Umthetho wezokuvakasha: Inselelo yomthetho wokuxwayisa ngosawoti eNew York City

Esihlokweni saleli sonto, sihlola icala leNational Restaurant Association v. New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, 654024/15 Decision (2/10/2017) (NYAD 1st Dept) lapho iNational Restaurant Association yaphonsela khona inselelo umthetho komthetho owemukelwe yiBhodi Yezempilo yaseNew York City (iBhodi) edinga ukuthi "izindawo zokudlela ezihlanganisiwe" "ukuthumela isithonjana sosawoti eduze kwanoma iyiphi into yokudla noma isidlo esihlanganisiwe esiqukethe u-2300 mg noma ngaphezulu kasawoti, nolimi olulandelayo oluchaza Incazelo yesithonjana: 'okuqukethwe kwe-sodium (usawoti) wale nto kuphakeme kunomkhawulo ophakanyisiwe wansuku zonke (2300 mg). Ukudla kakhulu nge-sodium kungakhuphula umfutho wegazi nobungozi besifo senhliziyo nesifo sohlangothi '. Inhlawulo yokwephula lesi sigaba inhlawulo engu- $ 200, eyaqala ukusebenza ngoMashi 1, 2016 ″. Leli cala lixoxwa ngezansi.

Ukuvuselelwa Kokuqondiwe Kobuphekula

Paris, France

E-Rubin, eBreeden & Morenne, ePhoyisa laseParis Shootout Leaves naseGunman Dead, nytimes.com (4/20/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi "Indoda ebiphethe isibhamu ngoLwesine ebusuku ibulale iphoyisa eBoulevard. , iChamps-Elysees, okudala ukwesaba okukhulu eFrance ngokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula… Oshayasibhamu wadutshulwa wabulawa ngamaphoyisa ngesikhathi ezama ukubaleka ngezinyawo; kulimale amanye amaphoyisa amabili nomuntu obebukele… Ukuhlaselwa kuqale ukwethuka nokuxokozela befuna indawo yokukhosela, kanti amaphoyisa aqale ukuthungatha labo abangahambisana nabo ngemuva kokuhlaselwa ”.

Afghanistan

EMashal & Rahim, iTaliban Attack Afghan Army Base, Killing Dozens, nytimes.com (4/21/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi “Kwabulawa amasosha amaningi ngoLwesihlanu ngesikhathi oshayasibhamu beTaliban nababhomu bezibulala begqoke iyunifomu yamasosha behlasela isikhungo samasosha ase-Afghanistan enyakatho ne-Afghanistan… Lokhu kuhlasela… kuqale ngabo-1 ntambama endaweni enabantu abaningi lapho amasosha, iningi lawo lingahlomile, ayephuma emthandazweni wangoLwesihlanu noma edla isidlo sasemini ”.

IFresno, eCalifornia

E-Haag, Oshayasibhamu, Okucatshangwa Ukuthi Babhekise Abamhlophe, Babulala abathathu eFresno, kusho amaphoyisa. nytimes.com (3/4/18) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Ngesikhathi uKori Ali Muhammad, indoda engenakhaya eyaveza inzondo yabantu abamhlophe nohulumeni, izwa ngoLwesibili ekuseni ukuthi iyafuneka ekubulaweni kwezokuphepha iMotel 2017 unogada eFresno, eCalif., Uthathe isinqumo sokuthi uzobulala futhi, kusho amaphoyisa. Cishe ngo-6: 10 ekuseni, uMnu. Muhammad waya elolini elisebenza ngezimoto iPacific Gas & Electric wadubula wabulala isisebenzi esimhlophe esineminyaka engama-45 esihlalweni sabagibeli… Ngesikhathi esingaba ngumzuzu, uMnu. Muhammad wadubula izinhlamvu eziyi-34 a .16-caliber revolver emabhulokini amaningana, abulale amadoda amathathu amhlophe ngokungahleliwe ”.

Abasebenzi Bezindiza, Baziphathe Ngiyacela

E-Rosenberg, I-American Airlines Imisa Umsebenzi Wendiza Ngemuva Kwe-Altercation Over Stroller, nytimes.com (4/22/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi "I-American Airlines imise umuntu osebenza ezindizeni ngemuva kwengxabano ngoLwesihlanu lapho isikhonzi sithathe khona stroller kowesifazane obehamba enezingane ezimbili ezincane bese siphikisana nabanye abagibeli. Lesi siqephu sithwetshulwe ngokwengxenye yevidiyo ... Isisebenzi, igama laso elingadalulwanga yinkampani yezindiza, sithathe isihambahamba kulona wesifazane, obephethe amawele anezinyanga ezingu-15 ubudala, kusho umgibeli obeseduzane. I-video esabalale ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ikhombise ukuthi lo mgcini ucishe weza ezoshaya nomunye umgibeli owamsabisa ngemuva kwengxabano yakhe nalo wesifazane ”.

Ngiyacela, Ukuqeqeshwa Kokuzwela

KuLieber, How Airline Workers Learn to Deal With You, nytimes.com (4/22/2017 kwaqashelwa ukuthi “Kubahambi abaningi, lezi kanye nezinye izehlakalo ezisemabhodini ezivela emasontweni ambalwa edlule zimele imboni yezindiza engalawuleki, nabasebenzi abalambele amandla abalahla phansi isando uma bezwa ngisho nokuthambekela kokwenza okungalungile. Abantu abasebenza emgqeni wangaphambili wemboni, nokho, bazithatha njengabaphenduli bokuqala besikhumulo sezindiza kanye namazulu, ngokwamukela lokho okulindelwe okusha banesibopho sokuphepha kwabagibeli njengalabo abashayela izindiza. Benza kanjalo, abaningi bathi, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi noma izinsizakusebenza ezifanele futhi phakathi kwezinsolo zokuphatha nokungahloniphi kwabagibeli ”.

Icala le-Delta / Airtran Antitrust Lisusiwe

Ngabe Idelta ne-AirTran Zakha Uzungu Lokukhokhisa Imali Yesikhwama Sokuqala?eturbonews.com (10/5/2016) sixoxe ngecala lesenzo lekilasi elethwe ngabagibeli abathi iDelta neAirTran bakha itulo lokukhokhisa imali yokuqala esikhwameni ngokwephula imithetho yokulungisa intengo yemithetho emelene nokuthembana yase-US. Le nkantolo isixazululiwe. Bheka uMcDonald, iJaji Clears Delta, i-AitrTran ye-Antitrust Violations, Dailyreportonline.com (3/29/2017) ("Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yokuqulwa kwamacala, ijaji likahulumeni e-Atlanta… lilichithile icala lokungathembeki elibhekene neDelta Air Lines ne-AirTran Airways ebisola izindiza zokubeka amanani entengo ngokungemthetho ngenkathi ziqala ukubeka imali yemithwalo yabagibeli manje esezingeni lomphakathi ondizayo… IJaji Lesifunda sase-US uTimothy Batten… linqume ukuthi abukho ubufakazi obanele bokuqinisa izinsolo zokuthi abaphathi bezindiza basebenzise izindawo eziningi-kubandakanya izingcingo zomholo wamakota omphakathi nabahlaziyi bezokuphepha, izingqungquthela zezimboni, ukuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela nezikhulu zezindiza e-Atlanta kanye 'nomvini' ongakahleleki ukuze kuqondiswe ukwethulwa kwabo kwezimali. 'Ngisho noma zibhekwa ngendlela evuna kakhulu abamangali, ubufakazi kuleli cala abuboni vumela umuntu othola amaqiniso afanelekile ukuba abhekane nokuba khona kozungu, ngoba akujwayele ukukubeka eceleni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi labo abasolwa ngokwenza uzungu bathathe isinyathelo i ngokuzimela… Ayikho inkinga yangempela yokuqulwa kwecala '. UBatten ulihoxisile icala elibhekene nezindiza ezimbili ngemuva kokuqinisekisa isigaba sabangabamangaleli ababandakanya amakhasimende angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-28. Ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwamacala, uBatten wakhokhisa u- $ 7.6 million wezinhlawulo nezimali ezibhekiswe kuDelta ngokulahleka noma ukucekelwa phansi kwamafayela ezinyangeni zika-2008 ezibucayi ezaholela esinqumweni semali yesikhwama ”.

Ayikho Imali Yokukhokha, Ayikho Impukane

ESablich, Lezo Zindleko Zenkampani Yezindiza zePesky kanye Nendlela Yokuzigwema, nytimes.com (3/27/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi “Yini ingubo yokulala endizeni ebandayo? Hhayi ama- $ 12, okungenani hhayi owomgibeli oyedwa ebhanoyini lakamuva laseHawaii Airlines elisuka eLas Vegas liya eHawaii. Owesilisa oneminyaka engama-66 ukhokhiswe u- $ 12 ngengubo yokulala, kodwa hhayi nganoma yini enye, yize ebangele ukuthi indiza iphambukiselwe eLos Angeles. Ngokwemibiko yezindaba, umgibeli uthathwe 'njengongalawuleki' ngamaphoyisa esikhumulo sezindiza ngemuva kokuthi 'angathanda ukuthatha umuntu ngemuva kwesihlahla sokhuni ngalokhu' futhi wasuswa endizeni… UGeorge Hobica, umsunguli weAirfarewatchdog.com, uthe: " Ngicabanga ukuthi iHawaii bekufanele ngabe imnikeze ingubo mahhala nje. Ukwenza lokho kufika okuphuthumayo kwabiza izinkulungwane zamaRandi zaseHawaii. Le mali ikhombisa ubuwula ukwedlula ngokweqile ”.

Asikho Isihlalo Sokudela, Thola Iphunga Eliphukile

ESmith, i-United Airlines Passenger May Need Surgery, i-Lawyer Says, nytimes.com (4/13/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi "ummeli womgibeli udonse ibhanoyi e-United ngeSonto wabala ukulimala kwekhasimende lakhe: ikhala eliphukile, a ukuxubana, amazinyo amabili akhishiwe nezinkinga zesinase ezingadinga ukuhlinzekwa kabusha ”

E-Olen, i-United Airlines Is Not Alone, Op-Ed, nytimes.com (4/11/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “I-United Airlines izithole isenkabeni yenkulumompikiswano ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuleli sonto, ngemuva kwevidiyo esabekayo yodokotela isuswe ngendluzula esihlalweni somqeqeshi kwenye yezindiza zayo yaqala ukubhebhetheka. Le ndoda, ngokwemibiko eshicilelwe, yakhethwa ngokungahleliwe ukuthi izoshayiswa ngoba ibhanoyi kudingeka lithuthe abasebenzi abane endizeni ephelile. Udokotela wenqabile ukuhamba, izikhulu zezindiza zabiza abezomthetho, futhi ezokuphepha zamhudula, zamchitha igazi, zasuka endizeni… Izindiza zibukeka zize njalo nezindlela ezintsha zokuqamba iqembu elandayo, ngenkathi belapha iningi lezindiza ezindizayo nokwedelela okukhulu. I-United Airlines ijwayelekile kakhulu. Inkampani yezindiza muva nje iqale ukugoqa imibhede yabahambi bezebhizinisi, ephelele ngokukhanyisa kwemizwelo, izisekeli zezingodo eziguquguqukayo nemibhede evela eSaks Fifth Avenue. Kepha abahambi bekilasi labaqeqeshi be-United babhekana ne-nickel njalo nokufiphala. Igumbi lomlenze elengeziwe manje seliyimali eyengeziwe. Kanjalo nakwabahambi abasesigabeni esisha sezindiza 'Umnotho Oyisisekelo', yikhono lokukhetha isihlalo somuntu lapho bebhukha indiza noma ikhono lokuletha izikhwama ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ezindala endizeni ”.

Zama i-Hyperloop Capsule Esikhundleni

Kwisikali sokuqala esigcwele iPassenger Hyperloop Capsule iyakhiwa, etn.travel (3/21/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi “iHyperloop Transportation Technologies (HTT) isiqalile ukwakhiwa kwesilinganiso sokuqala somhlaba iPassenger Hyperloop Capsule. Le capsule yokuqala ingumvuthwandaba weminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu nezinkulungwane zamahora wokuklama, ucwaningo nokuhlaziywa. Ukwakhiwa kuyaqhubeka ukulethwa futhi isikhulu siveza ekuqaleni kuka-2018 esikhungweni se-R & D se-HTT eToulouse, eFrance ukuhlanganiswa nokwenza kahle. Leli philisi lizobe selisetshenziswa ohlelweni lwezohwebo oluzomenyezelwa maduzane ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo kanye nasezifundweni zokuthi kungenzeka yini ezenzeka emhlabeni jikelele ”.

Amasiko Abesilisa e-Uber

Ku-Isaac, i-Uber Releases Diversity Report kanye ne-Repudiates 'Hard-Charging Attitude' yayo, nytimes.com (3/18/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi “Ngemuva kwamahlazo alandelanayo kulo nyaka, i-Uber iye yajaha ukulungisa isiko layo lenkampani. Le nkampani ebhekelela abagibeli iqale uphenyo lwangaphakathi ngemikhuba yokusebenza emisebenzini, yakhipha ukuxolisa ngokuziphatha kwayo, futhi yaba nabaphathi besifazane abaningana kanye nelungu lebhodi elikhulumela yona. NgoLwesibili, i-Uber iqhubekele phambili nohambo lwayo lwe-mea culpa ngokukhipha umbiko wayo wokuqala obonisa ukwakheka kwabasebenzi bayo, obukhombisa isizinda sabasebenzi besilisa ngokukhombisa ukuthi isizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke simhlophe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani yakulahla ngenkani okwedlule, yathi isiko layo elinamandla, lobudoda lahamba kakhulu. 'Onke amandla, ngokweqile, angubuthakathaka', uLiane Hornsey, umphathi osanda kuqokwa oyinhloko wezabasebenzi, uthe… 'Yini eqhubeze ukuthi i-Uber iphumelele kakhulu-ukuhlaselwa kwayo, isimo sengqondo sokukhokhisa kanzima sehlile. Futhi idinga ukuthi igundwe ''.

I-Titanic Wreck Tour, Noma ubani?

Emgodini ovuthayo ongu- $ 105 ephaketheni lakho? Kuthiwani ngohambo lweTitanic wreck dive tour?, Etn.travel (3/22/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi “Inkampani yezokuvakasha yaseBrithani iBlue Marble Private isiqalile ukuthengisa amathikithi abizayo endaweni yokuphahlazeka kweTitanic edume kakhulu. Uhambo lokuqala lwe-'Dive the Titanic 'luhlelelwe uMeyi 2018 ngemali ebalelwa ku- $ 105,000 umuntu ngamunye. Ilungiswe ukwehla kwamandla emali, isibalo silingana nentengo yethikithi lokuqala leTitanic lekilasi lokuqala. Uhambo lwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili luzoqala ngokuhamba ngendiza enophephela emhlane usuka edolobheni laseSt. John eNewfoundland, eCanada uye esikebheni esikhumulweni semikhumbi esiseduze nendawo yokuphumula yeTitanic… Abahambi bazothola ithuba lokufinyelela ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-4,000 ku-titanium eklanywe ngokukhethekile i-carbon-fiber submersible, iholwa iqembu labachwepheshe… Ukutshuza kuzothatha amahora amathathu kusiza ithimba lomkhankaso olwandle olungena ngaphansi kolwandle kanye nokungena esikebheni somkhumbi ”.

IWaldorf-Astoria

Kumlando Wehhotela: IWaldorf-Astoria Hotel, ent-travel (4/8/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi “NgoMashi 7, 2017, iLandmarks Preservation Commission (yaseNew York City) bavotela ukuvikela imininingwane yangaphakathi ye-Art Deco iWaldorf Astoria Hotel ingaphandle layo selivele limakwe uphawu. Ngo-2015, i-Anbang Insurance Group yaseChina yathenga iWaldorf Astoria cishe ngama- $ 2 billion kwaHilton Worldwide Holdings, Inc. U-Anbang usanda kuvala ihhotela ngenhloso ephelele yokubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwamagumbi ezivakashi amakhulu abe amakhondomu azimele ”.

Sala kahle i-Permafrost

Kumbhalo osanda kwenziwa we-Travel Law (4/5/2017) sivalelise i-Arctic Ice neGreat Barrier Reef, sibonga ukufudumala komhlaba. Manje sinxusa i-Permafrost futhi. E-Fountain, I-Permafrost Engaphezulu Kokucabanga Kungalahleka Njenge-Planet Warms, nytimes.com (4/11/2017) kwaziwa ukuthi "Njengoba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuncibilikisa iqhwa, umhlaba oyiqhwa ohlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele acishe abe yizigidi eziyisithupha emhlabeni, umbuzo omkhulu kososayensi uthi: Kuzolahleka malini? Impendulo, ngokuya ngohlaziyo olusha: ngaphezu kokucabanga kwabo abaningi. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngoLwesibili ephephabhukwini i-Nature Climate Change lukhombisa ukuthi njengoba iplanethi ifudukela kuma-degree Celsius amathathu (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) ngaphezu kwamazinga angaphambi kokusebenza komhlaba, izinga ngalinye lokushisa kwe-Celsius lizoholela ekunciphisweni kwamakhilomitha-skwele angaba yizigidi eziyi-1.5. Leso sibalo okungenani siphezulu ngamaphesenti angama-20 kunezifundo eziningi zangaphambilini ”.

Okuhlangenwe nakho Kwezindiza, Akukuhle Kangako

EManjoo, How Technology Has Failed to Improve Your Airline Experience, nytimes.com (4/12/2017) kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi “Kunezizathu eziningi zesimo esidabukisayo sezindiza zezentengiselwano eMelika. Uma kukhulunywa ngendiza yakho ejwayelekile neyesabekayo – ingasaphathwa eyokuthuka okungajwayelekile okwenzeke phakathi kwe-United Airlines Flight 3411 kule mpelasonto edlule- ukwehluleka kokulawula kanye nokuhlanganisa, iziphathimandla ezivumele ukuthi zenzeke zinganqandeki amashumi eminyaka, kungasolwa . Kepha ngiza kuwe njengomlobi wephephabhuku wezobuchwepheshe ukukutshela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe, futhi, buhlulekile kuwe. Abantu baseSilicon Valley bayaziqhenya ngamandla abo okuthuthukisa izimboni ezigxilile. U-Uber wehlulile onogada bamatekisi. I-Airbnb yenze ukuthola igumbi kushibhile futhi kufinyeleleke kalula. Izinsizakalo zokusakaza zihlehlisa ibhizinisi lekhebula. Kodwa-ke imboni yezindiza ayigcinanga nje ngenkani yokumisa izinto ezintsha ukuze ithuthukise ukulethwa kwamakhasimende-ngezindlela eziningi, ubuchwepheshe buqhubekisele phambili umjaho wemboni phansi. Konke okuphathelene nokubhekelwa kwe-United Flight 3411, ukukhokhela izihlalo uma kubhekwa, ukwenqaba ngokwenkolo ukunikeza isivumelwano ngokushesha, isimo jikelele sokuthi ubungxiwankulu obunesihluku yibo obungcono kakhulu amakhasimende angabazi abangalindela kulo mhlaba owile - kubhakakwe ebhizinisini lezindiza imodeli. Futhi leyo modeli yebhizinisi isheshiswe ubuchwepheshe. Izinjini zokusesha zokuhamba zibeka izindiza ezindizeni ngokususelwa kunani kunokuba ubungani noma ikhwalithi yensizakalo. Ukuhlola okuku-inthanethi (ngaphakathi), ama-kiosk esikhumulo sezindiza nezinhlelo zokusebenza kuvumela izindiza ukuthi zisebenzele amakhasimende anabasebenzi abambalwa nabambalwa. Esikubonayo yiyona ndlela ebaluleke kunazo zonke, embi kakhulu yobunxiwankulu obugcwele ubuchwepheshe, obufuna phansi-obukhathalela amanani nezinzuzo ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, ngaphandle kokubheka ikhwalithi yensizakalo, ubungani, noma isithunzi samakhasimende ”.

Icala Lomthetho Wezokuvakasha Weviki

KuNational Restaurant Association v. New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “Usawoti uyisithako esibalulekile ekudleni kwethu futhi, uma usetshenziswe ngokweqile, uyingozi enkulu yezempilo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-sodium, isithako sokuqala sikasawoti, kungadala umfutho wegazi ophakeme, nawo ohambisana nengozi enkulu yesifo senhliziyo, isifo sokuqina kwenhliziyo nesifo sezinso, ngokusho kokuvumelana okukhulu kososayensi nezinhlangano zombuso ezibhekene nokuvikela impilo yesizwe. Ukubhekana nalolu daba, ummangalelwa iBhodi Yezempilo yaseNew York City (iBhodi) wamukela umthetho odinga ukuthi izindawo zokudlela ezithile zinikeze imininingwane eyiyo kubathengi ngalolu daba. Le rue inselele kulesi sikhalazo yiNational Restaurant Association (NRA). Siyakuqinisekisa ukwenqatshwa kwaleyo nselelo yinkantolo yokuqala, ngoba iBhodi lasebenza ngokusemthethweni, ngokomthethosisekelo nangamandla alo ngokwamukela lo mthetho olinganiselwe kodwa onamandla ”.

Umsebenzi weBhodi

“IBhodi i-division of ummangalelwa we-New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (the Department) (futhi) ligunyaziwe ukulawula zonke izibalo ezithinta ezempilo eDolobheni laseNew York, kubandakanya nokulawulwa kokulawulwa kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona nezimo eziyingozi empilweni nokufa… nokubheka nokulawula ukuhlinzekwa kokudla kwedolobha namabhizinisi athinta impilo yomphakathi edolobheni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi lawo mabhizinisi aqhutshwa ngendlela ehambisana nentshisekelo yomphakathi… NgoJuni 23, 2015, uMnyango washicilela kwi-City Record isaziso esisho izinhloso zawo zokwamukela umthetho 'wokudinga izikhungo zokuhlinzekwa kokudla kubantu abadla ukudla okufudumele mayelana nezinto zemenyu eziqukethe inani eliphezulu le-sodium'… NgoJulayi 29, 2015, iBhodi lase lithole imibono engama-94 ebhaliwe ngalo mthetho ohlongozwayo, lapho angu-90 asekela it… NgoSepthemba 9, 2015… Ibhodi lamukela isigaba 81.49 seNew York City Health Code (24 RCNY) esihloko sithi 'Sodium Warning' ”.

Ukuthola Okuyiqiniso

“Esimemezelweni salo sokusebenzisa lo Mthetho, iBhodi lenze lokhu okulandelayo, konke lokhu kususelwa ocwaningweni lwayo noma kumazwana atholakele: isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi siyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa kwabantu eNew York City; umfutho wegazi ophakeme ungumlingisi omkhulu wezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi; ukuphakama kokudla komuntu nge-sodium, kukhuphuka umfutho wegazi womuntu; Iminyango Kahulumeni Yezolimo Nezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu incoma ukuthi abantu abadala badle ngaphansi kuka-2300 mg we-sodium ngosuku; ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwesodiyamu kubantu baseNew York kudlula ama-3200 mg; iningi lokudla okujwayelekile kwe-sodium kusuka ekudleni okucutshunguliwe nokudla; amaketanga e-akhawunti wezindawo zokudlela angaphezulu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yazo zonke izimoto zethilomu eNew York City; inani elikhulu lezinto ezingazodwana noma ezihlanganisiwe kumamenyu e-chain restaurant linokungaphezulu kuka-2300 mg we-sodium; futhi abathengi ngokujwayelekile bakuthatha kancane okuqukethwe yi-sodium kokudla kwase-restaurant ”.

Isikhundla se-NRA

“I-NRA yinhlangano yamabhizinisi emele izindawo zokudlela ezingamalungu ezingama-500,000 3. Amalungu ayo afaka ngaphezu kwengxenye yezindawo zokudlela ze-Chain eNew York City ezizothinteka yi-Rule. NgoDisemba 2015, 78, i-NRA yafaka i-athikili ehlangene XNUMX kanye nesicelo sokwahlulela esinqunyiwe esiphikisana noMthetho, siphikisana ngokuthi singena emsebenzini wezomthetho futhi ngalokho siphula ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla; ukuthi ayinangqondo futhi ayinamqondo; ukuthi kuyakhokhelwa ngumthetho wesifundazwe; nokuthi yephule amalungelo okuchibiyela okuqala amalungu ommangali ”.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko-Zenzuzo

“Yonke imisebenzi yokulawula ifaka phakathi izinga elithile lokuhlaziywa kwezindleko nezinzuzo; umbuzo uthi izinga lokwahlulela kwe-ejensi lifake kuphi ukukhetha okunzima nokuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinjongo zenqubomgomo ebanzi-izinqumo ezigcinelwe igatsha lomthetho '. Ukwamukela lo Mthetho bekungadingi ukuthi iBhodi lenze 'ukwahlulela ngamanani' 'kufaka phakathi izinqumo ezinzima nezinzima phakathi kwezinjongo zenqubomgomo ebanzi'; kunalokho, kulokhu, 'ukuxhumana komthethonqubo nokulondolozwa kwempilo nokuphepha kuqonde kakhulu, kunokuphazamiseka okuncane ngokuzimela komuntu kulabo impilo yabo ivikelekile, futhi ukwahlulelwa kwamagugu maqondana nezinjongo eziyimbangela kwabiwa kabanzi' … Ngokuphawulekile, lo Mthetho awukhawuleli noma ulawule nokuthi iziphi izindawo zokudlela ze-Chain ezinganikeza ukudayiswa. ”

Hhayi Umthetho Weziphuzo Ezinoshukela

“Ngokuphambene nalokho, ku-Matter of New York Statewide Coalition of Hispanic Chambers of Commerce v. New York City Dept. Of Health & Mental Hygiene, 23 NY 3d 681 (2014), eyenqaba igunya leBhodi lokumisa 'iPortion Cap Rule' ivimbela izikhungo ezithile zokuhlinzekwa kokudla ekuthengiseni iziphuzo ezinoshukela ezitsheni ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kwama-ounces angu-16, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala ukuthi iBhodi yenze 'izinqumo zenani eliphezulu' futhi, ngokungafani nalapha, ikhawulele kakhulu lokho obekungathengiswa ”.

Njengomthetho Wokuqukethwe Kwekhalori

“Ukuthi lo mthetho ongelula usetshenzisiwe kwezinye izikhungo zokudlela akudingi ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi iBhodi ibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwemigomo yomthetho, ngoba ukuzimisela ukusebenzisa iRule kuzindawo zokudlela ezidayisa ukudla okuphekiwe kuzwelonke kugxile ekukhuthazeni ukuphepha komphakathi. Ngempela, lo Mthetho usebenza ezindaweni zokudlela ezifanayo ze-Chain njengomthetho odinga ukuthunyelwa kokuqukethwe kwekhalori kwezinto zemenyu (i-Health Code 81.50), ebanga ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zayo yonke indawo yokudlela eNew York City. Ukuhlinzekelwa nguMthetho wokuthi yizindawo zokudlela zakwaChain kuphela ezinikela 'ngezinto zemenyu ezifanayo' kuwo wonke ama-franchise (iKhodi Yezempilo 81.49 (a) (2)) adinga ukuhambisana kwenza ukuphathwa koMthetho kube nokwenzeka ".

Ukuvumelana Ekunciphiseni Ukudla Kosawoti

“Izikhungo Zokulawulwa Kwezifo. I-American Heart Association (AHA), iWorld Health Organisation (WHO) kanye ne-Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (KANYE) konke kukhuthaza ukwehliswa kokudla kwe-sodium empilweni enhle. Ezinye izinhlangano zincoma ngisho nemikhawulo ephansi yansuku zonke, ne-WHO incoma ngaphansi kuka-2000 mg ngosuku futhi i-AHA incoma ukuthi ingabi ngaphezu kuka-1500 mg ngosuku. Ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana okuphathelene nesayensi elandela lo Mthetho, siyayiphika impikiswano yommangali yokuthi uMthetho awuyithuthukisi inzuzo yomphakathi eqinisekisiwe ”.

Akukho Ukukhululwa

“Ekugcineni… Umthetho awukhuthazwa ngumthetho wesifundazwe. Umthetho we-federal Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NELA) wamiswa ngo-1990 'ukucacisa nokuqinisa igunya lezomthetho le-Food and Drug Administration lokudinga ilebuli yokudla, kanye nokwenza izimo lapho kungenziwa khona izimangalo mayelana nezakhamzimba ekudleni' … Phakathi kokunye, i-NELA idinga ukufakwa kwelebuli lemininingwane yokudla okunempilo etholakala kokudla okuningi okuthengwe ezitolo zokudla… Isimangalo sabamangali sokuthi i-NELA izama lo mthetho awulungile ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala… Njengoba umthetho okukhulunywa ngawo lapha uyisixwayiso, ukhululwe ngokusobala ekuhlawuleni. Okwesibili… izifundazwe nezindawo 'azivunyelwe ukusungula, noma ukubeka ngendlela ehlukile, kuvunyelwe ukusungula noma imuphi umbandela [wezindawo zokudlela] wokudla okunelebula lokudla okungafani nemfuneko ye- [21 USC] 343 (q) (icaphuna okusha I-York State Restaurant Association, 556 F. 3d ngo-12) ”.

Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, uyi-Associate Justice esethathe umhlalaphansi ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi ubelokhu ebhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-41 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press. (2016), Litigating International Torts in US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2016) kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-400 eziningi zazo ezitholakala ku-nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Ukuze uthole izindaba ezengeziwe zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU bheka i-IFTTA.org

Lo mbhalo awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume kaThomas A. Dickerson.

Funda izindatshana eziningi zeJustice Dickerson lapha. http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/9jd/taxcertatd.shtml/