Ihhotela lokuqala elihlanganisiwe eWashington DC: IWormley Hotel

1. IWormley Hotel kwakuyindawo yokuhlangana yabamnyama abaMnyama nabamhlophe kanye nabantu bakwamanye amazwe abavelele.
2. Ihhotela lokuqala eWashington, DC, ukuthola ikheshi kanye nocingo oluxhunywe ebhodini lokuqala ledolobha.
3. Lesi sakhiwo esinezitezi ezinhlanu sasiqhosha ngamakamelo ayi-150, kubalwa indawo yokucima ukoma, indawo yokugunda izinwele, negumbi lokudlela elidume umhlaba wonke elaziwa ngokudla kwalo.

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UJames Wormley, ongusomabhizinisi owayephayona ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye wekhulu leminyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye wavula ihhotela lokuqala elididiyelwe eWashington, DC Wayaziwa nangobuhlakani bebhizinisi lakhe kanye nemizamo yokunxenxa ukuthola imali eyanele yezikole zokuqala zomphakathi zaseWashington, DC.

UWormley wazalelwa uPere Leigh noMary Wormley. Bobabili abazali babehlala njengabantu abakhululekile nezinceku ezinomndeni ocebile waseVirginia ngaphambi kokuthuthela Washington, DC, ngo-1814. NgoJanuwari 16, 1819, ngenkathi ehlala endlini encane, enamakamelo amabili, eyakhiwe ngezitini etholakala ku-E Street, ngase-Fourteenth Street, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, uJames wazalwa. Ubaba wakhe wayephethe futhi ephethe ibhizinisi lezinqola i-hackney, alithenga ngama- $ 175. Ukutholakala engxenyeni yehhotela eWashington kuPennsylvania Avenue kwavumela ibhizinisi lakhe ukuba lichume. UJames, izibulo ezinganeni ezinhlanu, wathola umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala lapho. UJames waqala ukuzenzela ubugebengu, wafunda amakhono nezindinganiso, futhi wanqoba ukuzethemba nokwethenjwa ngabaphathi bakhe, okwamvumela ukuba aphathe ukuhweba kwamahhotela amabili ahamba phambili enhloko-dolobha, iNational noWillard. Iningi labaphathi bakhe, ezinye zezakhamizi ezicebile kakhulu futhi ezinethonya kakhulu eWashington, baba ngabaqeqeshi impilo yonke nabaxhasi.

Ngo-1841, uWormley washada no-Anna Thompson waseNorfolk, eVirginia. Kule nyunyana kwazalwa amadodana amathathu nendodakazi: UWilliam HA, uJames Thompson, uGarret Smith no-Anna M. Cole. Indodana yakhe yesibili, uJames Thompson, waba yisiqu sokuqala eSikoleni Sekhemisi eHoward University. Ngo-1849, eneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, uWormley waya eCalifornia eyofuna igolide futhi kamuva wakhonza njengomphathi eMississippi River steamboat nemikhumbi ehlukahlukene yasolwandle. Ngemuva kokubuyela eWashington, uWormley waxhumana nabanye babangani bakhe wasebenzisa amakhono akhe amasha ukuze abe umphathi eMetropolitan Club elite eWashington, DC Ngokungafani noyise, wayesethole imfundo eyisisekelo ezikoleni zomphakathi futhi wazethemba amakhono akhe ebhizinisi noxhumana nabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngaphambi nje kokugqashuka kweMpi Yombango waqongelela imali eyanele noxhaso ukuze avule ibhizinisi lokupheka ku-I Street ngase-Fifteenth, eduze kwesitolo sikaswidi somkakhe.

Ngo-1868, uSenator waseMaryland uReverdy Johnson waqokwa njengoNgqongqoshe waseNgilandi. Wayezwile ngedumela likaWormley njengomondli futhi wanquma ukumnika isikhundla sokuba ngumondli wakhe. Noma wayenenkosikazi nezingane ezine, uWormley wasamukela lesi sicelo, wathuthela endaweni ebanzi kakhudlwana ngaseWhite House. Kule ndawo, ngosizo Lommeleli wase-US uSamuel J. Hooper, umlingani othule futhi ophethe igama lakhe, uWormley wavula ihhotela elihle elaziwa ngokuthi yiWormley Hotel. Impahla endala ku-I Street isetshenziswe njengesijobelelo sehhotela. Lesi sakhiwo esinezitezi ezinhlanu sasiqhosha ngamakamelo ayi-150, kubalwa indawo yokucima ukoma, indawo yokugunda izinwele, negumbi lokudlela elidume umhlaba wonke elaziwa ngokudla kwalo. Iphinde yaziwa ngamakamelo ayo aphethwe kahle futhi yaba yihhotela lokuqala eWashington, DC, ukuba nekheshi nocingo oluxhunywe ebhodini lokuqala ledolobha. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili leli hhotela liyindawo yomhlangano yabamnyama nabaMhlophe kanye nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abaziwayo.

Kuthiwa ihhotela laseWormley lalingelabesilisa abacebile nabanamandla base-White enhlokodolobha kodwa umzukulu kaWormley, u-Imogene wakhombisa ukuthi abantu abanebala elimhlophe babeyizihambeli kuleli hhotela. Umuntu oyedwa ikakhulukazi kwakungungqongqoshe waseHaiti nesazi esaziwayo sase-Afrika. U-Edward Wilmot Blyden. Ezinye izivakashi ezivelele, abangani, kanye nababambisene naye bekubandakanya uGeorge Riggs, osebenza ebhange, uWilliam Wilson Corcoran, umusa wezimali nomnikeli wezezimali, kanye noSenator wase-US uCharles Sumner, owayevakasha njalo eWormley Hotel.

Ngosizo lukaWormley, uSumner, waseMassachusetts Republican futhi owaqeda isichitho, wanxenxa iCongress ukuthi inikeze umthetho wokuxhasa izikole zokuqala zomphakathi eWashington, DC, zabamnyama baseMelika. Ngenxa yale mizamo, ngo-1885, kwakhiwa isikole esasaziwa ngeWormley Elementary School for the Colors sakhiwa eGeorgetown ku-Thirty-four and Prospect Street. Isikole, okuyisikhumbuzo sokugcina ngokomzimba esifakazela impilo nesikhathi sikaWormley, sahlala isikole esimnyama ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba ngo-1952. Ngemuva kwalokho, sasetshenziswa njengesikhungo sokuqeqeshela abafundi abanezidingo ezikhethekile. Lesi sakhiwo sagxekwa ngo-1994 sathengwa ngo-1997 yiGeorgetown University ngenhloso yokwakha uhlelo lwenqubomgomo yeziqu. Ngeshwa, inyuvesi kamuva yanquma ukuthengisa leyo ndawo.

UWormley uqhubeke nokusebenzisa ihhotela lakhe futhi wakhulisa izakhiwo zakhe. Ngawo-1870s no-1880s, uWormley nendodana yakhe endala, uWilliam, babenezindlu ezimbili ezisemaphandleni kulokho okwakuthiwa iPeirce Mill Road ngaseFort Reno enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeWashington, DC.

Ngemuva kwangoNovemba 2021 okhethweni lukamongameli wase-US, izifundiswa, abezomthetho kanye nezishoshovu zamalungelo omphakathi bahlehle umlando wokuqonda, ukuholwa kanye nezizathu. Nakanjani, kuza ukhetho lukamongameli lwango-1876.

Izinhlaka zalolu khetho ziyaziwa kakhulu ngabantu abangomlando, kepha noma bengazi ngendima edlalwa ngusomabhizinisi oMnyama nehhotela lakhe elihle laseWashington kulo mdlalo. Umncintiswano wango-1876, owawuxabanisa uRepublican Rutherford B. Hayes noDemocrat uSamuel J. Tilden, wawusondele kakhulu ukuba kubizwe kalula. Umphumela waba yisikhubekiso esathatha izinyanga.

Ukuze kuthiwe unqobile, iCongress yagcina isungule ikhomishini yokhetho ezokwengamela ukubalwa kwamavoti ezifundazweni eziphikisanayo zaseLouisiana, South Carolina naseFlorida. Izifundazwe ezintathu eziseningizimu zonke zazinohulumeni woqhoqhoqho futhi zahlala ziphethwe ngamasosha kahulumeni njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kabusha.

Ikhomishini, esinqumweni ebesithathwa njengongcolisiwe, ihlehlise ukhetho kuHayes, obeselahlekelwe yivoti elidumile kodwa, ngenxa yomsebenzi wekhomishini, unqobe i-Electoral College ngevoti elilodwa, ngo-185 kuya ku-184, kanye nehhovisi likamengameli.

Isizwe sisabele ngokufudukela emaphethelweni esiphithiphithi. IWashington ibigcwele amahemuhemu nezinsongo ezigubuzelwe zodlame oluvela kumaDemocrats. Isihloko “sehembe eligcwele igazi” ephephandabeni elihola phambili laseRepublic sixwayise ngokuthi noma yiluphi udlame oluvela kumaDemocrats luzohlangabezana nodlame. UTilden unxuse umshini wokuhlunga, owawungaphela isikhathi ezinsukwini ezinciphile zokuphathwa kukaGrant.

Izwe elinovalo lakhumbula iMpi YaseLiberty Place yango-1874 eNew Orleans, lapho kwaqashwa khona amabutho amaBlack federal ngomzamo wokuqeda isixuku sabamhlophe ababenenhloso yokuqumba phansi umbuso wombuso wabakhaphethi. Ukuwa kwezepolitiki kwalokhu kungqubuzana okunegazi kwafaka amaDemokhrasi ekuphatheni iNdlu, okukhombisa ukuphela okuzayo Kokwakhiwa Kabusha kanye nokuqala kukahulumeni kaJim Crow. Womabili la maqembu esaba ukuthi isimo esishubile eWashington singaba nethonya elifanayo ezweni. Izithunywa zombili izinkambu zaseHayes naseTilden zinqume ukuhlangana ngasese eWormley Hotel ukuze kuxoxiswane ngodaba lokhetho. Yayidume ngamakamelo ayo aphethwe kahle kanye nokudla okusezingeni lomhlaba futhi yayingaziqhayisi nge-lifti kuphela kodwa nangeyodwa yezingcingo zokuqala zenhloko-dolobha.

Yize kwakungekho uTilden noHayes ababekhona emihlanganweni yaseWormley, bobabili babegcinwa bethunyelwe ngocingo. “Isivumelwano esiyimfihlo,” kamuva esaziwa ngokuthi yi-Compromise sango-1877, sashaywa ngoMsombuluko, Feb. 26, 1877, kusasele izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphele ukuphathwa kukaGrant. Isivumelwano sihlahle indlela yokuthi kuphele ukwakhiwa kabusha, ngoba abaxoxisana noHaye banikeze iziqinisekiso ezibhalwe phansi kulowo owayekade eyiConfederate ukuthi ngenhloso yokuvumela ukhetho, amasosha ombuso waseMelika azohoxiswa nokuthi la mazwe azobuyiselwa ilungelo “lokulawula izindaba zakhe. ”

Ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemuva kwalowo mhlangano omubi waseWormley, igagasi lashintsha, njengoba uSomlomo weNdlu uSamuel J. Randall (D-Pa.) Ehlehla, evimba abenza ifilimu, avumela amabutho aseHayes ukuthi abuse phezulu. Wamenyezelwa njengomnqobi kaMashi 2 ngo-4: 10 ekuseni futhi wafungiswa ngokuthula eWhite House ngalo lolo suku ekuseni.

Njengoba inkinga yokhetho idamba, uMengameli uHayes wayala amasosha ase-US ukuthi ahoxiswe eNingizimu. Kepha kungekudala wadumazeka ngomphumela omubi lesi sinqumo esasinawo ngokuvumela amasosha wangaphambilini we-Confederate Army ukuthi aphinde athole amandla kwezepolitiki eminyakeni eyi-130 eyalandela. Washiya isikhundla ngemuva kwethemu elilodwa futhi ngemuva kwalokho wanikela kakhulu ngamandla akhe nangezinsizakusebenza zakhe kwezemfundo yabamnyama.

UWormley uqhubeke nokusebenzisa ihhotela lakhe, ebelihlala liyindawo yokuhlala eyintandokazi yamakhasimende ahlukahlukene. Wandisa izakhiwo zakhe, wathola ilungelo lobunikazi kudivayisi yokuphepha esikebheni futhi walwela imfundo engcono yezingane eziMnyama. Wayeneminyaka engama-65 lapho eshona ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ngamatshe ezinso eBoston ngo-Okthoba 18, 1884. Ngemuva konyaka kwafakwa iWormley School eGeorgetown ukumhlonipha.

Akwaziwa noma uJames Wormley wake waphawula ngokuthi lokhu “kuxoxisana” kuqede kanjani ehhotela lakhe kwaholela ekuthengweni kwabansundu baseMelika, kodwa waqhubeka nokulwa negagasi lokwehlukaniswa futhi washiya isisekelo esiqinile sezindinganiso zomndeni.

Leli hhotela belinabavakashi abadumile, okubalwa kubo uFrederick Douglass, ilungu le-African American Congressman uJohn Mercer Langston, noThomas Edison. UWormley futhi wayeyimfihlo yangasese futhi ephethe abanye babantu abadume kakhulu bekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye: uHenry Clay, uDaniel Webster, iPhini likaMongameli uHenry Wilson, kanye noMongameli u-Abraham Lincoln noJames Garfield.

UJames Wormley ushone eBoston, eMassachusetts, ngemuva kwenqubo yokuhlinzwa ngo-Okthoba 18, 1884. IWormley House yaqhubeka nokusebenza kwaze kwaba yilapho idayiswa ngo-1893.

UStanley Turkel waqokwa njengo-2020 Historian of the Year yi-Historic Hotels of America, uhlelo olusemthethweni lweNational Trust for Historic Preservation, abebizwa ngalo phambilini ngo-2015 nango-2014. UTurkel ungumeluleki wamahhotela osakazwa kakhulu e-United States. Usebenzisa umkhuba wakhe wokubonisana nehhotela osebenza njengofakazi oyingcweti ezimweni ezihlobene namahhotela, enikeza ukuphathwa kwempahla nokubonisana ngamahhotela okuhweba ngezimali. Uqinisekiswe njenge-Master Hotel Supplier Emeritus yi-Educational Institute ye-American Hotel and Lodging Association. [i-imeyili ivikelwe] 917-628-8549

Incwadi yakhe entsha ethi "Great American Hotel Architects Volume 2" isanda kushicilelwa.

Ezinye Izincwadi Ezishicilelwe Zehhotela:

• Abathengisi Abakhulu BaseMelika: Amaphayona Emboni Yehhotela (2009)
• Yakhelwe Ekugcineni: Amahhotela Aneminyaka Engu-100 + eNew York (ngo-2011)
• Yakhelwe Ekugcineni: Amahhotela Aneminyaka Engu-100 + Aneminyaka Emidala Empumalanga YeMississippi (2013)
• Ihhotela Mavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt, u-Oscar waseWaldorf (2014)
• IGreat American Hoteliers Volume 2: Amaphayona Emboni Yehhotela (2016)
• Yakhelwe Ekugcineni: Amahhotela Aneminyaka Engu-100 + Aneminyaka Emidala ENtshonalanga yeMississippi (2017)
• Ihhotela Mavens Umqulu 2: UHenry Morrison Flagler, uHenry Bradley Plant, uCarl Graham Fisher (2018)
• IGreat American Hotel Architects Umqulu I (2019)
• Ihhotela Mavens: Umqulu 3: UBob noLarry Tisch, uRalph Hitz, uCesar Ritz, uCret Strand

Zonke lezi zincwadi zinga-odwa kwa-AuthorHouse ngokuvakashela www.stanleyturkel.com nokuchofoza isihloko sencwadi.