Iwayini le-Bordeaux: I-Pivot esuka kubantu iye emhlabathini

Iwayini lenziwe endaweni yewayini yaseBordeaux kusukela amaRoma ahlala endaweni (60 BC). AmaRoma ayengawokuqala ukutshala izivini (okungenzeka atholwe eRioja, eSpain) futhi akhiqize iwayini endaweni. Ngisho nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD, iwayini lesifunda laziswa futhi lasakazwa kumasosha aseRoma, kanye nezakhamuzi zaseGaul naseBrithani. EPompeii, kuye kwatholakala izingcezu ze-Amphorae ezikhuluma ngeBordeaux. Le ndawo yayilungele ukutshala amagilebhisi ewayini okuhlanganisa inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yenhlabathi efanele, isimo sezulu sasolwandle, kanye nokufinyelela okulula kuMfula iGaronne okwakudingeka ukuze kuthunyelwe iwayini ezindaweni zaseRoma.

Ngo-1152, indlalifa ye-Duchy of Aquitaine, u-Eleanor wase-Aquitaine, washada nenkosi yesikhathi esizayo yaseNgilandi, u-Henry Plantagenet, kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi iNkosi uHenry 11. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1300, iBordeaux yayisiphenduke idolobha elikhulu futhi ngekhulu le-14 lamawayini eBordeaux. zathunyelwa eNgilandi zisuka e-St. Emilion ukuze kuthokozelwe u-King Edward I.

U-Richard the Lionheart, indodana ka-Eleanor kanye no-Henry II, wenze i-Bordeaux iwayini isiphuzo sakhe sansuku zonke futhi, umphakathi othenga iwayini wavuma ukuthola ukuthi - uma belilunge ngokwanele eNkosini, belilunge ngokwanele kubo bonke abathandi bewayini baseBrithani abaqotho.

Intuthuko yamaDashi eBordeaux

AmaDashi nawo ayengabathandi bewayini leBordeaux; nokho-ke, babekhathazekile ngamawayini anenani elingcono kakhulu le-Bordeaux appellation futhi lokhu kwaba inkinga ngoba ama-Dutch ayedinga iwayini labo ukuthi lilethwe ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba lonakale. Babefuna amawayini ngentengo ephansi kanti lawa mawayini wonakala ngokushesha ngakho baqhamuke nomqondo wokushisa isibabule emiphongolweni, kusize ikhono lewayini ukuthi lihlale futhi liguge. AmaDashi abuye atuswe ngombono wokudonsa amanzi emaxhaphozini namaxhaphozi, okuvumela ukuthuthwa ngokushesha kwewayini lawo le-Bordeaux nokwenza kube nesikhala esithe xaxa sesivini futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise nenani lamawayini e-Bordeaux.

Gxila ku-Terror

Lapho sijabulela ingilazi yewayini, akuvamile ukuba kubonakale kithi ukuthi ukwenza iwayini kusekelwe emhlabathini, amagilebhisi, isimo sezulu, futhi nakuba iwayini lenziwe endaweni yokucwaninga, ingilazi yewayini emnandi ngempela incike kumlimi kanye abenzi bewayini/ososayensi abathatha amagilebhisi futhi, cishe njengama-alchemists, baphendule ijikijolo libe izingilazi zamawayini abomvu, amhlophe, ama-rose, nacwebezelayo.

I-Viticulture yi-Agri-business

I-Viticulture yigama elibanzi elihlanganisa ukutshalwa, ukuvikelwa, kanye nokuvunwa kwamagilebhisi lapho ukusebenza kungaphandle. I-Enology isayensi ephathelene newayini nokwenza iwayini, okuhlanganisa ukuvutshelwa kwamagilebhisi abe yiwayini futhi ikakhulukazi avalelwe ngaphakathi endlini. Isivini isitshalo sezivini ezithela amagilebhisi ezitshalwa ukwenziwa kwewayini, amagilebhisi omisiwe, amagilebhisi etafula kanye nejusi yamagilebhisi engenatshwala.

I-Viticulture ibe nokukhula okuphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwempahla yezolimo ngokuya nge-acreage kanye nenani kule minyaka engu-30 edlule futhi njengamanje iyibhizinisi lomhlaba wonke lamadola ayizigidigidi.

Ukukhula kudalwe yilokhu:

1. ukwanda kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe

2. ngcono imali engenayo emhlabeni

3. ukushintsha izinqubomgomo

4. izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni, ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni

5. ukucutshungulwa komkhiqizo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuholela ekwakhiweni kwenoveli nemikhiqizo enempilo, kuhlanganiswe nokuqwashisa okukhulu ngezinzuzo zezempilo zokudla okunothe ngama-antioxidants njengamagilebhisi.

Inzuzo

Ukutshala amagilebhisi wewayini kungenye yezinhlelo zokutshala izitshalo ezinenzuzo kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile ngokwamasiko emhlabeni. Ibhizinisi lezolimo lewayini lasungulwa phezu kobudlelwane obuthile besifunda-yesimo sezulu-cultivar futhi manje sekunokukhathazeka okukhulayo kokuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kungase kumise kabusha lezi zifunda, kuziqhubele ezindaweni eziphakeme kanye nokuphakama ukuze kufuneke amazinga okushisa apholile.

Izilimo ziyizinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshaliwe futhi zakhuliswa ngokungenelela kwabantu. Zidalwa lapho abantu bethatha izinhlobo zezitshalo bazikhulisele izici ezithile (okungukuthi, ukunambitheka, umbala, ukumelana nezinambuzane). Isitshalo esisha sitshalwa ngokusika isiqu, ukuxhunyelelwa noma isiko lamathishu. Isitshalo sikhuliswa ngenhloso kuze kube yilapho isici esifiselekayo siba namandla futhi sibonakale.

Izinhlobonhlobo inguqulo yesitshalo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo futhi ikhule kusukela enzalweni - enezici ezifanayo nezomzali wesitshalo.

Izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zihlanganisa amagilebhisi atshaliwe futhi zibhekisela kuma-cultivars kunokuba empeleni izinhlobo ze-botanical ngokusho kwe-International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivate Plants ngoba zisakazwa ngokusikwa futhi eziningi zinezakhiwo zokuzala ezingazinzile.

Izinhlobo Nezinhlobonhlobo

Izinhlobo ezithile zamagilebhisi ewayini ngayinye zinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lapho zingakhiqiza khona iwayini elisezingeni eliphezulu ngokwamukeleka kwezohwebo. Njengoba izimo zezulu zesifunda zifudumala ngaphandle kobubanzi obufanele, ikhwalithi yewayini ingase yehle. Ukuze isifunda siphile kufanele sizivumelanise nezimo, mhlawumbe ngokushintsha amasu okuphatha ukuze kugcinwe izinga lezithelo newayini kanye/noma ukushintsha ama-cultivar ukuze afanele kangcono isimo sezulu esisha, esifudumele.

Inhlekelele Yemboni Yokufudumala Komhlaba

Ukusatshalaliswa kabusha okukhulu kwezifunda ezitshala iwayini kungaba yinhlekelele kwezomnotho zezifunda eziningi. Ngisho nokushintsha ama-cultivar kungase kuphazamise kakhulu njengoba kuletha ukuhluka kwamawayini achaza ukuhlonza izifunda.

Amazinga okushisa asezingeni eliphezulu ahlukaniswa ngomkhawulo ophansi odingekayo ukuze kuvuthwe isithelo futhi umkhawulo ongaphezulu ungaholela esithelweni esivuthiwe (noma esilimele). Isithelo esivuthiwe kufanele sifake amazinga anele kashukela (oguqulwa abe wutshwala ngokuvutshelwa) kanye nama-metabolite esibili anomthelela kuphrofayili yezinzwa zewayini (okungukuthi, umbala, ama-aromatics, ukunambitheka, umlomo). Ukukhathazeka ukuthi amazinga okushisa aphezulu angaba nomthelela omubi ekubunjweni kwezithelo kanye nekhwalithi yewayini. Ngawo-1980 izinga likashukela laqala ukwanda kakhulu futhi liye saqhubeka.

Nakuba umlando uthola ukuthi isifunda saseBordeaux, emakhulwini eminyaka, sinengxube efanele yesimo sezulu esifanelekayo, ezolimo, ezokukhiqiza kanye nezohwebo ukuze kukhiqizwe iwayini elihle kakhulu, bakhona abanye abaye banquma ukuthi, “indawo yewayini enhle ngoba yazama ” (Hugh Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine). 

I-Bordeaux ikhiqiza ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yewayini laseFrance elisezingeni eliphezulu futhi lenziwe ngenhlanganisela ye-Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon kanye neCabernet Franc. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela eqophelweni lewayini futhi kuvame ukunquma izindawo ezitshalwa kakhulu iwayini emhlabeni jikelele. Isimo sezulu esilungile sokukhula kwamagilebhisi angenziwa abe yikhwalithi ephezulu yewayini ifaka ubusika obumanzi, obuncane ukuya obupholile, kulandelwa iziphethu ezifudumele bese kuba yihlobo elishisayo elishisayo elinemvula encane.

Ngenhlanhla ye-Bordeaux, ososayensi bathole ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu esifundeni sase-Bordeaux engxenyeni yesibili yekhulunyaka lama-20 kwakuvune ukukhiqizwa kwewayini okusezingeni eliphezulu; kodwa-ke, isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu sakamuva asibanga wusizo kangako ekwenzeni iwayini ngomonakalo emkhakheni wezolimo olinganiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-US $16 kanti cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokulahlekelwa okwenzeka eFrance.

Abalimi bewayini base-Bordeaux babhekene nezindleko zokujwayela isimo sezulu esishisayo futhi baphenya inqubekelaphambili kufuzo, ukuzalanisa, kanye nokushintshwa kwesivini ukuze basize ekwehliseni eminye yemiphumela emibi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngaphezu kohlelo lokuzalanisa olubheka ukusungula isitokwe somvini esikwazi ukumelana nokushisa. . Izinguquko kumasu okulima zihlanganisa:

1. Ukunciphisa ukudonsa kwamaqabunga ukuvikela amaqoqo ekushisweni yilanga

2. Ukuvuna ebusuku

3. Ukuphuza ukuthena

4. Ukwandisa ukuphakama kwesiqu somvini

5. Ukunciphisa ukuminyana kwezitshalo

6. Ukwandisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokufaka izidleke zezinyosi

7. Ukudala ubambiswano ne-Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux ukuze kuvikelwe izinyoni futhi kukhuthaze amalulwane ukuba adle izimbungulu nezinye izinambuzane esivinini, kunciphisa isidingo sezibulala-zinambuzane.

8. Ukukhuthaza iHaute Valeur Environmentale (Inani Eliphezulu Lemvelo) ye-HVE lapho obani izinhlelo zezivini eziqinisekisiwe okuhlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwamanzi nokusetshenziswa kukamanyolo, ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo kanye namasu okuvikela izitshalo.

Lolu uchungechunge olugxile ewayinini laseBordeaux.

Funda Ingxenye 1 Lapha:  Amawayini e-Bordeaux: Aqala Ngobugqila

© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.

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