoda aseMuslin ahlala eNew York noma eConnecticut. Ngamunye wazalelwa phesheya, wathuthela e-United States ekuqaleni kwempilo yakhe, futhi manje ukhona ngokusemthethweni lapha njengesakhamuzi sase-US noma njengesakhamuzi saphakade. Ngamunye unomndeni osele phesheya. Abamangali bagomela ngokuthi bathintwe ama-ejenti e-federal futhi bacelwa ukuthi basebenze njengezimpimpi ze-FBI. Ngokukhethekile, abamangali bacelwe ukuthi baqoqe imininingwane ngamalungu emiphakathi yamaSulumane futhi babike lolo lwazi ku-FBI. Kwezinye izimo, isicelo se-FBI sasihambisana nengcindezi enzima, okuhlanganisa izinsongo zokuxoshwa noma ukuboshwa; kwezinye, isicelo sasihambisana nezithembiso zosizo lwezezimali nolunye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, abamangali bazichitha lezo zicelo eziphindaphindiwe, okungenani ngokwengxenye ngokusekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo ezingokwenkolo ezibambelele ngobuqotho.

Ujeziswe Ngokungazi

Ephendula kulokhu kwenqaba, ama-ejenti wombuso agcina Abamangali 'kuhlu Lwezimpukane' lukazwelonke naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abamangali 'abami, abakaze baveze futhi abakaze] babekwe icala lokubeka, usongo. ekuphepheni kwezindiza'. NgokweSikhalazo, Abamangalelwa 'baphoqelele Abamangali ukuba bakhethe okungavumelekile phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulalela izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo eziqotho futhi babhekane nesijeziso sokubekwa noma ukugcinwa Ohlwini Lwezimpukane, noma ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwephula umthetho wabo. izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo eziqotho ukuze ugweme ukufakwa ohlwini Lwezimpukane noma ukuze uvikeleke ukususwa ohlwini Lwezimpukane'.

Umonakalo Oqhubekayo

“Abamangali bathi le nkinga ibeke umthwalo omkhulu ekusebenziseni kwabo inkolo. Ukwengeza, izenzo zabamangalelwa zabangela ukuba Abamangali bahlupheke ngokomzwelo, balinyazwa isithunzi, nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Njengomphumela wezenzo zabamangalelwa ukubeka nokugcina Abamangali 'Ohlwini Lwezimpukane', abamangali banqatshelwe ukuhamba ngendiza iminyaka eminingana. Ukwenqatshelwa okunjalo kwavimbela Abamangali ukuthi bavakashele amalungu omndeni phesheya kwezilwandle, kwabangela ukuba Abamangali balahlekelwe yimali ababeyikhokhele amathikithi endiza, futhi kwakhinyabeza Abamangali ukuba bahambe baye emsebenzini”.

Uhlu oluthi "No Fly List"

Emzamweni wokuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwezindiza, iCongress yayala iTransportation Security Administration (TSA) ukuthi isungule izinqubo zokwazisa izikhulu ezifanele mayelana nokuthi bangobani abantu 'abaziwa ngokubeka, noma abasolwa ngokubeka engcupheni yokugqekeza emoyeni noma ubuphekula noma usongo. enkampanini yezindiza noma ukuphepha kwabagibeli'. I-TSA iyalwe futhi ukuthi 'isebenzise wonke amarekhodi afanelekile ohlwini oludidiyelwe futhi oludidiyelwe lwamaphekula olugcinwe uHulumeni Wombuso' ukuze yenze umsebenzi wokuhlola abagibeli kusengaphambili…Uhlu oluthi 'Akukho Fly List' luwuhlu lwamaphekula futhi luyingxenye yesizindalwazi esibanzi. ithuthukiswe futhi inakekelwe yi-Terrorist Screening Center (TSC), elawulwa yi-FBI. Isizindalwazi se-TSC siqukethe ulwazi olumayelana nabantu abaziwa noma abasoleka ngokuphusile ukuthi bayabandakanyeka ezenzweni zobuphekula. I-TSC yabelana ngamagama abantu ngabanye 'kuHlu Lwezimpukane' nezikhungo zomthetho zikahulumeni kanye nezifundazwe, i-TSA, abamele izinkampani zezindiza kanye nohulumeni bamazwe angaphandle ababambisanayo”.

I-Opaque & Ill-Defined Standards

“Abaphikisi bathi ama-ejenti enhlangano ashiwo esikhalazweni esichitshiyelwe 'asebenzise imithwalo emikhulu ebekwe Uhlu Lwezimpukane, isimo salo esifiphele kanye namazinga angachazwanga kahle, kanye nokuntuleka kwawo kwezindlela zokuphepha, emzamweni wokuphoqelela Abamangali ukuthi basebenze njengezimpimpi. ngaphakathi kwemiphakathi yabo yamaSulumane aseMelika kanye nezindawo zokukhulekela. Lapho benqatshelwa, abenzeli bombuso 'baziphindiselela Abamangali ngokubabeka noma babagcine ohlwini Olungekho Impukane'”.

Umthetho Wokubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Yezenkolo

“I-RFRA ihlinzeka ngokuthi 'uHulumeni angeke athwalise kanzima umuntu inkolo yakhe ngisho noma umthwalo uvela emthethweni wokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile' ngaphandle uma 'uHulumeni' engakwazi 'ukukhombisa[] lokho kusetshenziswa komthwalo kumuntu-(1) uqhubekisela phambili izintshisekelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo; futhi (2) kuyindlela enemikhawulo encane yokuqhubekisela phambili leyo nzalo ephoqelelayo kahulumeni'…abamangali be-RFRA bavumela abamangali ukuba 'bathole usizo olufanele kuhulumeni…futhi akubandakanyi 'inkomba[] yokuveza[]indlela' yokuthi ivimbela ukubuyiswa komonakalo wemali… Ngenxa yenhloso ye-RFRA yokuhlinzeka ngokuvikela okubanzi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo…sibambe ukuthi i-RFRA igunyaza ukubuyiswa komonakalo wemali kuzikhulu zikahulumeni ezimangalelwe ngokwazo”.

Ukuzivikela Okufanelekile

"Njengoba sibambe ukuthi i-RFRA igunyaza ummangali ukuthi amangalele izikhulu zikahulumeni ezikhundleni zazo ngamademeshe wemali, sibheka ukuthi lezo zikhulu kufanele zivikelwe yini ukungavikeleki okufanelekile...Lapha, isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda esingezansi asizange sikhulume ngokuthi Abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuvikeleka yini ... Uma lingekho irekhodi elithuthuke kakhulu, siyenqaba ukukhuluma ekuqaleni ukuthi Abamangalelwa banelungelo lokungavikeleki okufanelekile yini. Sibuyisela enkantolo yesifunda ukuthi yenze isinqumo esinjalo ekuqaleni”.

UPatricia noThomas Dickerson

Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, udlule emhlabeni ngoJulayi 26, 2018 eneminyaka engama-74. Ngomusa womndeni wakhe, eTurboNews uvunyelwe ukwaba izindatshana zakhe esinazo efayeleni asithumele lona ukuze sizolishicilela masonto onke ngokuzayo.

UMhlonishwa. U-Dickerson uthathe umhlalaphansi njenge-Associate Justice of the Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme Yesifunda SaseNew York futhi wabhala ngoMthetho Wokuhamba iminyaka engu-42 kuhlanganise nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezibuyekezwa minyaka yonke, Umthetho Wokuhamba, I-Law Journal Press (2018), I-Litigating International Torts in. Izinkantolo zase-US, i-Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Izenzo Zekilasi: Umthetho Wezifundazwe ezingama-50, i-Law Journal Press (2018), kanye nezindatshana zezomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-500 eziningi zazo ezitholakala kokuthi www.nycourts.gov/courts/9jd/taxcertatd.shtml . Ukuze uthole izindaba ezengeziwe zomthetho wokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU, bheka www.IFTTA.org