Umlando wehhotela: UMary Elizabeth Jane Colter

UMary Elizabeth Jane Colter wayengumakhi wezakhiwo waseMelika oyiphayona nomklami wangaphakathi olwazi lwakhe lwezakhiwo lwalucwile emasikweni nasekumeni kweNingizimu-ntshonalanga. Njengosomlando wezokwakha weFred Harvey Company, wakha amahhotela, izindawo zokudlela, izitolo zezipho nezindawo zokuphumula emigwaqweni emikhulu ye-Atchison, Topeka kanye neSante Fe Railway kusukela ngo-1902 waze wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1948. Nokho bambalwa kubantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezinhlanu. abavakashela iGrand Canyon National Park minyaka yonke bayamazi uMary Colter nezinto azifezile. Akumangalisi ukuthi ebizwa ngokuthi “umdwebi wamapulani owaziwa kakhulu eziqiwini zezwe.”

Wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 4, 1869 ePittsburgh, ePennsylvania, wayeyindodakazi yabafuduki base-Ireland uWilliam Colter, umthengisi, noRebecca Crozier, umlimi. Wabhekana nesikhashana sobuntwana ehamba nomndeni wakhe besuka ePennsylvania baya eTexas naseColorado ngaphambi kokuthi azinze eSaint Paul, eMinnesota eneminyaka eyishumi nanye. Ngo-1880, iSaint Paul yayinabantu abangu-40,000 kanye nedlanzana elikhulu lamaNdiya angamaSioux, abasinda eMpini yaseDakota ka-1862 eyaphoqa abaningi ukuba bashiye izwe elalisanda kwakhiwa.

UMary Colter waphothula esikoleni esiphakeme eneminyaka engu-14 futhi ngemva kokushona kukayise waya eCalifornia School of Design (manje eyiSan Francisco Art Institute) kwaze kwaba ngu-1891 lapho afundela khona ubuciko nokuklama. Isungulwe yiSan Francisco Art Association ngo-1874, iCalifornia School of Design, esinye sezikole zokuqala zobuciko eNtshonalanga, yanikeza abafundi bayo imfundo yobuciko ephelele. Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu u-Colter wafundisa ukudweba eMechanic Arts High School futhi wafundisa e-University of Minnesota Extension School. Ikhomishana yakhe yokuqala yokuklama yafika lapho ehlangana noMinnie Harvey Huckel, indodakazi yomsunguli weFred Harvey Company.

Ngo-1902, u-Colter waqala ukusebenzela iFred Harvey Company njengomklami wangaphakathi kanye nomakhi wezakhiwo osebenzayo. Isabelo sakhe sokuqala kwaba ukwakha idizayini yangaphakathi yephrojekthi entsha ye-Harvey Company: Isakhiwo samaNdiya esiseduze neHarvey's Hotel Alvarado e-Albuquerque, eNew Mexico. I-Alvarado yaklanywa umdwebi uCharles Frederick Whittlesey (1867-1941) owaqeqeshwa ehhovisi laseChicago likaLouis Sullivan. Ngo-1900, eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nantathu, uWhittlesey waqokwa njengoMklami Omkhulu we-Atchison, Topeka kanye neSanta Fe Railway. Waklama Ihhotela i-El Tovar onqenqemeni oluseningizimu yeGrand Canyon e-Arizona kanye ne-Alvarado Hotel e-Albuquerque enamagumbi ezivakashi angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili, ama-parlori, indawo yokugunda izinwele, igumbi lokufunda kanye nerestshurenti.

Idizayini ka-Mary Colter ye-Indian Building eseduze yasiza ekuqaliseni uxhaso lwesikhathi eside lwe-Harvey Company lobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla yase-India. I I-Albuquerque Journal Democrat kubikwe ngo-May 11, 1902 ukuthi i-Alvarado Hotel "yavuleka ngokuqhuma kwenkulumo, ukugeleza kwekhaphethi ebomvu nokukhanya kwezibani zikagesi ezikhazimulayo ngethemba lokuthi kuzoheha amakilasi acebile ukuthi ame e-Albuquerque ohambweni lwawo oluya eNtshonalanga. .”

UFred Harvey ulethe impucuko, umphakathi kanye nezimboni eWild West. Ibhizinisi lakhe lagcina lihlanganisa izindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, izitokofela zezindaba kanye nezimoto zokudlela ku-Sante Fe Railroad. Ubambiswano ne-Atchison, i-Topeka kanye ne-Sante Fe yethule izivakashi eziningi ezintsha eNingizimu-ntshonalanga yaseMelika ngokwenza uhambo lwesitimela lube ntofontofo futhi lube mnandi. Iqasha amaciko amaningi abomdabu baseMelika, iNkampani yakwaFred Harvey iphinde yaqoqa izibonelo zomdabu zamabhasikidi, umsebenzi wobuhlalu, onodoli baseKachina kanye neqoqo elijabulisayo lezinto zobuciko zangaphandle, imisebenzi yezandla kanye nefenisha yesitayela se-Mission.

Isakhiwo samaNdiya sikaMary Colter sasinamagumbi okusebenzela nawombukiso anabenzi bobhasikidi baseNdiya, abakhandi besiliva, ababumbi nabeluki emsebenzini. Yethule uxhaso lwesikhathi eside lweNkampani ye-Harvey kwezobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla yaseNdiya. UMary Colter uklame indawo yokuphumula entsha ngo-1940 e-Alvarado futhi wayiqamba ngokuthi i-La Cocina Cantina ukuze athwebule umdwebo wekhishi lakuqala laseSpain.

Kusukela ngo-1902 kuya ku-1948, uMary Colter wasebenza njengomklami oyinhloko weNkampani kaFred Harvey, eqedela imiklamo yamahhotela angamashumi amabili nanye, izindawo zokudlela, izindawo zokuphumula, izitolo ze-curio, izindawo zokungcebeleka kanye nezindawo zokuphumula eduze kwemizila emikhulu ye-Atchison, Topeka kanye neSante Fe Railway. . Uthwebule ezothando nempicabadala yaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga yaseMelika kanye nesiko lobuciko loMdabu waseMelika. Ezinye izici zemiklamo yakhe kwakungamafasitela amancane avumela amashafu okukhanya ukuthi agcizelele izindonga zetshe lesanti elibomvu; uphahla oluphansi lwezithombo namagatsha abekwe phezu kwemishayo yezigodo ehlutshiwe; i-hacienda evale igceke eliseduze; idwala elimangelengele, elakhelwe emhlabeni njengokungathi liyingxenye yokwakheka kwamatshe emvelo. Le mininingwane yakha imibono yaseMelika yaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Wonke amaphrojekthi ka-Colter angamashumi amabili nanye aveza ukuqonda kwakhe okujulile nokuzibophezela kokubili kwemvelo namasiko asebenza kuwo. Ngemiklamo yakhe yangaphakathi, u-Colter wabonisa umoya wokungahloniphi ezingomeni zakhe, ebonisa ubuhlakani bakhe bokusungula izinto zobuciko nezobuciko.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, emisebenzini ayibiza ngokuthi “ukudala kabusha,” njengeHopi House (1905) ne-Desert View Watchtower (1933) eGrand Canyon National Park, cishe njalo wayelandela izici zokwakhiwa kwemifanekiso yokuqala.

Eqasha abakhi bomdabu baseMelika, befuna ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zasendaweni lapho kungenzeka, futhi benakekela imininingwane emincane yomlando etholwe ngohambo locwaningo oluya emanxiweni ahlukahlukene omlando waseNdiya, u-Colter walwela ukuqinisekiswa kwesitayela ngaphandle kokuzama ukwenza, njengoba akubeka, “ikhophi, ” noma “isifaniso.”

Ezakhiweni zakhe ezincane zezivakashi eGrand Canyon, uColter wethula imiklamo emisha, okuhlanganisa naleyo yeHermit's Rest and Lookout Studio (zombili ngo-1914), izindawo zokumisa izivakashi zaseCanyon okwakuhloswe ukuthi "zifihlwe ngaphansi konqenqema," ngokusho. ku Colter.

Ku-Lookout Studio, udale isakhiwo esinezinga elilodwa, esivundlile se-limestone ye-Kaibab elingisa ukuhlukaniswa kwedwala eligugulekile ngezansi, eqinisekisa ukubukwa okungavinjwanga okuvela kwezinye izindawo eziphakeme ngokusebenzisa ukucasha kwezakhiwo okuvumele idrama yangaphakathi ye-Grand Canyon ukucebisa izivakashi. ' okuhlangenwe nakho.

Amanye amaphrojekthi e-Harvey adonsele u-Colter kude ne-Grand Canyon, emnika ithuba lokuklama amahhotela eziteshi eduze kolayini wesitimela i-Sante Fe, lapho umbono wakhe wezakhiwo ungase ubonakale ngezinga elikhulu. Ekhuluma ngehhotela i-El Navajo eGallup, eNew Mexico (1923), wabhala, “Bengilokhu ngilangazelela ukufeza umbono wangempela wamaNdiya, ukuhlela ihhotela eliqinile lamaNdiya elingenazo izisusa ezivamile zesimanje,” cishe ebhekisela kuyi-ersatz. I-Native Americana ivamile kumahhotela amaningi asezingeni eliphansi avela eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I. Womabili i-El Navajo e-Gallup, eNew Mexico kanye ne-La Posada e-Winslow, e-Arizona, yabonisa ukusebenzelana kuka-Colter nezinkinga zemiklamo yesifunda futhi yavusa imvelaphi nokuhlakanipha amaphrojekthi akhe angaphambili.

U-Colter washiya iSanta Fe ngo-1948 futhi washonela lapho ngo-1958. UFrank Waters, isazi-mlando esikhulu kanye nochwepheshe boMdabu baseMelika baseNingizimu-ntshonalanga, encwadini yakhe. Onkulunkulu Abafihliwe: I-Navaho kanye ne-Pueblo Celemonialism (1950), wakhumbula uMary Jane Colter:

“Iminyaka eminingi, owesifazane ongaqondakali egqoke ibhulukwe, wayegibela ihhashi enqamula Amakhona Amane enza imidwebo yamanxiwa angaphambi komlando, efunda imininingwane yokwakhiwa, ukwakheka kwamaglobhu namawasha. Wayekwazi ukufundisa abakha amatshe indlela yokubeka izitini ze-adobe namapulasi ukuxuba amawasha.”

Nakuba abantu besikhathi sakhe babevame ukumbiza ngokuthi “umhlobisi,” amaphrojekthi akhe, okuthi kuwo amane—iHopi House, Hermit’s Rest, Lookout Studio, neDesert View Watchtower - aqokwe njengeNational Historic Landmarks, asikisela ukuthi “umakhi” angaba nembe kakhudlwana futhi incazelo ehlala njalo.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2018, incwadi enesihloko esithi Umakhi Wamanga: UMary Colter Hoax nguFred Shaw uthe uColter akakaze aqeqeshwe noma agunyazwe njengomdwebi wezakhiwo. Yathi ngamanga wathatha udumo ngemiklamo ekhiqizwe abanye.

Ephendula lo mbono ovusa inkanuko, u-Allan Affeldt, ongumnikazi kanye nomsebenzi weLa Posado Hotel, eWinslow, e-Arizona wabhala ngoSepthemba 2018: “Sonke emhlabeni wakwaHarvey siphatheke kabi ngale ncwadi. Kusobala ukuthi uShaw ungumuntu obukela phansi abesilisa.” U-Affeldt wengeza:

"Imibono yemisebenzi kaColter eya kuCurtis nabanye iwubuwula, futhi ngokusobala yehliswa abaningi okuhlanganisa nomndeni wakwaHarvey onolwazi oluqondile ngoColter nezakhiwo. Ngokuhlangene sinqume ukuthi kungcono sikuzibe lezi zinkulumo ezishicilele futhi singamniki uShaw inkundla ngenzondo yakhe.”

Ungaphuthelwa Ifilimu Entsha “Incwadi Eluhlaza”

Umlando wami wehhotela onguNombolo 192, “The Negro Motorist Green Book”, washicilelwa ngoFebhuwari 28, 2018. Yayixoxa indaba yochungechunge lwemihlahlandlela efana ne-AAA yabahambi abamnyama eyanyatheliswa kusukela ngo-1936 kuya ku-1966. Ifake ohlwini lwamahhotela, amamotela, iziteshi, izindlu zokuhlala, izindawo zokudlela, izitolo zobuhle nezokugunda ezazinobungane kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Manje ifilimu esanda kukhishwa ethi "Green Book" ixoxa indaba ka-Don Shirley, umshayi wepiyano wase-Jamaican-American kanye nomshayeli wakhe omhlophe, u-Frank "Tony Lip" Vallelonga owaqala uhambo lwekhonsathi lwango-1962 e-Deep South ehlukanisiwe. Ngaphandle kwesihloko se-movie, kukhona izinkomba ezimbalwa kuphela kumhlahlandlela wangempela wokuhamba we-Green Book. Kodwa ifilimu inhle kakhulu futhi ifanele ukubonwa.

Umbhali, uStanley Turkel, yisiphathimandla nomxhumanisi ohlonishwayo embonini yehhotela. Usebenzisa ihhotela lakhe, ukungenisa izihambi kanye nemikhuba yokubonisana egxile ekuphathweni kwempahla, ekucwaningweni kwamabhuku kokusebenza nokusebenza kwezivumelwano zokukhushulwa kwamahhotela nezabelo zokuxhaswa kwamacala. Amakhasimende angabanikazi bamahhotela, abatshalizimali nezikhungo ezibolekisa ngemali.

Incwadi yakhe entsha ishicilelwe ngabakwa-AuthorHouse: “Hotel Mavens Volume 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Plant, Carl Graham Fisher.”

Ezinye Izincwadi Ezishicilelwe:

• Abathengisi Abakhulu BaseMelika: Amaphayona Emboni Yehhotela (2009)
  • Yakhelwe Ekugcineni: Amahhotela Aneminyaka Engu-100 + eNew York (2011)
  • Yakhelwe Ekugcineni: Amahhotela Aneminyaka Engu-100 + Aneminyaka Emidala Empumalanga YeMississippi (2013)
  • Ihhotela Mavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt no-Oscar waseWaldorf (2014)
  • IGreat American Hoteliers Umqulu 2: Amaphayona Emboni Yehhotela (2016)
  • Yakhelwe Ekugcineni: Amahhotela Aneminyaka Engu-100 + Aneminyaka Engaphezulu Kwesentshonalanga YeMississippi (2017)

Zonke lezi zincwadi zingabuye zi-odolwe kwa-AuthorHouse, ngokuvakashela bnokuthul.com nangokuchofoza isihloko sencwadi.