Umgibeli wendiza ulimele ngokuwa kwemithwalo emgqonyeni ongaphezulu

Kulesi sihloko saleli sonto sihlola icala lika-Lee v. Air Canada, 2017 US Dist. I-LEXIS 3458 (SDNY 2017) lapho umgibeli endizeni yamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwe-United States ne-Canada “ebehlezi esihlalweni sakhe esisephaseji ngesikhathi eshaywa ekhanda yi-roller bag yomunye umgibeli (uMnu. waye) ephakamise isikhwama sakhe ukuze asibeke emgqonyeni ongaphezulu (lapho) 'eshaywa' noma 'eshaywa' umgibeli emlenzeni wakhe…obedlula ngendlela' (okwenze uMnu. X walahlekelwa ibhalansi futhi wehla isikhwama sakhe)”. Ngenxa yokuthi le ndiza bekuyindiza yamazwe ngamazwe amalungelo nezixazululo zikaNkz. Lee abuswa Ingqungquthela YaseMontreal, ozongena esikhundleni seNgqungquthela yase-Warsaw [bona u-Dickerson, uMthetho Wokuhamba eSahlukweni 2A].

Ukuvuselelwa Kokuqondiwe Kobuphekula

Stockholm, Sweden

E-Anderson & Sorensen, I-Stockholm Truck Attack Ibulala 4; Ubuphekula Buyasoleka, nytimes.com (4/7/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Owesilisa ushayele iloli elintshontshiwe langena esixukwini sabantu endaweni yezitolo edumile eStockholm ngoLwesihlanu ntambama wabe eseyigaxa esitolo somnyango, kwashona abantu abane kwalimala abangu-15 ekuhlaselweni okwadala ukuchitheka kwegazi nokwethuka emigwaqweni yenye inhloko-dolobha yaseYurophu. 'I-Sweden ihlaselwe', kusho uNdunankulu uStefan Lofven engqungqutheleni yezindaba yethelevishini.'Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi kuyisenzo sokwesaba'”.

ISt. Petersburg, eRussia

E-Nechepurenko nase-MacFarquhar, Ukuqhuma e-St. Petersburg, e-Russia, Kubulale abangu-11 njengoba u-Vladimir Putin Evakashela, nytimes.com (4/3/2017)(“Isitimela sasisanda kungena emhubheni ophakathi kweziteshi, lapho siphuma endaweni ewugwadule , ngesikhathi kuqhuma ibhomu, lo mshini owenziwe ekhaya, obugcwele izinsalela, waklebhula imoto yesithathu, wabulala abantu abangu-11, walimaza abangaphezu kuka-40, kuhlanganise nezingane, futhi wasakaza umonakalo obulalayo ngesikhathi isitimela sixhugela esiteshini seTechnology Institute sigcwele intuthu. emoyeni…'Iphupho elibi kangaka' omunye wamemeza phakathi nokukhala okuhlabayo”.

Museum of Ice Cream

E-Museum of Ice Cream imemezela ukuvulwa kwayo e-Los Angeles, etn.travel (3/28/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Imyuziyemu ye-Ice Cream ivula iminyango yayo eWest Coast kulo Ephreli ithi iLos Angeles enelanga njengezindawo zayo zesibili ezilindelwe ngabomvu. …Imyuziyamu ye-Ice Cream ihehe izethameli zomhlaba wonke ngokwethula kwayo ngo-2016 ngendlela engakaze ibonwe e-New York City, idayisa ngezinsuku ezinhlanu futhi iheha uhlu lokulinda lwabangu-200,000… grow house', igumbi elinikezelwe e-California, ihlathi le-popsicle elincibilikile nokunye, Ichibi lokufafaza eliyisakhiwo sodumo elibhukuda eligcwele ukufafaza kwezigidi eziyikhulu”. Jabulela.

Izingane Kufanele Zinxeshezelwe

E-Paris, Izingane zifanelwe isinxephezelo sokubambezeleka kwendiza futhi, kuthola inkantolo, msn.com (4/6/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ngemva kokuba indiza yeRyanair ibambezeleke ngamahora ayisishiyagalolunye, inkampani yezindiza yavuma ukukhokha isinxephezelo komunye wabesilisa abadala. abagibeli kodwa wenqaba ukukhokha imali efanayo endodakazini yakhe enezinyanga eziyisithupha, eyayihlale emathangeni ngesikhathi indiza. Inkampani yezindiza yesabelomali yaphikisa ngokuthi akufanele ikhokhe isinxephezelo ezinganeni ezingenayo indawo yokuhlala futhi ezingaphansi kwenkokhelo (E20) kuphela yezingane. Liphinde lathi le ntombazanyana yayingeke ibhekane nezinkinga ngenxa yeminyaka yayo encane. Kodwa ijaji eNkantolo Yesifunda saseLiverpool alizange livume futhi lanquma ukuthi ingane ingumgibeli ngezinjongo zemithethonqubo. I-Ryanair isibize lesi sinqumo ngokuthi 'yi-daft' futhi iyalela abameli bayo ukuthi badlulise lesi sinqumo ngokushesha”.

Ngicela, Ungahlali Ku-Columbia

Inani lokufa kwabantu abavela e-Columbia's mudslides likhuphuka lafinyelela ku-254, travelwirenews.com (4/2/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi "Izisulu zigubhe imfucumfucu zifuna abantu ezibathandayo futhi zizama ukusindisa impahla yokugcina esele ngoMgqibelo (April 1) ngemuva kodaka. amaslayidi edolobheni laseColombia iMocoa, eMnyangweni wePutumayo, abulala abantu abangu-254 futhi alimala nabanye abangamakhulu”.

E-Casey, 'Izidumbu Ziyabola' Ngemva Kwe-Mudslide e-Columbia, nytimes.com (4/3/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Izidumbu bezinqwabelana ngoMsombuluko ekuseni eMocoa, idolobha laseColumbian lapho kwenziwe khona udaka nemfucumfucu. akunakwenzeka ezindaweni ukubona ukuthi ukhona owake wahlala khona. Abatakuli baqhubekile nokukhuculula imfucumfucu bebheka abashonile. Futhi amalungu omndeni…anxuse izidumbu zabathandekayo babo ukuze bangcwatshwe ngendlela efanele”.

I-Chinese Tourism Academy

Edolobheni lase-Italy lisayina isivumelwano ne-Chinese tourism academy, travelwirenews.Com ( 3/29/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “i-China Tourism Academy isayine isivumelwano nedolobha lase-Italy i-Bologna e-Beijing ngoLwesithathu ukwenza ucwaningo ngemikhuba yabavakashi base-China. kanye nezidingo….UMatteo Lepore, isekela lemeya yaseBologna, uthe leli dolobha, elinomlando omude, isiko elicebile nokudla okumnandi, liyindawo ezuzisa izivakashi zaseChina. Iphinde ibe nenyuvesi endala kunazo zonke eYurophu, manje esesingethe abafundi ababalelwa ku-1,000 XNUMX abavela eChina”.

I-Penn Station Rail Ukubambezeleka

EFitzsimmons, At Penn Station, Rail Mishap Spurs Large and Lasting Headache, nytimes.com (4/4/2017) kuphawulwe ukuthi “Kube yiphutha elincane-izimoto ezimbalwa esitimeleni esihamba kancane saseNew Jersey Transit zeqa amathrekhi. ngoMsombuluko ekuseni ePennsylvania Station eNew York. Kodwa ngakusasa, isingene enkingeni yezokuthutha, ikhwela inyuka yenyuka oGwini Olusempumalanga, kwathuthukisa izimpilo zamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi kukhombisa ngokusobala isimo esintekenteke sengqalasizinda emhubheni wezwe omatasatasa wezokuthutha”.

Ndlovu Khululeka Kancane

E-Gettleman, Izindlovu Zithola Ukuphumula Njengenani Le-Ivory Falls, nytimes.com (3/29/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ekugcineni, usunezindaba ezithile zezindlovu. Intengo yamazinyo endlovu eChina, okuyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yamazinyo endlovu, yehle kakhulu, okungase kusho ukukhululeka ekuzingeleni okungekho emthethweni okwenzeke kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Ngokombiko okhishwe ngoLwesithathu yiSave the Elephants, iqembu elihlonishwayo lezilwane zasendle eKenya, intengo yamazinyo endlovu ingaphansi kwengxenye yaleyo eyayiyikho eminyakeni emithathu edlule, okubonisa ukuthi isidingo sawo siyehla. Izikhathi ezinzima zomnotho, umkhankaso wokumela oqhubekayo kanye nokuzibophezela kweChina ekuvaleni uhwebo lwasekhaya lwamazinyo endlovu kulo nyaka yikhona okudale lolu shintsho, kusho ongoti bezindlovu”.

Izimoto Zakwa-Uber Ezizishayelayo Zimisiwe

E-Isaac, i-Uber Imisa Ukuhlolwa Kwezimoto Ezizishayelayo Ngemva Kwengozi yase-Arizona, nytimes.com (3/25/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “u-Uber uthe ngoMgqibelo wayemisa ukuhlolwa kwezimoto ezizishayelayo, ngemva kosuku olulandelayo. enye yezimoto ibandakanyeke engozini eTempe, e-Ariz. Imoto yakwa-Uber, ebinomuntu esihlalweni somshayeli kodwa ibizishayela, ibingelona iphutha kule ngozi, ngokusho kokhulumela uMnyango wamaPhoyisa eTempe. . Imoto yakwa-Uber yakwa-Uber iVolvo XC90 ishayiswe ngesikhathi umshayeli wenye imoto ehluleka ukuyihambisa…Le ngozi yenze imoto yakwa-Uber yagingqika eceleni kwayo”.

Ubani Ontshontshe Ubuchwepheshe bukaWaymo?

Ku-Wakabayashi no-Isaac, i-Uber Iphika ukuthi Isebenzisa I-Stolen Waymo Technology, ku-nytimes.com (4/7/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “I-Uber iziphikile izimangalo ezivela ku-Waymo, inkampani yezimoto ezishayelayo ephuma enkampanini engumzali yakwa-Google ngonyaka odlule, ukuthi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemoto engashayeli eyebiwe isisebenzi sangaphambili se-Google. Enkantolo yombuso ngoLwesihlanu, u-Uber uthe uqale ukuklama ingxenye ebalulekile yemoto yakhe ezimele ngaphambi kokuqasha u-Anthony Levandokski, inhloko yezimoto ezizishayelayo kwa-Uber okusuka kwakhe ku-Google kuwumgogodla wecala lempahla yengqondo phakathi kwalezi zinkampani ezimbili. .

Hamba kahle Denmark

E-Farvel, i-Uber iyaphuma eDenmark, https://qz.com (3/28/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ngezinye izikhathi i-Uber ingaba isihluleki esikhulu. Inkampani yabagibeli ngoLwesibili (March 28) ithe izoyeka ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi eDenmark kusukela ngo-Aril 18, icaphuna izinguquko 'ezingenakusebenza' emithethweni yamatekisi endawo. Lezo zinguquko, okuhlelwe ukuthi zibe nomthelela ngonyaka ozayo, zibeke amalayisense amasha okushayela amatekisi ku-125 ngekota. Futhi zidinga ukuthi zonke izimoto zibe namamitha okugibela, futhi zikhawulele izinhlobo zezimoto ezingasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezifana namatekisi...inkampani inabashayeli base-Danish abangu-2,000 nabagibeli base-Danish abangu-300,000…Emazweni ambalwa ase-Europe-Sweden, France kanye neJalimane- Ngaphambilini i-Uber yamisa isevisi ye-UberPop, eqhathaniswa ne-UberX yase-US Yaphuma eTaiwan ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ngemva kokuqongelela imali elinganiselwa ku-$10 million yenhlawulo…ELondon, ummeli usanda kuthatha isinyathelo sokuqala sokumangalela i-Uber futhi efuna inkampani khokha intela ye-value added 20% yase-UK kukho konke ukugibela. E-Spain, i-Uber ibangele imibhikisho eshubile ”.

I-Kosher Pizza War yaseBrooklyn

E-Kilgannon, E-Brooklyn's Kosher Pizza War, Modern Tastes Battle Law Ancient, nytimes.com (3/28/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Edolobheni elihlanyiswa i-pizza njenge-New York, kuqubuka izimpi zama-pizza ngokujwayelekile, kusuka edolani. sika amajoyinti alwela amakhasimende e-Manhattan engxabano ye-Mafia-tinted mayelana nerisidi yesosi eyebiwe phakathi kwesitolo se-pizza e-Brooklyn nesinye e-Staten Island. Kodwa mhlawumbe akukho lutho oluqhathaniswa nempi ye-pizza ye-kosher, ehlanganisa i-foodie-ism yekhulu lama-21 ngokumelene nezwe elinqunyiwe lekhulu le-19 lendawo yangakini yama-Hasidic. Abanikazi ababili bezindawo zokudlela ze-pizza, bobabili abangamaJuda angama-Orthodox, sebengene shí ecaleni laseBrooklyn kuphela, hhayi enkantolo ka-Agasti, kodwa ehholo elingacacile lezobulungiswa elaziwa ngokuthi yiNkantolo Yama-Rabbinical yaseBorough Park, elalela amacala egumbini elilula. ngenhla kwesinagoge endaweni yokuhlala. Enkabeni yempi akuzona izintengo noma izindlela zokupheka zososo, kodwa izincazelo ezifihlekile zomthetho ongcwele ezibhalwe ngesi-Aramu sasendulo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Zombili izinhlangothi zisebenzise imithetho eshiwo yiTorah neTalmud, kanye nenani lencwadi yokupheka lokutolikwa kwemithetho ye-kosher nezindinganiso zesitifiketi”.

Ifoni yaseNdiya Romeos

E-Barry, i-'Phone Romeos' yase-India ifuna uNksz. Right via Wrong Numbers, nytimes.com (3/22/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Esikhungweni sezingcingo esiseceleni kwengilazi, amaphoyisa oconstable clicketyclack on computer keyboard, on the trail. isigebengu ikakhulukazi samaNdiya. 'Ucingo uRomeo' aziwa ngalo lapha, ushayela izinombolo noma nini kuze kube yilapho ezwa izwi lowesifazane, ngethemba lokuthi uzoqoma. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abakhongi abamakweqile ('Ngingakwazi yini ukukushaja kabusha iselula yakho?'), abacela ukuthuthumela ('Ngikhuluma nawe nkosikazi, kodwa umzimba wami uyavevezela') kanye nabaphefumula kanzima ngezikhathi ezithile ('Ngifuna ukwenza izinto ezingekho emthethweni wena'). Ukudayela izinombolo ezingalungile ngamabomu kuyindlela enzima yokuthola intombi. Kodwa kuya ngokuya kuvame emazweni amaningi-i-Morocco, i-Papua New Guinea, i-Bangladesh kanye ne-India izibonelo-lapho ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili okungokwesiko kungqubuzane khona negagasi lobuchwepheshe obusha obushibhile. I-India iyaziqhenya ngokushintsha kwayo omakhalekhukhwini. Izindleko zezingcingo ziphakathi kweziphansi kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ukuncintisana kuthumele intengo yokwehla kwe-broadband. Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-680 amaNdiya asebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini, kanti abasanda kufika abayizigidi ezintathu bangena ku-inthanethi njalo ngenyanga”.

Ekujuleni kwe-Amazon

E-Romero, Deep in the Amazon i-Remarkable Beach (kanye ne-Ant-Eating) Experience, nytimes.com (3/20/2017) kwaphawulwa ukuthi i-Alter Do Chao, Brazil-Yize iqhelelene nolwandle endaweni eyihlane. ekhoneni lehlathi lase-Amazon, i-Alter do Chao kumele ikleliswe phakathi kwamadolobha asogwini akhanga kakhulu emhlabeni. Amabhishi anesihlabathi esimhlophe eduze koMfula iTapajos akhanga izivakashi ezishayela zisuka kude eCuiaba, idolobha elivaliwe eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-1,000 4,600 ukuya eningizimu. Amanzi acwebile, afudumele aheha ama-snorkelers kanye nabasebenzi be-standup paddle boarding. Ngenkathi ngisohambweni lokubika kulo nyaka e-Amazon Basin, ngibalekele e-Alter do Chao izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kokuzwa izindaba zobuhle bayo obumangelengele. Ezweni elinogu olungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-55 XNUMX, ngazibuza ukuthi ingabe elinye lamabhishi angcono kakhulu eBrazil lalingase lingene ekujuleni kwehlathi lemvula elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. 'Uma ufuna ukuzwa i-Alter yangempela, kuzodingeka udle intuthwane', u-Pito, XNUMX, waseNdiya waseCumaruara oqondisa izivakashi ohambweni olunqamula ehlathini wangichazela. Wakhipha inhlwa ye-sauva ehlathini futhi wangiqunga isibindi ngayidla. Ishwabene njengo-popcorn, yayimnandi, inamacengezi kalamula”.

Isihloko Somthetho Wokuhamba: Icala lika-Lee

Njengoba kuphawulwe yiNkantolo “Ummangali uLisa Lee umangalele ummangalelwa i-Air Canada, efuna inhlawulo yokulimala okusolwa ukuthi akuthole endizeni eqhutshwa ummangalelwa. U-Lee usola ukuthi walimala ngesikhathi ucezu lomthwalo omunye umgibeli abezama ukuwubeka endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwesihlalo sommangali wamshaya ekhanda. Isimangalo silawulwa yi-Montreal Convention, egunyaza abagibeli ukuthi bathole umonakalo owenziwe ezindizeni zamazwe ngamazwe. Ummangalelwa (ufuna isahlulelo esifingqiwe esichitha isikhalazo) ngezizathu zokuthi isigameko esidale ukulimala okusolakala ukuthi u-Lee kwakungeyona 'ingozi' ngokwemigomo ye-Montreal Convention…(futhi ufuna ukukhawulela) isibopho sakhe ngokuhambisana ne-Article 21 ye-Montreal. Ingqungquthela (kuya) ku-113,100 SDRs (cishe u-$150,000)”.

Inqubo Yokugibela

“Ngesikhathi sesigameko, abasebenzi basebhanoyini be-Air Canada 'babemiswe kuyo yonke le ndlu' futhi 'bebenza imisebenzi yabo ehlanganisa 'ukubingelela abagibeli, ukuqondisa abagibeli ezihlalweni zabo futhi ngokuvamile beqapha ikhabethe ukuze baphephe'. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi izisebenzi zasendizeni zenze noma yisiphi isimemezelo noma isexwayiso mayelana nokugeleza kwabagibeli phakathi nenqubo yokugibela. Omunye osebenza endizeni ye-Air Canada…wabona isikhwama (sikaMnu. X) siwa kodwa 'ayikwazanga ukuvimba isikhwama ukuthi singashayi [u-Lee] njengoba wayeqhele ngemigqa emihlanu kuya kweyisishiyagalombili futhi 'kwakunabanye abagibeli endleleni'”.

Imithethonqubo Iyathotshelwa

“Amaqembu awakuphikisi ukuthi isikhwama (sikaMnu. X) sasihambisana ngokugcwele nemigomo yemithwalo ye-Air Canada; ukuthi akukho mithetho yombuso engeyona izinqubomgomo ze-Air Canada eyayidinga ilungu labasebenzi bekhabhinethi ukuthi lisize (uMnu. X) afake isikhwama sakhe emgqonyeni ongaphezulu…nokuthi inombolo nokuma kwabasebenzi endizeni bekuhambisana nemithetho yenhlangano kanye nezindinganiso zomkhakha”.

Ingqungquthela yaseMontreal

Ingqungquthela yaseMontreal yadlula iSivumelwano saseWarsaw okwaxoxiswana ngaso “futhi sashaywa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili (kanye) 'nenhloso enkulu' 'kwakuwukufinyelela[e] ukufana kwemithetho elawula izimangalo ezivela kwezokuthutha ngezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe'... I-Warsaw Convention yabhalwa ngenkathi imboni yezindiza isafufusa, yazama 'ukukhawulela isibopho sezinkampani zezindiza ukuze ikhuthaze ukukhula' kwaleyo mboni...Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izinhlangano zombuso zeSivumelwano saseWarsaw zaxoxisana. isivumelwano-i-Montreal Convention-ukuthatha indawo ye-Warsaw Convention kanye 'ne-hodgepodge yezichibiyelo ezingeziwe kanye nezivumelwano zezinkampani ezisebenzisana nayo'…Ngokungafani nomanduleli waso, lesi senzo esisha ngokusobala 'sivuna abagibeli esikhundleni sezindiza'. Kususe uhlelo lwe-Warsaw ' ama-caps arbitrary' esikweletini senkampani yezindiza futhi abathwali 'banesibopho esiqinile se-100,000 yokuqala (Amalungelo Akhethekile Okudweba ('SDRs)] yomonakalo oqinisekisiwe womgibeli ngamunye".

Isigaba 17: Ingozi

“Naphezu komehluko phakathi kwezinhloso zabo ezinkulu, iNgqungquthela YaseMontreal yagcina izinhlinzeko eziningi ezazikhona ku-Warsaw Convention (kuhlanganise neSigaba 17 esihlinzeka ngokuthi) Umthwali unesibopho somonakalo owenzeka uma umgibeli efa noma elimaza umzimba. umbandela kuphela wokuthi ingozi ebangele ukufa noma ukulimala iqhubeke endizeni noma phakathi nanoma yimiphi imisebenzi yokugibela noma yokwehla”.

Ukuchaza "Ingozi"

“Nakuba i-Montreal Agreement and Warsaw Convention ivumela umgibeli olimele ukuthi abuyise amademeshe kunkampani yezindiza kuphela uma kwenzeka 'ingozi', asikho isivumelwano esichaza igama. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yavala lesi sikhala ecaleni lango-1985, i-Air France v. Saks, 470 US 392, 405 (1985) ngokumemezela ngokusobala nangokuvumelana ukuthi 'ingozi' ivela 'kuphela uma ukulimala komgibeli kubangelwe into ebingalindelekile noma engalindelekile. isigameko esingajwayelekile noma okwenzeka ngaphandle komgibeli'. Inkantolo yakwa-Saks iyalele izinkantolo ezisezingeni eliphansi ukuthi zisebenzise incazelo yayo kokubili 'ngokuguquguquka' kanye 'nangobubanzi'…Noma kunjalo, incazelo ebanzi eklanywe yiNkantolo Ephakeme ayisho ukuthi konke ukulimala okwenzeka endizeni kuwumphumela 'wengozi. '”.

Icala Lihlaziywe

“Izinkantolo zithole ukuthi izinto eziwa emagumbini angaphezulu kokubili 'azilindelekile futhi azijwayelekile' futhi 'zingaphandle' kubagibeli abaneshwa okufikelwa kubo (ecaphuna uMaxwell v, Aer Lingus Ltd., 122 F. Supp. 2d 210 D. Mass. 2000); Smith v. American Airlines, Inc., 2009 US Dist. LEXIS 94013 (ND Cal.2009 ('Ibhodlela eliwa lisuka phezulu 'belingalindelekile futhi lingajwayelekile', kwakuwumcimbi 'owawungaphandle ' kumzimba wommangali futhi kubangele ukulimala komzimba wommangali. Ngakho-ke izimfuneko ze-Saks…zanelisiwe')…Ngenxa yokuthi isikhwama somunye umgibeli esiwela ekhanda lomgibeli ongasoli lutho kwakuyisigameko esingalindelekile noma esingajwayelekile esasingaphandle kwakhe—le Nkantolo ithola ukuthi izimo kulokhu 'ingozi' ngokuhambisana ne-Athikili 17 ye-Montreal Convention”.

I-Damages Limited

Ngokuvumelana ne-Article 21 ye-Montreal Convention, inkampani yezindiza ayinasibopho somonakalo ongaphezu kuka-100,000 SDRs uma inkampani yenethiwekhi ifakazela ukuthi 'umonakalo onjalo awubangelwanga ubudedengu noma esinye isenzo esingalungile noma ukushiywa kwenkampani yenethiwekhi noma izisebenzi zayo noma ama-ejenti'... Namuhla 'isikweletu esiqinile' senkampani yezindiza empeleni singu-113,100 SDRs...ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali... Ngemva kokucubungula ubufakazi...iNkantolo ithola ukuthi i-Air Canada ibonise ukuthi njengendaba yomthetho yasebenzisa icala eliphusile (futhi) ithole ukuthi kwakungelona iqiniso. ubudedengu njengendaba o (ngakho-ke) isibopho sakhona sikhawulelwe kuma-SDR ayi-113,100 omonakalo obonakalayo”.

Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, uyi-Associate Justice esethathe umhlalaphansi ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi ubelokhu ebhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-41 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press. (2016), Litigating International Torts in US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2016) kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-400 eziningi zazo ezitholakala ku-nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Ukuze uthole izindaba ezengeziwe zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU bheka i-IFTTA.org

Lo mbhalo awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume kaThomas A. Dickerson.

Funda eziningi ze- Izindatshana zikaJustice Dickerson lapha.