Esihlokweni somthetho wezokuvakasha kuleli sonto, sihlola icala likaHorne v. Carnival Corporation, No. 17-15803 (11th Cir. Juni 29, 2018) lapho iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “Eholidini labo langemva komshado, uHorne nomkakhe uJulie umkhumbi we-cruise Fascination futhi wayothatha izithombe zokushona kwelanga emphemeni ongaphandle. Kwakuwusuku olunomoya kakhulu, futhi ngenkathi befuna ukuphuma emphemeni wangaphandle lezi zithandani kwakudingeka zingene ngomnyango wensimbi osindayo. Uphawu oluyisexwayiso emnyango lwaluthi 'QAPHELA-BUKA ISITOLO SAKHO SOKUPHAKAMELA'. Sasingekho esinye isixwayiso. UJulie wavula umnyango, kodwa waba nenkinga, ngakho-ke uHorne wabamba umnyango onqenqemeni lwawo wawubamba wawuvula. Lapho uHorne esangena emnyango, waqala wawukhulula. Umnyango ushayeke uvalwa njengoba uHorne ewudedela, uvalwa ngaphambi kokuthi akhulule isandla sakhe futhi anqume umunwe wokuqala wesandla sakhe sokudla ejoyini elisekude. UHorne wafaka icala kuCarnival, esola ukwehluleka ukuxwayisa ngesimo esiyingozi nokunakekelwa komnyango budedengu. Inkantolo yesifunda yanikeza uCarnival isinqumo esifingqiwe, sathola ukuthi iCarnival yayingenaso isibopho sokuxwayisa ngoba babungekho ubufakazi bokuthi iCarnival yayisazisile, empeleni noma yayisicindezela, ngesimo esiyingozi futhi ngenxa yokuthi ingozi yayisobala futhi isobala… Inkantolo yesifunda Isifinyezo isahlulelo siqinisekisiwe ngokwengxenye futhi siguqulwa ngokwengxenye bese sibuyiselwa enkantolo ”
Ecaleni laseHorne iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “Ngenxa yokuthi ukulimala kwenzeke emanzini okuhanjwa nawo, umthetho wezomthetho wesifundazwe uyasebenza kuleli cala. Ukusungula isimangalo sakhe sobudedengu, uHorne kumele akhombise ukuthi iCarnival ibinomsebenzi wokunakekelwa, wephule lowo msebenzi nokuthi ukwephula umthetho bekuyimbangela esondelene yokulimala kukaHorne. '[Umzila] wokuhamba ngesikebhe ukweleta abagibeli bawo umsebenzi wokuxwayisa ngezingozi ezaziwayo'… Kodwa-ke, ukuze ube nomsebenzi wokuxwayisa ngengozi, umzila wokuhamba ngesikebhe kumele ube 'nesaziso sangempela noma esicindezelayo sesimo esingaphephile'… Ngaphezu kwalokho, asikho isibopho sokuxwayisa ngezingozi ezisobala nezisobala '”.
Isaziso Sesimo Esinobungozi
“[Mina] ngaleli cala, kunobufakazi bokuthi isikebhe esihamba ngesikebhe kwesinye isikhathi besifaka izimpawu emnyango wedeski uma kunomoya onamandla. Lezi zimpawu zazizofunda 'ukuqapha, imimoya enamandla'. Kwakungekho sibonakaliso esinjalo ngosuku lwesigameko. Kubhekwe njengokukhanya okuthandwa kakhulu nguHorne, ubufakazi bokuthi iCarnival, phambilini, yafaka izimpawu zokuxwayisa ngemimoya enamandla idala udaba lweqiniso lokuthi iCarnival yayinaso yini isaziso sangempela noma esakhayo sesimo esiyingozi ”.
Ingozi evulekile futhi esobala
“Ekunqumeni ukuthi ubungozi buvulekile futhi busobala, sigxila 'kulokho umuntu oqondakalayo angakubona futhi akwenze [] angacabangi imibono yommangali'. UHorne uthi ingozi efanelekile akuyena umoya, noma umnyango osindayo, kodwa kunalokho ingozi yokuthi umoya ungadala ukuthi umnyango ushayeke ngamandla futhi usheshe kangangokuthi unganqamula umunwe wakhe. UHorne uphikisana nokuthi le ngozi ayivulekile noma isobala kumuntu onengqondo. UHorne uthi yize ayazi ukuthi umnyango usinda, futhi unomoya, wayengenaso isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umnyango uzovalwa kanzima futhi ngokushesha kangangokuba wavele wamnquma umunwe ”.
Umsebenzi Wokuxwayisa Isimangalo
“Ubuye athi wayengenayo nhlobo indlela yokwazi ukuthi umnyango uzovalwa ngesivinini esikhulu kangaka, yize enza konke okusemandleni, akakwazanga ukususa isandla sakhe ngesikhathi. Ngokuya ngalobu bufakazi, obubhekwa njengokuhle kakhulu ku-Horne, sibamba ukuthi i-juror enengqondo ingathola ukuthi le ngozi yayingavuleki futhi icacile. Ngakho-ke, sibuyela emuva maqondana nomsebenzi wokuxwayisa isimangalo ”.
Ukwehluleka Ukugcina Isimangalo
“Ubufakazi bukachwepheshe kaHorne bokuthi umnyango ubusesimweni esiyingozi busebenza kuphela uma uHorne engaqala akhombise ukuthi iCarnival inesaziso sangempela noma esakhayo sale ngozi. Okuwukuphela kobufakazi uHorne abunikeza ukuthi iCarnival yayinesaziso sangempela noma esakhayo sokuthi umnyango wawuyingozi kwakufakwa ama-oda womsebenzi amabili, futhi avalwa kamuva, ukuze kulungiswe emnyango. Ummangali akethuli bufakazi bokuthi le miyalelo yokusebenza ibingenziwa empeleni; empeleni, omele inkampani yakwaCarnival ufakaze ukuthi 'ukuvala' i-oda lomsebenzi kukhombisa ukuthi ukulungiswa okuceliwe kuqediwe. Ngakho-ke, le miyalelo yokusebenza ayinikezeli ubufakazi bokuthi uCarnival wayenesaziso sokuthi umnyango wawusesimeni esiyingozi ngesikhathi sesigameko… .Ngakho-ke, inkantolo yesifunda ayizange yenze iphutha maqondana nokwehluleka ukubambelela ”.
Isiphetho
"Ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezingenhla, siqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda maqondana nokwehluleka ukukhokhela isimangalo, kepha sibuyela emuva maqondana nesicelo somsebenzi sokuxwayisa".
UPatricia noTom Dickerson
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, udlule emhlabeni ngoJulayi 26, 2018 eneminyaka engama-74. Ngomusa womndeni wakhe, eTurboNews uvunyelwe ukwaba izindatshana zakhe esinazo efayeleni asithumele lona ukuze sizolishicilela masonto onke ngokuzayo.
UMhlonishwa. UDickerson uthathe umhlalaphansi njenge-Associate Justice ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi wabhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts in Izinkantolo zase-US, iThomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Izenzo Zekilasi: Umthetho Wezizwe eziyi-50, i-Law Journal Press (2018), kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-500 eziningi zazo kuyatholakala lapha. Ngezinye izindaba zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU, Chofoza lapha.
Funda eziningi ze- Izindatshana zikaJustice Dickerson lapha.
Le ndatshana kungenzeka ingakhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume.
