Ezokuvakasha Esikhathini Seziphithiphithi

Ithiyori Theory

I-Chaos igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza umhlaba lapho kungekho lutho olunengqondo; lapho u-2 + 2 engalingani u-4, okusishiya sidideke ngokuphelele futhi ngokuphelele. Kwesinye isikhathi "umphumela wovemvane" usetshenziselwa ukuchaza lesi simo: umqondo ukuthi ukushaya amaphiko evemvane e-Argentina kungadala isiphepho eTexas emasontweni amathathu kamuva. Mhlawumbe, ngalo mzuzu, kungcono ukubheka u-Aristotle kanye nombono wakhe "wokuthembela ebucayi" lapho abona khona ukuthi, "ukuphambuka okuncane okuvela eqinisweni kuyaphindaphindwa kaningi" (Aristotle OTH, 271b8).

Ngeshwa, siphila endaweni yonke lapho amanga namaqiniso ayingxenye yawo eyejwayelekile; esikwamukele njengokunengqondo nezangempela izolo, akusasilethi imiphumela efanayo; esikwenzile ukudala ukulingana ezimpilweni zethu zobungcweti nezangasese akusalethi imiphumela egculisayo noma ezuzisayo.

Ukulungiselela ngaphambi kwenhlekelele

Imboni yamahhotela, ezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha igxekiwe ngokuba yiyo bengazilungele lezi zinhlekelele kanye nenhlekelele yezomnotho. Kubukeka sengathi abaholi bamabhizinisi nohulumeni kanye nosopolitiki bebengekho esimweni sokulungela ngezimpendulo ebezizonciphisa umthelela womcimbi we-COVID-19 njengoba uguquke.

Abanye basikisela ukuthi ukuhlolwa kobungozi kufanele kube yingxenye yenqubo yokuphatha futhi kususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwesimo, izinhlelo zezimo ezenziwayo ezenziwa ngokuya ngezimo ezithathwa njengezingahle zenzeke. Lona ngumbono omuhle kakhulu; kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwemicimbi ethile, okungukuthi, iziphepho eCaribbean, izinkinga zezokuvakasha azilindelekile lapho zivela, ekuziphendukeleni nasekuthintekeni kwazo. Yize imikhakha ebanzi yezinkinga, njengokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, ingahle ilindelwe futhi kusungulwe izivumelwano, empeleni, izinhlekelele nezinhlekelele zenzeka ngaphandle kwesixwayiso futhi zidinga ukusabela okusheshayo.

Ukuzulazula Onqenqemeni Lokuphazamiseka

Ukuzinza kanye noshintsho kuyingxenye yesici somkhakha wezokuvakasha. Noma kunokuqina nokulingana isikhathi esithile, leli bhalansi lihlale linciphile. Kukhona ingozi ekhona yokuphazamiseka. Ukugoqeka emuva "kumphumela wovemvane," embonini, isehlakalo esingajwayelekile singase siqale isethi yemicimbi eholela enkingeni enkulu. Isibonelo, ifu lomlotha elivela ekuqhumeni kwe-Eyjafjallajökull e-Iceland (2010), aligcinanga ngokuthinteka embonini yezindiza yomhlaba wonke, lidale ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwabantu ngabanye kanye namabhizinisi emhlabeni wonke ancike ezindizeni zamazwe omhlaba. Uma sibheka umzila we-COVID-19 - kusuka kwesinye isigameko eChina esabonwa kepha singathathwa njengesibalulekile, kuholele enkingeni yomqedazwe nakwezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele.

Okuyinhloko emcabangweni wezinxushunxushu ukuthi ukuhleleka kuzovela esimweni sokuxokozela; kodwa-ke kunesidingo sokuthi kube khona “isiqhingi sokuzinza” ngesikhathi sezinxushunxushu ezikhona. Kwezinye izimo, yizikhungo zikahulumeni ezinjengeNational Guard ne-FEMA. Kunesidingo somqondo ofanayo wencazelo, isu noma uhlelo lwevelu olushayela abantu ukufeza inhloso efanayo. Kusukela kwasungulwa i-COVID-19 - bekungekho nhlangano, inhlangano noma umuntu okwazi ukuhlinzeka ngesandla esiqinile, esiholayo esidingekayo ukuhola imboni ekusombululeni izinkinga nasekuqaleni okusha. Umhlaba kuye kwadingeka ubhekane negciwane kanye nokuwa komnotho ngokuvalelwa wedwa ngokuzihlukanisa, uthembele ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nasezindabeni zethelevishini kusakaza ulwazi, okuvame ukugcwala amanga, amaqiniso angaphelele kanye nehaba lokuzifunela.

Izinxushunxushu Zezindiza

Incazelo yobunzima obumboze ingxenye enkulu yendawo yonke isikisela ukuthi “sonke sikulokhu sindawonye.” Lokhu akusondeli nakancane eqinisweni (ngesikhathi lapho iqiniso lisentengo ye-premium). Imboni yezindiza idlala ibhulokhi nabagibeli bayo, abasebenzi bayo, izinhlaka zikahulumeni namabhange. Imboni isebenzisa imali eningi ikhuthaza umbono wokuthi ukuhamba ngezindiza kuphephile ngenkathi imininingwane ikhombisa ukuthi abagibeli bangenwa yi-COVID-19, bayagula futhi babhekene nokugula okuhlala isikhathi eside kanye / noma ukufa. Isikhungo Sokulawulwa Kwezifo (CDC) sathi, “Siphetha ngokuthi ingozi yokudluliswa okusemabhodini kwe-SARS-CoV-2 ngesikhathi sezindiza ezinde ingokoqobo futhi inamandla okudala amaqoqo e-COVID-19 osayizi omkhulu, ngisho nasezigabeni zebhizinisi ukuhleleka okufana nokuhlelwa kwezihlalo ezivulekile ngale kwebanga elisetshenzisiwe ukuchaza ukuthintana okuseduze ezindizeni. ”

Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Nezifo Ezithathelwanayo Nenqubomgomo (i-CIDRAP) (Septhemba 21, 2020) sicaphune izifundo ezintathu ezichaza ukuhanjiswa kwendiza kwe-COVID-19 ngesinye esithinta umgibeli oyedwa oyisibonakaliso okungenzeka ukuthi uthelele okungenani abanye abangu-12 ngesikhathi sendiza yomhlaba wonke.

Ucwaningo olulodwa, olushicilelwe ku-Emerging Infectious Diseases, lubukeze indiza yamahora ayishumi eVietnam Airlines isuka eLondon iya eHanoi, eVietnam ngoMashi 10 okuholele kubantu abayi-1 abagulayo ngaphezu kwesiguli senkomba, okwadala izinga lokuhlaselwa ngamaphesenti angama-15 kuma-62 indiza yesihlalo. Kubagibeli abangu-274 abangenwe esigabeni sebhizinisi, ama-12 (amaphesenti angama-8) athuthukise izimpawu ngemuva kokulingana kwezinsuku eziyi-67 ngemuva kokufika eHanoi. I-CIDRAP iphonsela inselelo lokho okutholwe yimboni yezindiza, “Ukudluliswa kwendiza i-VN8.8 kwahlanganiswa esigabeni sebhizinisi, lapho izihlalo sezihlukaniswe kabanzi kakhulu kunesigaba somnotho, futhi ukutheleleka kwasabalala kakhulu kunomthetho okhona wemigqa emi-54 noma u-2 wamamitha onconyelwe i-COVID -6.6 Ukuvikela endizeni nakwezinye izithuthi zomphakathi bekuzobamba ”( https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/ ). Ngo-Okthoba 20, 2020, uRachel DeSantis wabika ngokufa kukaJulayi 25, 2020 kwe-COVID-19 kowesifazane waseTexas (oneminyaka engama-30), owashona ebhanoyini ngesikhathi ehleli etiyela elinde ukusuka.

I-TSA ibika ukuthi bangu-271 abasebenzi abatholwe benamagciwane asebenzayo e-COVID-19. Kusukela kwaqala ubhadane, abasebenzi bakahulumeni abangu-2,204 8 bathola ukuthi banegciwane kwathi abangu-1 kanye nosonkontileka wokuhlola oyedwa babulawa yileli gciwane (tsa.gov/coronavirus).

Ngokusho kukaMcKinsey.com, imali engenayo yezindiza yehlile futhi u-2/3 wemikhumbi yezindiza emhlabeni umisiwe ngezindiza eziyi-18 ezigcwalisela ukuqothuka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Emhlabeni jikelele, kulinganiselwa ukuthi le mboni izolahlekelwa ngama- $ 315 billion emalini etholwa ngabagibeli ngo-2020. Izindiza ezintathu kuphela, iChina Airlines, Korean Air ne-Asiana Airlines ezibike inzuzo kwikota yesibili ngenxa yokuthembela kwabo emithwalweni.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka owedlule, imali engenayo ye-Q2 yeDelta yehle ngamaphesenti angama-91 njengoba amandla esistimu ehla ngamaphesenti angama-85. I-United Airlines ibike ukuthi inkampani ilahlekelwa yimali eyizigidi ezingama- $ 40 ngosuku. ILufthansa ibhalise ukwehla kwemali engenayo unyaka nonyaka ngamaphesenti angama-89 ngenkathi imali engenayo ye-Air France / KLM yehle ngamaphesenti angama-82 noma amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-6.6 uma kuqhathaniswa nekota yesibili ka-2019.

Lezi zinkampani zezindiza ziye zafuna ukuthi uhulumeni akhulule amabheyili kanti emhlabeni jikelele le mboni ithole usizo olubalelwa ezigidini ezingama-123 billion. Imali ithatha cishe u-1/5 wemali engenayo ka-2019; uhhafu wosizo, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-67, uza ngendlela yemalimboleko noma ezinye izikweletu ezizobuyiselwa, ngenzalo. Enye imali yayizobhekiswa kubasebenzi; kodwa-ke i-United ithembise ukukhokhela abasebenzi ngoSepthemba bese yehlisa inani labasebenzi. UJetBlue uthathe imali yokuhlenga kodwa wanquma ukungakhokhi abasebenzi amaholo abo aphelele, ukuzigcinela imali futhi bonke abasebenzi beJetBlue kwakudingeka bathathe izinsuku ezingama-24 zesikhathi esingakhokhiwe phakathi kuka-Ephreli 20 noSepthemba 30, 2020; Imali ebekwe yiCongress yabasebenzi iqondiswe ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana kwamasheya (viewfromthewing.com).                 

UMcKinsey akaboni ukululama kokudinga umoya emhlabeni wonke kuze kube u-2024, yize kungahle kuholelwe yi-Asia - Pacific ngo-2023 neNyakatho Melika ne-Europe ifinyelela emazingeni e-precrisis ngo-2024. Isimo sethemba asibonisi ukululama okugcwele komoya ngaphambi kuka-2022. Isikhathi esifushane , umthengi kungenzeka azuze ngamanani aphansi; isikhathi eside, ngenxa yokwehla komncintiswano, isidingo sokukhokha imali mboleko kahulumeni kanye nezinyathelo zokusebenza ezingahle zihambisane nezempilo, kungenzeka kukhuphuke amanani entengo.

Amagumbi e-Inn

Njengoba inani elikhulu labantu lihlukanisiwe, imingcele ikhiyiwe, nemihlangano ibanjelwe ku-Zoom, kube nesizathu esincane noma ithuba labahambi lokwenza ukubhuka kwamahhotela. UMcKinsey akacabangi ukuthi amazinga okuhlala abantu azofinyelela emazingeni ka-2019 kuze kube u-2023 futhi imali engenayo ngekamelo ngalinye elitholakalayo (i-REV PAR) ngeke ibuye kuze kube ngu-2024. Imikhakha ekhula ngesivinini esikhulu kuzoba izindawo zokungcebeleka zezokungcebeleka namaketanga amakhulu. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-American Hotel and Lodging Association (AHLA) luthole ukuthi amahhotela ayisishiyagalolunye kwayishumi ase-US axoshe noma aqhumisa abasebenzi futhi amahhotela angaphezu kuka-8000 angaphoqeleka ukuba avale iminyango yawo, unomphela. Izindaba ezingaphandle kwe-US zingcono impela. ELondon, amaphesenti angama-80 amahhotela avuliwe ngenkathi amahhotela ase-Asia enesithombe esikhanyayo ngamaphesenti angama-86 amahhotela aseShanghai avulwa futhi amaphesenti angama-92 amahhotela aseHong Kong avulwe kabusha.

Umsizi uProfesa Andria Rusk, uchwepheshe wezifo ezithathelwanayo eFlorida International University's College of Public Health and Social Work uthola ukuthi, “Njenganoma iyiphi indawo yomphakathi, kunezingozi zokudluliswa emahhotela. Le ngozi ivela ekuhlanganyeleni nama-fomites - lokho esikubiza ngokuthi izinto noma indawo okungenzeka ukuthi inegciwane - noma nabantu abanegciwane. ”

Ingcuphe enkulu yokudluliswa kwegciwane ukusondelana kakhulu nabantu ongabazi, nokukhathazeka okuyinhloko ehhotela abasebenzi kanye nezinye izivakashi nazo zonke izindawo lapho kunempambana-mgwaqo phakathi kwabo bobathathu.

Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi akubona bonke abantu abane-COVID-19 abonisa izimpawu ukuze kube nokuxhumana phakathi kwesihambeli nabasebenzi abasabalalisa buthule leli gciwane. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaxhumani nanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wehhotela ongagqokile isembozo sobuso nezinye izinto zokuzivikela (i-PPE).

Ukwenza ukuvakashelwa kwehhotela kube yingozi kakhulu, izinsizakusebenza ezabiwe nezikhala ezivamile ziyingozi kakhulu kunamakamelo amahhotela azimele. Ama-lobbies angagcwala ngesikhathi sokujaha ekuseni ukubheka, ngisho namachibi kanye nama-spas angathola abantu ngamaqembu. Ama-elevator anikela ngobungozi njengoba izivakashi zabelana ngezikhala ezivalekile ngokuhlinzekwa komoya okuvinjelwe. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi igciwane lingaphila ezindaweni eziqinile, ezingaboli kuze kube yizinsuku ezintathu (kufaka phakathi ipulasitiki nensimbi engagqwali) (i-New England Journal of Medicine). Ngisho nokuhlanza okujulile kungahluleka ukuqeda igciwane kuzo zonke izindawo. Kungenzeka nokuthi izinhlayiya zegciwane zihlale emoyeni zisuka ezivakashini zangaphambilini kanye nasezindaweni ezithintekayo.

Emadolobheni amaningi, amahhotela namamoteli asetshenziselwa abantu abangenazo izindlu, ebanikeza indawo ephephile yokukhosela phakathi nobhadane lwe-coronavirus. Ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, uMbusi uGavin Newson (California) wethule iProject Roomkey ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka ngamahhotela ayi-15,000 amakamelo abantu abangenamakhaya. Amakamelo abekwa phambili kulabo abane-coronavirus, labo okungenzeka badaluliwe nalabo ababesengozini ngenxa yeminyaka yabo noma impilo. Uhlelo kuhloswe ngalo ukuthi lubuyiselwe amaphesenti angama-75 kusuka ku-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) nazo zonke izindleko ezikhokhelwe yizikhungo zikahulumeni nezasekhaya. I-Riverside County ikhokhiswa ama- $ 2 million (kusukela ngoMeyi 2020) ngemali ebhekiswe emahhotela, ukudla kanye nokukhokhelwa kwabasebenza emacaleni ababhekene nokufinyelela futhi baxhumanise abantu nezinsizakalo zenhlalo.

Lolu hlelo luyinqoba kubanikazi bamahhotela njengoba besebenzisa lolu hlelo ukuthola ukuhamba kwemali ngenkathi bevalwa noma bekhawulwe kubani abangasebenzela kubo. Ngenkathi becelwa ukuthi bakhombe amahhotela abamba iqhaza kulolu hlelo, isifunda nombuso benqabile ukuqamba lezi zakhiwo, benqekuzisa ikhanda ukuhlonipha ubumfihlo babantu abakuhlelo lwamavawusha nokuphepha kwempahla (Melissa Daniels, Ephreli 18, 2020, desertsun. com). Ukungabikho kokudalulwa okugcwele mayelana negama nendawo yezakhiwo kudala inselelo kubavakashi, okungaqiniseki ukuthi amakamelo amahhotela abawabekayo kungenzeka yini ukuthi abe yizikhala ezabiwe neziguli ze-COVID-19.

Lesi sifo senze amahhotela abe yizindawo eziyingozi zokuqashwa kanye nezivakashi. I-Wynn Las Vegas ingene cishe ezigidini ezingama-500 zezifo eziwubhadane nokufa kwabantu abathathu phakathi kwabasebenzi selokhu kwavulwa le ndawo ngoJuni. Isebenzisana ne-University Medical Center, inkampani yahlela izivivinyo eziyi-15,051 548 ngenhloso yokuhlonza abasebenzi abanegciwane kodwa bengenazimpawu; Amacala angama-3.6 ahlolwe etholakele (isilinganiso samaphesenti angu-51). Sebebonke, bangu-497 amacala aqoshiwe ngaphambi kokuvulwa kanti angu-XNUMX amacala ayevulwa ngemuva kokuvulwa. Selokhu kwavulwa ihhotela, izivakashi eziyisithupha zihlolwe ukuthi zinalo

Cliff Diving

Zonke izinkomba zezomnotho ziqinisekisa iqiniso elibuhlungu imboni yezokuvakasha ehlupheke ngalo - hhayi ngoba kube namaphutha enziwe yizo zonke izinhlaka zomkhakha, kodwa kunalokho ngokungazinaki izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuthi abantu abasezikhundleni zikahulumeni nezizimele zobuholi (abakhethiwe, abaqokiwe nabakhethwayo ) empeleni banesibopho sokuvikela izakhamizi, abagibeli, izivakashi nabasebenzi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bathini ezombusazwe.

Umphumela wokungaphendulwa kwalo bhubhane e-United States, ukuthi imboni yezokuvakasha iyaqhubeka nokubekezelela ukulahleka, inyanga nenyanga. Ngo-Okthoba 2020, umkhakha wezokuvakasha wase-USA ulahlekelwe yinyanga eyodwa wama- $ 41 billion, ngokulingana nokulahleka ngoSepthemba 2020. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokuhamba kwakwehle ngamaphesenti angama-41 ngaphansi kwezinga lika-2019 (ukulahleka okungama- $ 9.1 billion). Ekuqaleni kukaMashi, i-COVID-19 yayiyimbangela yokulahleka okuqoqayo komnotho wezokuvakasha wase-US. IHawaii, DC New York, iMassachusetts ne-Illinois ziyaqhubeka nokulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-415. Izinga eliqhubekayo lokucindezelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezokuvakasha lidale ukulahleka kwe- $ 50 billion emalini yentela kahulumeni, yezwe neyasekhaya kusukela ngoMashi 53.3, 1 (ustravel.org/toolkit/covid-2020-travel-industry-research).

Ngo-Agasti 2020, u-Alison Durkee (Forbes.com) wabika ukuthi inqubomgomo yeZizwe Ezihlangene echaza ngokuncane ngomthelela wobhubhane embonini yezokuvakasha izokwengeza cishe ukulahleka okungaba ngu- $ 1 trillion, okusongela imisebenzi eyizigidi eziyi-100 emhlabeni jikelele. Ukulahleka emkhakheni wezokuvakasha kuhloswe ukuthi kunciphise i-GDP yomhlaba wonke ngamaphesenti angu-1.4 - 2.8. Ukwehla komthelela kunomthelela omubi emazweni athuthukile kakhulu emhlabeni, (okungukuthi, e-Afrika) naseziqhingini ezincane ezisathuthuka lapho ezokuvakasha zibalwa ngamaphesenti aphezulu e-GDP yazo, kanye nakwabesifazane nentsha ebusa abasebenzi kwezokuvakasha

Ingabe Kukhona Uhlelo

Izinkampani zezindiza zisebenzisa ukulawulwa kwezezimali kanye nolwazi oluthikamezekile lobudlelwano bomphakathi ukuze luhlale lusebenza ngenkathi amahhotela ezame ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokujoyina izinhlaka zikahulumeni, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza zabantu abathintwe yigciwane kanye nokuhlukaniswa; kodwa-ke, esikhathini eside esizayo, kuzoba ubuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela, amarobhothi nobuhlakani bokuzenzela obuzokwenza ukuthi izikhungo zinciphise izindleko ezingaguquki futhi ziqalise kabusha.

Kusobala ukuthi ukuncipha kwesidingo kuzonciphisa amabhizinisi emkhakheni wezokuvakasha. Imiphumela yalolu shintsho izobandakanya ukukhuphuka kwentengo kancane kancane ngemali ebhekiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwenhlanzeko okuthuthukisiwe okudingwa yimithethonqubo exhumene nokwehliswa komthamo (cabanga ukwehlukaniswa komphakathi).

Isikhathi esifushane, izinkampani zizoba nezimo ekunqumeni intengo, imigomo nemibandela ukunciphisa ezinye zezingozi zezezimali. Yize amanye amasu entengo ezoheha amakhasimende ezindizeni nasemahhotela, isikhathi eside ngeke kusenze lutho ukuguqula imibono (kanye nesidingo) sokuphepha nokuphepha. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi imboni kuzodingeka iguqule imisebenzi yokusebenza nokumaketha, kugxilwe ekuhlanzweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwenhlanzeko, ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwe-PPE, kanye nokulungiswa kwezakhiwo ngokugxila kuphansi lokhuni oluqinile esikhundleni sokwenza ukhaphethi. Izidingo ezintsha zezindiza kanye namahhotela zizogxila ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisiwe ze-HVAC kanye nezihlungi ze-HEPA, ukwakhiwa okusha kwezakhiwo ezinezikhala ezivulekile kakhulu, amawindi avulekile nezinhlelo ezihlukile ze-HVAC zamakamelo nezindawo zomphakathi kanye nokushintshwa kwabantu abanamarobhothi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho:

- Ababambiqhaza bemboni bazoshiya ekuxhumaneni komuntu siqu baye kubuchwepheshe ngaleyo ndlela banciphise ukuxhumana nokutheleleka okungenzeka

- Imikhawulo izobekwa enanini labantu abavunyelwe ukuhlangana ezindaweni zomphakathi

- Amasu nezinhlelo ezintsha zizokwakhiwa ukulungiselela nokuletha ukudla neziphuzo

- Izilawuli zezinto ezisemakamelweni zizobuyela ehhotela kunokuthembela kubantu besithathu

- Ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi kuzonikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu futhi kunciphise ubungozi

- Izinqubomgomo zomshuwalense ezingeziwe nezinhlobonhlobo zizonciphisa umthelela wezingozi ezingazelelwe / ezingalindelekile.

Ukukhanya namaMigudu

Ukuzethemba ukuthi ukuhamba ngeke kubangele ukugula noma ukufa kuzothatha isikhathi ukuba yingxenye yesimo somhambi. Kukuzo zombili izinhlaka zikahulumeni nezizimele, ukusebenzisana, ukwakha kabusha lokhu kuzethemba. Izivakashi zizobe zibeka inani eliphezulu kunhlanzeko lapho zikhetha indawo eziya kuyo, izindawo ezihamba kuzo, izindawo zokuhlala, izinketho zokudlela nezindawo ezihehayo.

Konke kuhle futhi kuhle ukuba nabasebenzi abakhangayo badansa emaphaseji ezindiza kanye namahholo amahhotela; kodwa-ke, yize lokhu kungenza abanikazi bajabule, AKUKHO kuqinisekisa kumhambi. Kuzothatha isikhathi ukukholisa ubuholi bemboni ukuthi u-2019 akasekho futhi u-2020 usuzophela. Unyaka omusha udinga umqondo omusha, nobuholi obusha; umuntu okusamele avele.

“Ukuhlolwa komlingiswa akusikho ukuphikelela lapho ulindele ukuthi kube khona ukukhanya ekugcineni komhubhe. Isivivinyo sangempela ukusebenza nokuphikelela lapho ungaboni ukukhanya okuzayo. ” - UJames Arthur Ray

© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.