Uhambo Lwewayini Oluyimpumelelo lwaseSpain

Amagilebhisi Afika

Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho basungula khona idolobha laseGadir (I-Cadiz yanamuhla) ogwini oluhle oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Njengoba beqhubeka bengena kulesi sifunda, abaseFenike bafika nama-amphorae, izimbiza zobumba ezazisetshenziselwa ukuthutha nokugcina izimpahla ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise. iwayini.

Okwadonsela abaseFenike kule ngxenye yomhlaba ukufana okuphawulekayo phakathi kwenhlabathi, isimo sezulu nesimo seNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia nezwe labo eliseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kwaba ukutholwa okwakunesithembiso esikhulu, ngoba babona amandla okulima amagilebhisi nokukhiqiza iwayini endaweni ngoba ukuthembela kwabo kuma-amphorae ekuthutheni iwayini kwakunezihibe; lezi zitsha zazivame ukuvuza futhi ziphuke phakathi nohambo lwasolwandle oluvame ukukhohlisa.

Ukuze banqobe izinselele zokuhleleka kwe-amphorae, abaseFenike banquma ukutshala imivini endaweni evundile futhi ecwiliswe yilanga ezungeze i-Gadir, okuphawula ukuqala kokukhiqizwa kwewayini lendawo esifundeni. Njengoba izivini zichuma, zaqala ukuthela amagilebhisi amnandi, anamagobolondo aqinile okwakufunwa kakhulu ukwenziwa kwewayini ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-viticulture yalesi sifunda yashintsha futhi yavuthwa, yagcina izala lokho manje esikwazi njengesifunda sewayini i-Sherry. Izimpawu ezihlukile zamagilebhisi atshalwa e-Gadir, kuhlanganiswe nezindlela zokwenza iwayini ezithuthuke phakathi namakhulu eminyaka zibe nomthelela ekunambithekeni okuhlukile kanye nezimfanelo ezihlobene newayini le-Sherry.

Izivini Eziningi Zilethiwe

Belandela ezinyathelweni zabaseFenike, abaseCarthage bafika eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia iCartagena kuyidolobha eliphawulekayo abalisungula. Ukuba khona kwabo kwathuthukisa ukutshalwa kwamagilebhisi nokwenza iwayini endaweni. Cishe ngo-1000 BC, amaRoma andisa ukubusa kwawo ukuze ahlanganise ingxenye enkulu yeSpain futhi atshala imivini yamawayini ukuze asekele amasosha awo kanye nezindawo zawo zokuhlala. Baze bagebha imisele yamatshe ukuze kubiliswe iwayini futhi bathuthukisa izinga le-amphorae. Lokhu kwanda kwaletha ukutshalwa kwemithi yomvini okusabalele kanye nokwethulwa kwemikhuba ethuthukisiwe ye-viticultural kanye nokukhiqizwa kwewayini okugxile ezifundazweni ezimbili, i-Baetica (ehambisana ne-Andalusia yesimanje) kanye ne-Tarraconensis (manje eyi-Tarragona).

AmaSulumane Abuyekeza Ukukhiqizwa Kwamagilebhisi

AmaMoor, izakhamuzi ezingamaMuslim eNyakatho Afrika, asungula ubukhona obuphawulekayo eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia (iSpain yanamuhla nePortugal) ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaSulumane ngo-711 AD. Isiko nomthetho wamaSulumane waba nethonya elikhulu esifundeni phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuhlanganise nemikhuba yokudla nokuphuza; nokho, indlela yabo yewayini nophuzo oludakayo yayihlukile. Imithetho yezokudla yamaSulumane, njengoba ivezwe kwiQuran, ivamise ukwenqabela ukuphuzwa kophuzo oludakayo, okuhlanganisa newayini. Ukwenqatshelwa kusekelwe ezinkolelweni nasezimisweni zenkolo, okuphumela ekuvinjelweni kokukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuphuzwa kophuzo oludakayo, kuhlanganise newayini.

Nakuba i-Quran ikwenqabela ngokusobala ukuphuzwa kwewayini nophuzo oludakayo, ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu kwenqatshelwa kungahluka phakathi kwemiphakathi yamaSulumane. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaMoors eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, kwakungekho ukuvinjelwa kwendawo yonke noma okungaguquki ekukhiqizeni iwayini. Izinga nokuqina kokuvinjelwa kwewayini notshwala kwahlukahluka, ngokusekelwe kubabusi bendawo, incazelo yomthetho wamaSulumane, kanye nengqikithi ethile yomlando.

Amathonya KaFranco Ewayinini

Kusukela ngo-1936-1939 (iMpi Yombango YaseSpain) kanye neminyaka eyalandela ukubusa kukaGeneral Francisco Franco, ukwenziwa kwewayini kwakulawulwa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ukukhiqizwa nokusabalalisa kwakulawulwa umbuso. Uhulumeni wayelawula imboni ukuze ifeze izithakazelo zombuso ngokusungula iziqondiso nezilawuli ezihlanganisa ukusungulwa kwe-Spanish Wine Institute (Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen/ INDO) ngo-1934. Umgomo bekuwukulawula ikhwalithi yewayini nokuvikela isifunda. amagama emvelaphi (Denomininacion de Origen) asekhona nanamuhla. Abenzi bewayini kwakudingeka balandele izindinganiso eziqinile futhi babengakwazi ukukhiqiza iwayini elingahambisani nale mithetho.

I-Phylloxera Epidemic

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, iSpain, njengezinye izindawo eziningi ezikhiqiza iwayini emhlabeni wonke, yabhekana nesilokazane esibhubhisayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-phylloxera. Ukuze kuliwe nalesi sinambuzane, esasongela khona kanye ubukhona bezivini, ezinye izifunda zaphendukela ekusiphuleni izivini futhi zayeka ukukhiqiza iwayini okwesikhashana. Lokhu bekungeyona indaba yezomthetho kodwa bekuyimpendulo enhlekeleleni yemvelo ethinte imboni yewayini.

Ekugcineni, ngawo-1970

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970s iSpain ibe nezinguquko eziphawulekayo futhi isishintshile ekubeni yaziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokukhiqiza iwayini eliningi nekhwalithi ephansi yaba ngelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni ngokukhiqiza iwayini kanye namazwe angaphandle asekelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali kumasu esimanje okwenza iwayini kanye nokwamukelwa kwamagilebhisi angcono- imikhuba ekhulayo.

Uhlelo lwe-Denominacion de Origen (DO) lwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1930 futhi lwazuza ukubaluleka njengoba lwaluchaza izifunda ezithile zewayini ezinezimpawu ezihlukile, izinhlobo zamagilebhisi, kanye namazinga okukhiqiza - konke okubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ikhwalithi kanye nobuqiniso bewayini abavela eSpain. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe buhlanganisa ukuvutshelwa okulawulwa izinga lokushisa kanye nemishini engcono.

Ngenkathi abakhi bewayini nabo bezama izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlanganisa i-Cabernet Sauvignon, i-Merlot, ne-Chardonnay kube nokuvuka kwezinhlobo zamagilebhisi zomdabu ezifana ne-Tempranillo, Garnacha kanye ne-Alberino.

Umthelela Wezomnotho

ISpain ibambe iqhaza elikhulu emakethe yewayini yomhlaba wonke futhi inobukhona obuqinile eYurophu, e-United States nase-Asia. ISpain izigqaja ngesivinini esikhulu kunazo zonke esinokwanda okumangalisayo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule lapho amahektha angaphezu kuka-950,000 anikezelwe ekulimeni umvini. Le mpumelelo ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwangaphandle lapho umkhakha uthola izigidi ezingama-816.18 zama-Euro emithonjeni yamazwe ngamazwe kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. IHong Kong igqame njengomtshali-zimali oyinhloko, inikele ngamaphesenti angama-92 otshalomali kulo mkhakha ngo-2019.

I-Spain ibambe iqhaza elihlukile lokuba umkhiqizi wewayini wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngokubakhona okubanzi ezifundeni ezihlukene ezingama-60 kanye ne-Denominations of Origin (DO). Ngokuphawulekayo, i-Rioja ne-Priorat yizona kuphela izifunda zase-Spanish ezifaneleka njenge-DOCa, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lekhwalithi ngaphakathi kwe-DO.

Ngo-2020, ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kwaseSpain kwafinyelela kumahektholitha alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-43.8 (Inhlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yewayini Newayini/OIV). Inani lokuthunyelwa kwewayini laseSpain lifinyelele cishe ku-2.68 billion wama-Euro (Spanish Wine Market Observatory).

Ngo-2021 imakethe yewayini yaseSpain iqhubekile nokuchuma ngenani lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10.7 kanye nokukhula okubikezelwayo ngenani Lokukhula Lonyaka Elihlanganisiwe (CAGR) elidlula amaphesenti ayi-7. Phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zewayini, iwayini elisasele liyikhulu kunawo wonke kuyilapho iwayini elicwebezelayo belikulungele ukubhalisa ukukhula okusheshayo ngokwenani. Isiteshi sokusabalalisa esithengiswayo sinesabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi ukupakishwa kwengilazi kuhlala kuyimpahla esetshenziswa kakhulu. IMadrid yavela njengemakethe yewayini enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni.

Amagilebhisi

I-Rioja

I-Rioja Designation of Origin (DO) ihlanganisa amahektha angu-54,000 ezivini ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ye-Spain, kusukela e-La Rioja, ezweni lase-Basque, nase-Navarre. Lesi sifunda sibungazwa njengenye yezindawo zaseSpain ezikhiqiza iwayini kakhulu. Enkabeni yesifunda kukhona amagilebhisi e-Tempranillo akhuliswa ngokucophelela futhi aguge emiphongolweni ye-oki ekhiqiza iwayini eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nelidume umhlaba wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Okubalulekile

Isifunda sewayini se-Priorat sitholakala e-Catalonia, isikhungo se-viticulture enesivuno esincane lapho izivini zibambelela emagqumeni aphakeme, amadwala, abekwe endaweni engamamitha angu-100-700 ngaphezu kolwandle. Kulezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu imivini iyazabalaza ukuze ikhule kahle, ikhiqiza amagilebhisi ngokushuba okumangalisayo nokugxila. Amawayini akhiqizwayo anombala obomvu ogcwele umzimba oletha ukujula kanye nesimilo.

Izinguquko Zokulawula

Imboni yewayini yaseSpain yethule izigaba ezintsha nemithethonqubo ukuze ivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo futhi yamukele uhla olubanzi lwamawayini. I-Vino de la Terra kanye ne-Vine de Mesa zinikeza ukuguquguquka ekuhlukaniseni iwayini ngokususelwa ekucatshangelweni kwendawo kanye nekhwalithi kuyilapho ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Vinicola de Espana kuvumela ukuqashelwa kwamawayini ekhwalithi ephezulu angangeni phakathi kwezinhlelo zendabuko ze-DO, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle ekwenzeni iwayini kwe-Spanish. .

Ngombono wami

U-Evan Goldstein usanda kwethula amawayini emcimbini we-Foods and Wines wase-Spain eNew York City:

1. I-Mazas Garnacha Tinta 2020.

Iwayini elakhiwe lisuka ku-Tinto de Toro, i-Clone yaseSpain eyingqayizivele ye-Tempranillo, ehambisana namaphesenti angu-10 e-Garnacha; uhlonishwe ngendondo ehlonishwayo ye-Decanter World Wine Award, Best in Show (2022).

I-Bodegas Mazas izinikele ekuphishekeleni ukwenza amawayini aqavile naphambili. Bafeza inhloso yabo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje endaweni yabo yewayini eseMorales de Toro. Wonke amagilebhisi asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwawo iwayini athathwa ezivinini zawo ku-Toro Designation of Origin (DO). Ifa linezivini ezine ezihlukene ezisabalele esifundeni saseToro saseCastilla y Leon. Ezimbili zalezi zivini zineminyaka engaphezu kwama-80 kanti ezinye ezimbili zingaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala. Sekukonke, izivini zifaka amahektha ayi-140; nokho, i-Bodegas Mazas ikhetha amagilebhisi enanini elilinganiselwe lamaphasela omvini amadala amahle kakhulu ukuze akhe iwayini lawo.

Izimo zezulu zalesi sifunda zibonakala ngokuba nemvula ephansi kanye nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa umhlabathi ongavundile kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa. Lezi zimo zikhiqiza amawayini anombala oqinile kanye nama-flavour ezithelo.

amanothi:

I-Mazas Garna Tinta 2020 iveza ukubukeka okukhangayo, nombala wayo obomvu ojulile, o-burgundy oshintsha kancane kancane ube ngumphetho opinki othambile. I-bouquet iyi-medley ephilayo yama-cherries avuthiwe amnandi, ahambisana ne-symphony yama-flavour, okuhlanganisa ukusikisela kwezimbali, ama-plums amnyama amnandi, ama-strawberries avuthiwe, kanye nezinongo ezithambile ezilukwe ngokuvumelana ne-undertones. Iwayini liletha ukuthungwa okunethezeka nokuthambile okuqhubekayo kuze kube sekugcineni okuhlotshiswe nge-essence yomhlaba ethokozisayo.

2. I-Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose.

100% Tempranillo. UCastilla y Leon, eSpain. I-Vegan, i-Certified Organic. Esimeme. Ibhodlela ngalinye lineqhaza ekubuyiselweni kwezixhobo zamakhorali ezimelela amaphesenti angama-25 ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

I-Hijos de Antonio Barcelo iyi-bodega ehlonishwayo enefa elaqala ngo-1876. Ifa elicebile lihlanganiswe nezinqubo zesimanjemanje kuholela ewayinini elingaphelelwa isikhathi nelishintshayo. Indawo yokwenza iwayini ayithathi hlangothi, inciphisa i-carbon footprint yayo kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Iwayini lihlanganiswe ngezinto ezithambile emhlabeni futhi ibhodlela elikhanyayo linciphisa indawo yemvelo.

amanothi:         

I-Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose yiwayini eliheha izinzwa. Ukubukeka kwayo okucwebezelayo kwembula umbala wamakhorali othambile okhanga ngendlela ekhanga ngayo. I-bouquet iyi-symphony yamakha, lapho ama-currants abomvu nama-raspberries agqamile ethatha indawo ephakathi, ehlangana ngokuvumelana namanothi amnandi ezithelo zamatshe, okukhumbuza amapentshisi avuthiwe. Lamaphunga abheke phambili izithelo ahambisana kahle nezimbali ezimhlophe ezingemuva.

Lapho uphuza le rozi enhle, ulwanga luphathwa ngendlela enambitheka efana nesithembiso esinephunga elimnandi. Ubumnandi bamabhilikosi namapentshisi budansa ku-taste buds, okudala ukuhlangana okujabulisayo kwemizwa yezithelo. Lapho nje ucabanga ukuthi uhlangabezane nakho konke, kuvela inhlansi ecashile ye-grapefruit ephinki, engeza ukusonteka okuqabulayo nokunethezeka kuleli wayini le-ethereal.

3. I-Verdeal. 20 de abril organic Verdejo 2022

Ngo-2007, u-Eduardo Poza wamukela amagilebhisi e-Verdejo, waqala uhambo olwazala i-VERDEAL, uhlobo lwesimanje oluthola ingqikithi yalo endaweni ye-DO Rueda futhi luveza ubunikazi balo obuhlukile kanye ne-DNA.

Amagilebhisi e-Verdejo abonisa iwayini elimhlophe eliqhakazile nelivuselelayo, elibonakala ngamanothi e-apula eliluhlaza kanye ne-citrus egqamile, ehambisana nokuhluka kwepentshisi, ibhilikosi, nezimbali ezintekenteke, okuphetha ngokuthi i-balsamic iphethe amasu e-fennel ne-aniseed.

Izivini ezihlinzeka ngamagilebhisi aleli wayini eliyingqayizivele zineminyaka engu-13 ubudala futhi zilinywa ngendlela engokwemvelo. Ngesivuno sokukhiqiza esisukela ku-6,000 kuya ku-8,000 kg ehektheleni ngalinye, leli wayini lifinyelela ukuhlangana okuphezulu kwezingxenye zamagilebhisi, okuholela ekuhlangenwe nakho kwewayini elimnandi nelisezingeni eliphezulu.

amanothi:

Leli wayini likanokusho linikeza umbala osaphuzi ngokukhanyayo nokuqina okumaphakathi futhi likhanga izinzwa emgubhweni we-Verdejo. Ekuhogeleni kokuqala, kutholakala isixha sezimbali esikhangayo esihlanganisa ubunjalo bezithelo zasezindaweni ezishisayo nomcako oshubile, ofaka iwayini ngokucwebezela okuvuselelayo. Ukujula, amacebo amakhambi nemifino eluhlaza ayavela, okungeza ungqimba oluyinkimbinkimbi ekuhlangenwe nakho okunephunga elimnandi. Iwayini ligcina ukulingana okuveza isiphetho esisha nesihlala njalo ngamasu amakhambi, okushiya umbhalo omnandi olwangeni.

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