Umthelela nendlela eya phambili e-Afrika ukuthi ingasinda kanjani kwi-COVID-19

The Ibhodi Yezokuvakasha yase-Afrika isungule i-COVID-19 Tourism Task Force ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt. Taleb Rifai kanye no-Alain St. Ange ukuze baqondise imboni Yezokuvakasha Nezokuvakasha yase-Afrika enkingeni yeCoronavirus.

I-African Union isanda kukhipha umbiko ngomthelela weCoronavirus emnothweni wase-Afrika.

Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 9, ukusabalala kwaleli gciwane sekufinyelele emazweni angama-55 ase-Afrika: amacala ayi-12,734, ayi-1,717 alulama kanye nokufa angama-629; futhi akabonisi zimpawu zokwehlisa ijubane. I-Afrika, ngenxa yokuvuleleka kwayo kwezohwebo nokufuduka kwamanye amazwe, ayigonyiwe emiphumeleni eyingozi ye-COVID-19.

Ngemuva kokutheleleka kokuqala eChina ekupheleni kuka-2019, isifo seCoronavirus (COVID-19) siqhubekile nokusabalala emhlabeni wonke. Alikho izwekazi elikwazile ukuphunyuka kuleli gciwane, eliqophe isilinganiso sokufa kwabantu esingaba ngu-2.3% (Ngokusho Kwesikhungo SaseShayina Sokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo). Kuze kube manje, sekube nabantu abacishe babe ngama-96,000 abashonile nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1,6 abangenwe yileli gciwane kwathi abangama-356,000 balulama.

Emenyezelwe ubhubhane yi-World Health Organisation (WHO) ngomhlaka-11 Mashi 2020, i-COVID-19 isiphenduke isimo esiphuthumayo emhlabeni wonke, uma kubhekwa umthelela wayo kubo bonke abantu bomhlaba kanye nomnotho. Ngokwesimo sokulingisa se-International Monetary Fund (IMF), ukukhula komhlaba wonke kungehla ngo-0.5 ngonyaka ka-2020.

Eminye imithombo eminingana nayo ibikezela ukwehla kokukhula komhlaba wonke ngenxa yemiphumela eqondile yokuqubuka kwe-COVID-19. Umnotho womhlaba ungase ungene enkingeni okungenani engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka wezi-2020, lapho wengeza imiphumela eqondile nengaqondile yale nkinga (isib. ukushaqeka kwezidingo, ukwehla kwempahla, ukwehla kwabafikayo kwezokuvakasha, njll.). Kodwa-ke, njengoba lolu bhubhane luqhubeka kancane ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, izifundo ezenziwa izinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba aziwudingidi kangako umthelela wezomnotho emazweni ngamanye ase-Afrika. Ngempela, i-Afrika ayigonywanga ku-Covid19. Kusukela namuhla, ngokusho kwe-Covid19 Surveillance futhi exogenous.

• Imiphumela yangaphandle ivela ekuhwebeni okuqondile phakathi kwamazwekazi angabambisene athintekile njenge-Asia, i-Europe kanye ne-United States; ezokuvakasha; ukwehla kwezimali ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezivela e-African Diaspora; Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okuqondile Kwangaphandle kanye Nosizo Lokuthuthukiswa Okusemthethweni; ukugeleza kwezimali okungemthetho kanye nokuqina kwezimakethe zezimali zasekhaya, njll.

• Imiphumela ye-endogenous yenzeka ngenxa yokusabalala ngokushesha kwegciwane emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlobene nokugula nokufa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziholela ekuphazamisekeni kwemisebenzi yezomnotho. Lokhu kungase kubangele, ukwehla kwesidingo sasekhaya semali engenayo yentela ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwamanani kawoyela nempahla okuhambisana nokwenyuka kwezindleko zomphakathi ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yabantu futhi kusekelwe imisebenzi yezomnotho.

I.2. Izinjongo

Kubalulekile ukuhlola umthelela wezenhlalo nezomnotho we-COVID-19, yize lolu bhubhane lusesigabeni esithuthuke kakhulu e-Afrika, ngenxa yesibalo esincane sabafuduki abafika kwamanye amazwe abahlobene ne-Asia, i-Europe kanye neNyakatho Melika kanye nezinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha. kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. Umnotho wase-Afrika usalokhu ungahlelekile futhi ungaphandle kakhulu futhi usengozini yokushaqeka kwangaphandle. Ocwaningweni, sisebenzisa indlela esekelwe kuzimo, ukuhlola umthelela ongaba khona wobhubhane emikhakheni eyahlukene yomnotho wase-Afrika. Ngenxa yobunzima bokulinganisa umthelela wangempela ngenxa yokungaqiniseki, ukuvela ngokushesha kwalolu bhubhane, kanye nokushoda kwedatha, umsebenzi wethu ugxile ekuqondeni imiphumela engase ibe khona kwezenhlalo-mnotho ukuze siphakamise izincomo zenqubomgomo okufanele ziphendule isimo esibucayi. Izifundo ezitholwe kulolu cwaningo zizonikeza ukukhanyiseleka okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela eya phambili, njengoba izwekazi lisesigabeni esibucayi sokuqaliswa kweNdawo Yezwekazi Lokuhwebelana Ngokukhululekile (i-AfCFTA).

I.3. Indlela kanye Nesakhiwo

Iphepha lethula isimo samanje somnotho emhlabeni futhi lihlaziya umthelela ongaba khona emnothweni womhlaba. Ngokusekelwe encazelweni yezinkomba ezithile ezibalulekile zomnotho wase-Afrika kwakhiwa izimo ezintathu.

Ngemuva kwalokho, sihlola umthelela emnothweni wase-Afrika esimweni ngasinye bese sethula ezinye zezinyathelo ezibalulekile ezithathwe Amazwe Angamalungu Angamalungu E-African Union. Iphepha liphetha ngesiphetho kanye nezincomo ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo.

UMNOTHO WAMANJE WONKE

Inkinga edalwe wubhubhane lwe-coronavirus igxilisa umnotho womhlaba ekujuleni okungaziwa kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, yengeza ebunzimeni bomnotho obuvele udonsa kanzima ukubuyela esimweni sangaphambi kuka-2008. Ngaphandle komthelela wayo empilweni yabantu (ebangelwa ukugula nokufa), i-COVID-19 iphazamisa umnotho womhlaba oxhumene ngamaketanga amanani omhlaba, ahlanganisa cishe ingxenye yohwebo lomhlaba wonke, ukwehla kwamanani ezinto ezibonakalayo kungazelelwe, imali engenayo yezimali, amarisidi okushintshaniswa kwemali yakwamanye amazwe, ukungena kwezimali zakwamanye amazwe, imikhawulo yokuhamba, ukwehla kwezokuvakasha namahhotela, imakethe yezabasebenzi eqandisiwe, njll.

Umqedazwe we-Covid-19 uthinta yonke iminotho emikhulu yomhlaba, ubikezela inkinga enkulu yezomnotho emhlabeni ngo-2020..

I-European Union, i-United States kanye ne-Japan yenza ingxenye ye-GDP yomhlaba. Le minotho isekelwe kwezohwebo, izinsizakalo kanye nezimboni. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo zokumisa ubhubhane zibaphoqe ukuthi bavale imingcele yabo futhi banciphise kakhulu imisebenzi yezomnotho; okuzoholela ekuwohlokeni komnotho kweminye yale minotho ethuthukile. Umnotho waseShayina ubamba cishe u-16% we-GDP yomhlaba futhi unguzakwethu omkhulu kunawo wonke emazweni ase-Afrika kanye nomhlaba wonke. I-OECD ibikezela ukwehla kwezinga lokukhula komnotho kule minotho emikhulu kanje: I-China 4.9% esikhundleni sika-5.7%, i-Europe 0.8% esikhundleni sika-1.1%, umhlaba wonke ngo-2.4% esikhundleni sama-2.9%, ne-GDP yomhlaba yehla ngo-0.412 ikota yokuqala ka-2020. I-UNCTAD ibikezela ukwehla kwengcindezi ekutshalweni kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe ukusuka ku--5% kuye ku-15%. I-International Monetary

Isikhwama simemezele ngomhla zingama-23 kuNdasa 2020 ukuthi abatshalizimali bakhiphe u-US$83 billion ezimakethe ezisafufusa kusukela kuqale le nkinga.

Ngokwe-World Economic Outlook ye-IMF, ukukhula komhlaba wonke kwakulindeleke ukuthi kube ngu-2.5% ngo-2020, okuwukwenyuka okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa no-2.4% ngo-2019, ngenxa yokuqala kabusha kancane kancane kwezohwebo nokutshalwa kwezimali.

Emazweni athuthukile kwezomnotho, bekulindelekile ukwehla komnotho kusuka ku-1.6% kuya ku-1.4%, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobuthakathaka obuqhubekayo bemboni yezokukhiqiza. I-OECD yehlise isibikezelo sayo somnotho womhlaba, okukhombisa ukuthi ukukhula komhlaba wonke kungase kwehle kuye ku-1½% ngo-2020, ingxenye yezinga ebeliqagulwe ngaphambi kokugqashuka kwaleli gciwane. Kodwa-ke, yize kunzima ukukala umthelela oqondile we-COVID-19 emnothweni womhlaba, amanye amaqiniso abhalwe ngesitayela angakhombisa ukuthi umnotho womhlaba uzothinteka kanjani:

Ukwehla okukhulu kwezintengo zempahla. Amanani kawoyela alahlekelwe cishe ngo-50% yenani lawo lehla lisuka ku-US$ 67 umphongolo laya ngaphansi kwama-US$30 umphongolo

Ukuphendula ukwesekwa kwamanani kawoyela ongahluziwe ahlaselwe yisifo esiwubhubhane iCoronavirus, abakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela bahlongoza ukwehlisa umkhiqizo, njengoba abantu bedla kancane futhi behla ekuhambeni. Iqembu labathumela uwoyela kwamanye amazwe i-OPEC yavuma ukunciphisa ukunikezwa kwemiphongolo eyizigidi eziyi-1.5 ngosuku (bpd) kuze kube uJuni futhi uhlelo belulwezifundazwe okungezona eze-OPEC, okuhlanganisa.

Russia, ukulandela umkhuba. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwenzekanga njengoba iSaudi Arabia ngomhla zi-08 kuNdasa yamemezela ukuthi izonyusa ukukhiqizwa, okubhebhethekise izimpi zikawoyela njengoba amalungu angewona awe-OPEC aziphindiselela, nokwaholela ekwehleni kwentengo kawoyela.

Ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela ongahluziwe ngasekupheleni konyaka wezi-2014 kube nomthelela ekwehleni okukhulu kokukhula kwe-GDP yase-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara ukusuka kumaphesenti angu-5.1 ngowezi-2014 kuya kumaphesenti angu-1.4 ngowezi-2016. Phakathi naleso siqephu, amanani entengo kawoyela ongahluziwe ehle ngamaphesenti angama-56 ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa. Ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela ongahluziwe kwamanje kuye kwashesha kakhulu, abanye abahlaziyi baveza ukuthi amanani entengo ehla kakhulu kunangonyaka ka-2014. Kakade, amanani kawoyela ongahluziwe ehle ngamaphesenti angama-54 ezinyangeni ezintathu ezedlule kusukela kuqale unyaka. amanani ehla ngaphansi kwama-$30 umphongolo ngamunye. Izintengo zempahla okungeyona ekawoyela nazo zehlile kusukela ngoJanuwari, njengoba amanani egesi yemvelo nensimbi ehle ngamaphesenti angama-30 namaphesenti ama-4, ngokulandelana (i-Brookings Institution, 2020). I-Aluminium nayo yehle ngo-0.49%; ithusi 0.47% futhi lead 1.64%. I-cocoa ilahlekelwe ngama-21% yenani layo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ezedlule.

Amanani omhlaba ezinto zokudla ezibalulekile, njengerayisi nokolweni, angaba nomthelela emazweni ase-Afrika. Amazwe amaningana ase-Afrika angamazwe angaphandle ale mikhiqizo. Uma ukuqubuka kwe-COVID-19 bekuzohlala kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2020 noma ngale kwalokho, umbuzo ubungaba ukuthi amanani ale mikhiqizo azovela kanjani.

Imboni yezindiza nezokuvakasha ingomunye wemikhakha ethinteke kakhulu.

Imali engenayo embonini yezindiza ibingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-830 ngo-2019. Le mali engenayo ibilinganiselwa ku-$872 billion ngo-2020. Njengoba isibalo sezifo ezintsha siqhubeka nokwanda kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, ohulumeni basebenza ngokuzikhandla ukunciphisa ukusulelana. Amazwe amaningi amise ibanga elide. Ngo-5th NgoMashi 2020, i-International

I-Air Transport Association (IATA) iveze ukuthi i-Covid-19 ingaphazamisa kakhulu imboni futhi idale ukulahleka kwezigidigidi ezingama-US $ 113. Lesi sibalo sithathwa kancane njengoba amazwe amaningi evala imingcele yawo futhi akekho owaziyo ukuthi izovulwa nini.

Imboni yezokuvakasha nayo ibhekene nezinselelo ezifanayo. Ngokusho kwe-United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) isilinganiso sakamuva, kuzoba nokwehla okulindelekile okuphakathi kuka-20-30% okungaholela ekwehleni kwamarisidi (ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe) okuphakathi kwe-US$300-450 billion, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ye-US$ 1.5 trillion ekhiqizwe ngo-2019. Uma kucutshungulwa izitayela zemakethe ezedlule, kukhombisa ukuthi ukukhula kwenani eliphakathi kweminyaka emihlanu neyisikhombisa kuzolahleka ngenxa yeCoronavirus. Ukwethulwa okungakaze kubonwe kwemikhawulo yokuhamba emhlabeni wonke, abavakashi abafika emhlabeni wonke bazokwehla ngama-20% baye kuma-30% ngo-2020 uma kuqhathaniswa nezibalo zango-2019. Izigidi eziningi zemisebenzi embonini zisengcupheni yokulahleka njengoba cishe u-80% wawo wonke amabhizinisi ezokuvakasha kungamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo (ama-SME). Imboni Yamahhotela Nezihambi izolahlekelwa u-20% wenzuzo yayo futhi leli phesenti lingaba phezulu lifinyelele ku-40% kuya ku-60% emazweni afana neCambodia, Vietnam neThailand (lapho umkhakha umele cishe u-20% wokuqashwa). Izindawo zokuvakasha ezihamba phambili Emhlabeni yiFrance enezivakashi ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-89 ngonyaka, iSpain enezigidi ezingaba ngu-83; I-USA (izigidi ezingu-80), iChina (izigidi ezingu-63), i-Italy (izigidi ezingu-62), iTurkey (izigidi ezingu-46), iMexico (izigidi ezingu-41), iJalimane (izigidi ezingu-39), iThailand (izigidi ezingu-38), ne-United Kingdom (izigidi ezingu-36). Ezokuvakasha kanye nokusekela kwezokuvakasha umsebenzi owodwa kweyi-10 (izigidi ezingama-319) emhlabeni futhi kukhiqiza u-10.4% we-GDP yomhlaba. Ukuvalwa kwala mazwe kukhombisa ukuthi uzobe unzima kangakanani umthelela we-Covid19 embonini yezokuvakasha emhlabeni.

Izimakethe zezimali zomhlaba nazo zizwa kakhulu imiphumela emibi.

Ngemuva kwesiqephu soMsombuluko Omnyama (Mashi 9), izinkomba zezimakethe zamasheya ezinkulu zisanda kuthola intuthuko embi kakhulu emlandweni wazo emashumini eminyaka. I-Dow Jones ilahlekelwe amaphuzu acishe abe ngu-3000 ngosuku olulodwa. I-FTSE yehle cishe ngo-5% kanti ukulahlekelwa kulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-US $90, uma sibala ezimbili nje. Umkhakha wamabhange ulahlekelwe cishe amaphesenti angama-40 yenani lawo enyangeni edlule futhi lo mkhuba usesemoyeni.

Inkomba esemthethweni Yabaphathi Bokuthengwa Kwezokukhiqiza yaseChina- ikala izinga lomsebenzi wefekthri, ngokusekelwe eBloomberg. Uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke lube nokuphazamiseka okukhulu okuvela ku-COVID-19. Njengoba kukhonjiswe idatha neshadi elikuGrafu 7, kusukela kwaqala ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19, umphumela eChina wehle kakhulu usuka ku-50% ngoJanuwari waze waphela uFebhuwari 37.5%. Lokhu kwehla okukhulu kwezokukhiqiza kunomthelela omkhulu ezizweni njengoba iChina iwumthombo omkhulu wemishini yengqalasizinda nezimoto. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo izimboni eziningi kwadingeka ukuthi zivale ukusebenza.

Ukwenyuka kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi emhlabeni wonke okuphakathi kwezigidi ezingu-5.3 (isimo “esiphansi”) kanye nezigidi ezingu-24.7 (isimo “esiphezulu”). Ukuntenga okukhona njengamanje emnothweni womhlaba kungase kwenyuse ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi emhlabeni wonke cishe ngezigidi ezingama-25, ngokocwaningo olusha lwe-International Labour Organisation (ILO). Isilinganiso se-ILO singase sisekelwe ekuqashweni komkhakha osemthethweni emazweni athuthukile. Ngokwezilinganiso zakamuva, izinga lokuqashwa kwabantu abasengcupheni lalikumaphesenti angama-76.6 e-Sub-Saharan Africa, kanti ukuqashwa okungezona ezokulima emnothweni ongakahleleki kumelele amaphesenti angama-66 isiyonke imisebenzi kanye namaphesenti angama-52 eNyakatho ne-Afrika. Izinga lokuqashwa kwabantu abasengozini lilinganiselwa kumaphesenti angama-76.6 ngo-2014 (ILO, 2015).

Ukusabela ezinkingeni emazweni ahlukene Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bazilungiselela umthelela wenhlekelele engakaze ibonwe. Umthelela wezifo eziwubhadane kanye nezinyathelo zokuqukatha ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kwehliswe ukusulelana kanye “nokunciphisa ijika” kuzothinta amazinga omsebenzi wezomnotho nakanjani. Ngokuhlukile kunenhlekelele yangaphambilini, isimo esisha sihlanganisa ukushaqeka kwezidingo kanye nokushaqeka emikhakheni eminingi.

Ukuze kuncishiswe umphumela wale nkinga ezindlini nasemafemini, ohulumeni baklama izinhlobonhlobo zezimpendulo zenqubomgomo, okuhlanganisa ukwesekwa kwemali engenayo okuqondile, ukunwetshwa kweziqinisekiso zekhefu lentela, izinkokhelo zenzuzo ehlehlisiwe esikweletini.

I-OECD ikhiqize iqoqo lezinyathelo ezithathwe amazwe angamalungu ayo ezitholakalayo www.oecd.org/coronavirus/zu/

Amazwe amaningana nezifunda zezomnotho zithathe izinyathelo zomnotho nezezimali ukuqukatha i-Covid-19 ngenkathi futhi zinikeza ukusekelwa kwezezimali emisebenzini yazo yezomnotho. Izikhungo ze-Bretton Woods zenze izikweletu eziphuthumayo ezikhishwa ngokushesha kanye nezinsiza zezimali ukuze zisekele Amazwe Angamalungu azo. Lokhu okulandelayo kufinyeza izinyathelo ezikhethiwe ezithathwe kuze kube manje ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe kusukela ngoMashi 25th, I-2020:

I-G20: Ukujovezela ngaphezulu kwama- $5 trillion emnothweni womhlaba, njengengxenye yenqubomgomo yezimali okuhlosiwe, izindlela zomnotho kanye nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ukuwohloka komnotho ngenxa yalolu bhubhane.

I-China: Izinqolobane eziphansi futhi zikhulule imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-70.6 zamaRandi ukuze kukhuliswe umnotho futhi kumemezele usizo lwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-154.

INingizimu Korea: I-Bank of Korea (BOK) (ukunciphisa izinga lenzalo ukusuka ku-1.25 ukuya ku-0.75%) kanye ne-16, 7 billion dollars njengempendulo ku-Covid-19.

ENgilandi: IBhange LaseNgilandi (ukwehla kwezinga lenzalo lisuka ku-0.75% liye ku-0.25%) futhi lamemezela izigidigidi ezingama-37 njengempendulo ku-Covid-19

I-European Union: I-ECB imemezele ukusekelwa kwe-EU Economy ngama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-750.

EFrance: umemezele u-334 billion wama-Euro njengempendulo ku-Covid-19

EJalimane: 13.38 billion wama-Euro njengempendulo ku-Covid-19

E-United States: I-US Federal Reserve yehlise izinga lenqubomgomo yayo ngamaphuzu ayi-150 kuya ebangeni elisukela ku-0 - 0.25 wamaphesenti emasontweni amabili edlule futhi yethula izindlela zokuthola imali ukuze kuncishiswe izimo zezimali eziqinisiwe futhi uHulumeni Wombuso wase-US wabele izigidigidi ezingama-2000 ukuxhasa ama-SME, Amakhaya. : Umndeni wabantu abangu-4 $3000; Izinkampani ezinkulu eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-500, imboni yezindiza ezingama-$50 billion.

I-Australia: Amadola ayizigidigidi ezingama-10.7

E-New Zealand: Amadola ayizigidigidi ezingama-7.3

IBhange Lomhlaba: Amadola ayizigidigidi ezingama-12

I-IMF: isimi ngomumo ukuhlanganisa amandla okuboleka ama- $ 1 trillion ukusiza amalungu ayo. Lawa mathuluzi angahlinzeka ngohlelo lwezigidigidi ezingama-50 zamaRandi emazweni asafufusa nasathuthuka kwezomnotho. Ifinyelela ku-$10 billion ingenziwa itholakale kumalungu ahola kancane ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zezimali zemvumelwano, ezingenawo amanani enzalo angekho

UKUHLAZIYWA KOMTHELELA EMNOTHWENI WASE-AFRIKA

Inkinga ye-Covid-19 ithinta umnotho womhlaba wonke kanye nowase-Afrika. Eminye imikhakha ebalulekile yomnotho wase-Afrika isivele ibhekene nokwehla kwenyuka ngenxa yalolu bhubhane. Ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha ngendiza, kanye nomkhakha kawoyela kunomthelela obonakalayo. Kodwa-ke, imithelela engabonakali ye-Covid-19 ilindeleke ngo-2020 kungakhathalekile ukuthi ubhubhane lungakanani. Ukuze kuhlolwe, izimo zakhiwe (bona isijobelelo 1) ngokwesisekelo sokuqagela okubhekelela izithiyo zomnotho, izibalo zabantu kanye nezenhlalo.

Ukuhlola umthelela, iphepha licubungula lezi zimo ezi-2 ezilandelayo:

Isimo 1: Kulesi simo sokuqala, ubhubhane luthatha izinyanga ezi-4 eYurophu, eChina naseMelika ngaphambi kokuba kulawulwa kanje: Disemba 15, 2019 - 15 Mashi 2020 eChina (izinyanga ezi-3), ngoFebhuwari - Meyi 2020 eYurophu (izinyanga ezi-4 ), Mashi - Juni 2020 (US) (izinyanga ezi-4) I-China, i-Europe kanye neMelika (i-USA, i-Canada nezinye) phakathi nenkathi kaDisemba 15, 2019 - 15 Mashi 2020 e-China (izinyanga ezi-3), February - May 2020 eYurophu (Izinyanga ezi-4), Mashi - Juni 2020 (US) (izinyanga ezi-4). Umnotho wabo kulindeleke ukuthi ululame ekuqaleni kukaJulayi 2020. Kulesi simo, lo bhubhane uzohlala izinyanga ezi-5 kusukela ngoMashi - Julayi 2020 ngaphambi kokuthi uzinze (i-Afrika ayithinteki kakhulu, izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo ezibekiwe zokuqukatha kanye nokusekelwa kozakwethu. , futhi ukwelashwa kuyonqamula ukusakazeka kwalolu bhubhane.

Isimo 2: Kulesi simo, sicabangela izinhlobo ezi-3 zokuvela kobhubhane: izinyanga ezi-4 (Dec. – March) e-China, Izinyanga eziyisi-6 (Februwari-Juni) emazweni ase-Europe nase-America kanye nezinyanga ezingu-8 (March-August) emazweni ase-Afrika. Kulokhu, ipharamitha ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinyathelo zezepolitiki ezengezwe emandleni wengqalasizinda ukuhlola isikhathi esingaba khona sobhubhane ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene.

Umthelela Womhlaba Wonke Emnothweni Wase-Afrika
Lesi sigaba sihlola umthelela we-Covid-19 ekukhuleni komnotho wase-Afrika neminye imikhakha ethile.

Umthelela Ekukhuleni Komnotho Wase-Afrika

Ukukhula kwe-Afrika kube ngcono kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi ka-2000-2010. Ngemuva kwaleli shumi leminyaka lokuzethemba okuvuselelwe, sekukhule ukungabaza ngekhono le-Afrika lokugcina amazinga okukhula aphezulu esimeme. Isizathu esibalulekile salokhu kungabaza kwakuwukuthembela okuqhubekayo kweminotho emikhulu yase-Afrika emananini entengo yempahla yomhlaba wonke.

Ukuguqulwa kwentengo yezinto zokusetshenziswa okuqale ngo-2014, kumise isiqephu sokukhula okuphezulu okungakaze kubonwe ngeminyaka yawo-2000, kusukela ngawo-1970. Ngakho-ke ukukhula komnotho kwehle, kusuka ku-+5% ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kuka-2000 no-2014 kuya ku-3.3% phakathi kuka-2015 no-2019. Ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane sesasasa nenjabulo, i-Afrika iphinde yabhekana namazinga okukhula anganele ukuze ifinyelele ukwehla komnotho. . Nokho, i-African Union yalinganisela izinga lokukhula ngo-7% ukuze izwekazi linciphise kakhulu ubumpofu.

Izibikezelo ezinesimo esimaphakathi esinikezwe ukukhula kwe-3.4% ngo-2020 (AfDB, 2019). Nokho, ngomthelela omubi emikhakheni ebalulekile yomnotho njengezokuvakasha, ezokuvakasha, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe; ngokwehla kwentengo yempahla, ukwehla kwezinsiza zikahulumeni ukuze kuxhaswe ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi, kungaba yinto engenakwenzeka ukufeza lesi sibikezelo esinethemba samazinga okukhula ngo-2020.

Ukukhula okulindelwe ngo-2020 (ngaphambi komthelela we-COVID-19 we-S1 (Yehla uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lango-2020) imithelela ye-S2 (Yehla uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lango-2020)

Kulezi zimo ezimbili, ukukhula kwe-Afrika kuzokwehla kakhulu kuye kumazinga angemahle. Isiqalo sesimo esiyisisekelo S0 kwaba, ngaphandle kokuvela kwe-Covid-19, izinga lokukhula lika-3.4% e-Afrika ngo-2020 (AfDB, 2020). S1  S2 izimo (ezingokoqobo nezingenathemba) zilinganisela ukukhula komnotho okungekuhle -0.8% (ukulahlekelwa kwe  4.18 pp ngokuqhathanisa nokuqagela kokuqala) futhi -Amaphesenti angu-1.1 (ukulahlekelwa okungu-4.51 pp uma kuqhathaniswa nokwasekuqaleni  ukuqagela) yamazwe ase-Afrika ngo-2020. Isimo esimaphakathi okuyisilinganiso esilinganiselwe samathuba1  yalezi zimo ezimbili futhi ikhombisa ukukhula okungekuhle kwamaphesenti angu--0.9 (-4.49% pp njengoba kuqhathaniswa nokuqagela kokuqala).

Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 seluhlasele cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ase-Afrika futhi lubonakala lulungele ukuba lubi kakhulu. Ukuphazamiseka komnotho womhlaba ngamaketango entengo yomhlaba wonke, ukwehla kwamanani entengo yempahla kungazelelwe kanye nemali engenayo yezimali kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwemikhawulo yokuhamba neyomphakathi emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika yizona zimbangela eziyinhloko zokukhula okungekuhle. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwamazwe ase-Afrika kulindeleke ukuthi kwehle okungenani ngama-35% kusukela ezingeni elifinyelelwe ngo-2019. Ngakho, ukulahlekelwa kwenani kulinganiselwa cishe kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-270. Ukulwa nokusabalala kwaleli gciwane kanye nokwelashwa kuzoholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zomphakathi e-Afrika ezilinganiselwa okungenani ngezigidigidi eziyi-130.

Umcabango owenziwe ezimweni ezi-2 ukuthi ziyalingana ngakho-ke zinethuba elifanayo lokufezeka.

 

Ukulahleka Komsebenzi kanye Nemisebenzi Embonini Yezokuvakasha Yase-Afrika Nezokuvakasha

Ezokuvakasha, umkhakha obalulekile wemisebenzi yezomnotho yamazwe amaningi e-Afrika, zizothinteka kakhulu yi-COVID-19 ngokwenza okuvamile kwemikhawulo yokuhamba, ukuvalwa kwemingcele kanye nokuncishiswa komphakathi. I-IATA ilinganisela umnikelo wezomnotho wemboni yezokuthutha ngendiza e-Afrika kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-55.8, isekela imisebenzi eyizigidi ezi-6.2 futhi inikele ngama-2.6% we-GDP. Le mikhawulo ithinta izinkampani zezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe okuhlanganisa izikhondlakhondla zase-Afrika i-Ethiopian Airlines, i-Egyptair, i-Kenya Airways, i-South African Airways, njll. Umthelela wokuqala uzoholela ekungaqashweni ingxenye kwezisebenzi nemishini yezinkampani zezindiza. Kodwa-ke, ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, izinkampani zezindiza zithutha cishe amaphesenti angama-35 ohwebo lomhlaba, futhi umsebenzi ngamunye kwezokuthutha ngendiza weseka amanye angama-24 ochungechungeni lwenani lezokuvakasha nezokuvakasha, okudala amathuba emisebenzi alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-70 (IATA, 2020).

Umbiko ovela ku-IATA ubonise ukuthi “ukubhuka kwamazwe ngamazwe e-Afrika kwehle cishe ngo-20% ngoMashi no-April, ukubhuka kwasekhaya kwehle cishe ngo-15% ngoMashi no-25% ngo-April. Ngokwemininingwane yakamuva, lokho kubuyiselwa kweThikithi kukhuphuke ngo-75% ngo-2020 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2019 (01 February - 11 March) ".

Ngokusho kwedatha efanayo, izindiza zase-Afrika sezilahlekelwe yimali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-US $ 4.4 ngoMashi 11, 2020 ngenxa ye-COVID19. I-Ethiopian Airlines iveze ukulahlekelwa kwezigidi ezingu-190 zamaRandi.

Isibalo sabavakashi ezwenikazi siqhubekile nokukhula ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwaminyaka yonke esingu-5% esilinganisweni esingaguquki esingu-15 eminyakeni yamuva nje. Inani labo lalilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-70 ngo-2019 futhi lalilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-75 ngo-2020 (UNWTO). Ukuvakasha nezokuvakasha kungenye yezinjini eziphambili zokukhula komnotho wase-Afrika, okubalelwa ku-8.5% we-GDP ngo-2019 ngokusho kweWorld Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC).

 Imali engenayo yezokuvakasha ku-GDP (%) kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika ngo-2019

Emazweni ayi-15 ase-Afrika, umkhakha wezokuvakasha umele ngaphezu kwe-10% ye-GDP kanti emazweni angama-20 kwangu-55 ase-Afrika, isabelo sezokuvakasha engcebweni yezwe singaphezu kuka-8%. Lo mkhakha ufaka isandla kakhulu kuGDP emazweni afana neSeychelles, Cape Verde kanye neMauritius (ngaphezu kwama-25% e-GDP).

Ezokuvakasha ziqashe abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi ezweni ngalinye kulawa alandelayo: iNigeria, i-Ethiopia, iNingizimu Afrika, iKenya, neTanzania. Ukuqashwa kwezokuvakasha kuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-20 engqikithi yokuqashwa eSeychelles, eCape Verde, eSão Tomé nasePríncipe, naseMauritius. Phakathi nezinkinga ezedlule, okuhlanganisa inkinga yezezimali yango-2008 kanye nokushaqeka kwentengo yempahla ka-2014, ezokuvakasha zase-Afrika zalahlekelwa yimali efinyelela ku-$7.2 billion.

Ngaphansi kwesimo esijwayelekile, umkhakha wezokuvakasha kanye nezokuhamba e-Afrika ungalahlekelwa okungenani amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50 ngenxa yomqedazwe we-Covid 19 kanye nemisebenzi okungenani eyizigidi ezimbili nengaqondile.

I-African Exports

Ngokusho kwe-UNTACD, kule nkathi (2015-2019), inani eliphelele lokuhwebelana lase-Afrika lalingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-760 ngonyaka elimele ama-29% e-GDP yase-Afrika. Ukuhwebelana kwangaphakathi kwe-Afrika kubalwa kuphela i-17% yohwebo luphelele lwamazwe ase-Afrika.

Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ase-Afrika kungenye yeziphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda zomhlaba, okuku-16.6% wengqikithi. Amazinga aphansi oguquko lwezimboni, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, ukudidiyelwa kwezimali kanye nezimali kanye nemigoqo yamanani entengo kanye nokungakhokhiswa intela, kuwumsuka walesi simo. Lokhu kwenza umnotho wase-Afrika ube umnotho ongaphandle futhi uzwele ukushaqeka nezinqumo zangaphandle.

Abahwebi base-Afrika

Ukuthunyelwa kwezwekazi kwamanye amazwe kubuswa yizinto zokusetshenziswa, okulibeka ekuthengeni okuphansi okuvela ezimbonini zase-Europe, e-Asia nase-America. Ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye nokuncipha kwesidingo nakho kunomthelela ngqo ekukhuleni kwamazwe ase-Afrika.

Amazwe ahwebelana nawo amakhulu e-Afrika ahlanganisa i-European Union, i-China kanye ne-United States. I-European Union, nge-EU ngenxa yobudlelwano obuqinile bomlando nezwekazi lase-Afrika, yenza ukuhwebelana okuningi, okwenza ama-34%. Amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye (59%) okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aseNyakatho Afrika kuya eYurophu, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-20.7% aseNingizimu Afrika. I-China emgudwini wayo wokuthuthuka kwezezimboni iminyaka eyishumi ikhuphule izinga lokuhwebelana kwayo ne-Afrika: u-18.5% wemikhiqizo yase-Afrika ethunyelwa ngaphandle iya e-China. Amaphesenti angamashumi amane nane (44.3%) okuthunyelwa kwe-Afrika Emaphakathi kuya e-China, uma kuqhathaniswa no-6.3% waseNyakatho Afrika (AUC/OECD, 2019).

Amazwe angaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamazwe ase-Afrika athola ingxenye enkulu yezinsiza zawo ekuthumeleni izinto zokusetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe. Ukukhula komnotho okumangalisayo okucishe kufinyelele ku-5% i-Afrika ehlangabezane nayo eminyakeni eyi-14 eyandulela u-2014 kwasekelwa kakhulu amanani entengo ezimpahla. Isibonelo, ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2014 ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela kube nomthelela ekwehleni okukhulu kokukhula kwe-GDP emazweni aseNingizimu ne-Sahara ukusuka kumaphesenti angu-5.1 ngowezi-2014 kuya kumaphesenti angu-1.4 ngowezi-2016.

Izinsizakusebenza zase-Afrika ezingavuseleleki zithunyelwa ngaphandle njengephesenti le-GDP kusukela ngowezi-2000 kuya kowezi-2017.

Namuhla, uwoyela ongahluziwe ubhekene nokushaqeka kwesidingo esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wawo, wehla ngaphansi kwamadola angama-30 umgqomo, ngenxa yokumiswa kohwebo lomhlaba (oluqale eChina kusukela ngoJanuwari) kulandela ubhubhane lwe-Covid-19 futhi ngasikhathi sinye nokungaboni ngaso linye phakathi I-Saudi Arabia neRussia. Ngenxa yokwehla kwentengo kawoyela okukhona njengamanje, ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezohwebo kuzoba kwezomnotho ezizwelayo ezimpahleni, kanti i-Algeria, i-Angola, iCameroon, iChad, i-Equatorial Guinea, iGabon, iGhana, iNigeria, neRepublic of the Congo phakathi kwamazwe athinteke kakhulu.

Amazwe e-CEMAC azoshayeka kakhulu ngokwehla kwentengo kawoyela, okuzobhebhethekisa ukushoda kwemali yakwamanye amazwe futhi mhlawumbe kuqinise umqondo wokwehliswa kwe-CFA. Ukuthunyelwa kukawoyela emazweni angaphandle kusuka kumaphesenti ama-3 e-GDP eNingizimu Afrika (esele isesimweni sokwehla kwamandla emali futhi ekhombisa ukukhula okuntekenteke) ukuya phezulu ngamaphesenti angama-40 e-Equatorial Guinea futhi cishe isamba sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle yaseNingizimu Afrika, futhi iwumthombo obalulekile wokuthola imali yangaphandle. E-Nigeria nase-Angola, abakhiqizi abakhulu bawoyela kuleli zwekazi, imali engenayo kawoyela imele ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nangaphezu kuka-70% wesabelomali sawo sikazwelonke, futhi ukwehla kwamanani cishe kuzobathinta ngesilinganiso esifanayo.

I-United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) ilinganisela ukulahlekelwa okuhlobene nokuwa kwentengo yomphongolo kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-65, lapho kulindeleke ukuthi kulahlekelwe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-19 eNigeria. Isibonelo, iNigeria yenze izibikezelo zayo zesabelomali zekota yokuqala ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kwentengo endala yomphongolo kumadola aseMelika angama-67. Le ntengo manje yehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-50 (i-OECD Development Centre, 2020). Udaba lwaseNigeria lufingqa isimo samazwe ngokuya ngenzuzo kawoyela ikakhulukazi kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile, konke okumele manje kwehlise isibikezelo semali engenayo okungenani kumakota amabili okuqala. Izilinganiso zikhombisa ukuthi i-Angola neNigeria uma sebehlangene bangalahlekelwa imali efinyelela ku-$65 billion. Lokhu kuzoba nomthelela wokunciphisa izimali ezigciniwe zokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kulawa mazwe kanye nekhono lawo lokuqalisa izinhlelo zawo zentuthuko kalula, futhi imizamo yokunciphisa ubumpofu izophumelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mazwe azodinga izinsiza ezibalulekile ukulwa nomthelela wezempilo nobhubhane lwe-Covid-19. Kusukela ngoMashi 4, cishe amaphesenti angama-70 kawoyela ongahluziwe olayishwa ngo-April evela e-Angola naseNigeria ayengakathengiswa, kanti abanye abadayisi bakawoyela base-Afrika njengeGabon neCongo nabo banobunzima bokuthola abathengi. I-South Sudan kanye ne-Eretria nayo ithikamezekile ngenxa yokuwa kohwebo kanye nokunqamuka koxhaxha lwempahla e-China. Ukuthenga kwe-China kwenza amaphesenti angama-95 azo zonke izinto ezithunyelwa eSouth Sudan kanye namaphesenti angama-58 e-Eritrea.

Ukuthengwa kwempahla e-Afrika kwamanye amazwe kuhlaselwe yi-Covid-19. Ukwehla kwezinga lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokushoda kwezimpahla eziyisisekelo ezithengwayo ezivela eShayina kukhuphule ukwehla kwamandla emali eNingizimu Afrika, eGhana, njll. IRwanda isanda kubeka amanani amisiwe okudla okuyisisekelo njengerayisi namafutha okupheka. Abaningi abampofu abangenisa impahla ngaphandle, abahwebi kanye nabathengi eNigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, naseNiger bathinteke kakhulu kule nkinga njengoba bephila ngokuhwebelana ngemikhiqizo yaseShayina efana nezindwangu, izinto zikagesi, kanye nezimpahla zabanikazi bamakhaya.

Uxhaso lwezimali lwangaphandle lwase-Afrika

Umnotho wase-Afrika ubulokhu ubhekene nokungalingani kwama-akhawunti okuphikelelayo okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukushoda kwezohwebo. Njengoba ukuqoqwa kwemali engenayo yangaphakathi kuhlala kuphansi e-Afrika, amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika athembele kakhulu emithonjeni yangaphandle yokuxhasa ngezimali ukushoda kwawo kwamanje. Kuhlanganisa i-FDI, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwephothifoliyo, izimali eziphumayo, usizo lokuthuthukiswa okusemthethweni, kanye nezikweletu zangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, ukuncipha okulindelekile noma ukwehla kwamazwe omdabu kungase kuholele ekwehleni kwezinga elithi Official Development Assistance (ODA), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), ukungena kokutshalwa kwezimali kwephothifoliyo kanye Nemali Ethunyelwayo egelezela e-Afrika. Ukulahlekelwa okungase kube khona emalini etholwayo yentela kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwangaphandle ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yezomnotho kuzovimbela amandla amazwe ase-Afrika okuxhasa ngezimali ukuthuthukiswa kwawo futhi kuholele ekwehleni kwenani lemali yakuleli kanye nokwehla kwenani.

Imali ethunyelwayo: Izimali ezithunyelwayo zibe ngumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wezimali zamazwe ngamazwe eziya e-Afrika kusukela ngo-2010, zibalwa cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesamba semali engenayo yangaphandle. Zimelela umthombo ozinzile wokugeleza, njengoba cishe wenyuka ngomthamo kusukela ngo-2010. Kodwa-ke, ngomsebenzi wezomnotho wegolide emazweni amaningi athuthukile nasathuthuka, izimali ezithunyelwa e-Afrika zingase zehle kakhulu.

Imali ethunyelwayo njengesabelo se-GDP idlula amaphesenti amahlanu emazweni ayi-5 ase-Afrika, futhi ifinyelela phezulu ngamaphesenti angama-13 eLesotho nangaphezu kwamaphesenti ayi-23 eComoros, eGambia naseLiberia. Uma sezihlangene, amazwe aneminotho emikhulu e-Afrika, i-Egypt kanye neNigeria, enza amaphesenti angama-12 emali engenayo evela e-Afrika.

Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okuqondile Kwangaphandle: Ngokusho kwe-UNCTAD (2019), ukugeleza kwe-FDI eya e-Afrika kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-$46 billion naphezu kokwehla emhlabeni jikelele, ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-11 ngemva kokwehla okulandelanayo ngo-2016 no-2017. eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa yokungena kwezinga eliphansi. Amazwe ayi-5 aphezulu athola imivuzo abe ngo-2017: iNingizimu Afrika ($5.3 billion, +165.8%), Egypt ($6.8 billion, -8.2%); Morocco ($3.6 billion, +35.5%), Congo (4.3 billion, -2.1%); kanye ne-Ethiopia ($ 3.3 billion, -17.6%). Ngezimo zokusabalala kwalolu bhubhane kusukela ekuzinzeni kwesikhashana kuya ekuqhubekeni unyaka wonke, ukwehla okulindelekile kokugeleza kwe-FDI emhlabeni jikelele kuzoba phakathi kuka-5% no-15% (uma kuqhathaniswa nezibikezelo zangaphambilini ezibonisa ukukhula okuncane kumkhuba we-FDI 2020-2021). Ngokusekelwe kudatha ye-UNCTAD, i-OECD ibonise kusenesikhathi, amasignali omthelela ongaba khona we-Covid-19 kumaholo aphinde atshalwa yi-FDI emazweni asathuthuka. Ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamabhizinisi ezizwe ngezizwe (ama-MNE) ku-Top 100 ye-UNCTAD, inhlanganisela yezindlela zokutshala izimali, akhiphe izitatimende ngomthelela we-Covid-19 ebhizinisini lawo.

Abaningi behlisa ijubane ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezindaweni ezithintekile. Ukwengeza, izinzuzo eziphansi - kuze kube manje, ezingu-41 sezikhiphe izexwayiso zenzuzo - zizohumushela emalini ephansi etshalwe kabusha (ingxenye enkulu ye-FDI). Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-MNE aphezulu angama-5000, anesabelo esikhulu se-FDI yomhlaba wonke, abone ukubuyekezwa okuyehlayo kwezilinganiso zeholo lika-2020 ezingama-9% ngenxa ye-Covid-19. Okushayeke kakhulu yimboni yezimoto (-44%), izindiza (-42%) nezimboni zamandla nezinto eziyisisekelo (-13%). Izinzuzo zama-MNE azinze kwezomnotho osafufusa zisengozini enkulu kunaleyo yama-MNEs athuthukile emazweni asathuthuka: isiqondiso senzuzo se-MNE samazwe asathuthuka sibuyekezwe phansi ngo-16%. E-Afrika, lesi sibuyekezo sifinyelela ku-1%, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-18% e-Asia, kanye ne-6% ku-LAC (UNCTAD, 2020). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuvele kukhona ukuhoxiswa kwezimali ezinkulu ezwenikazi; isibonelo, eNigeria i-All Share Index yabhalisa ukusebenza kwayo okubi kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi ekuqaleni kukaMashi njengoba abatshalizimali baphesheya bephuma. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi i-Afrika iyonke ingase ilahlekelwe ukufika ku-15% we-FDI ezwenikazi lonke.

Amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika asaqhubeka nokuthembela kakhulu osizweni lwentuthuko esemthethweni ukuze axhase ngokwezimali intuthuko yawo ngenxa yesimo sawo somnotho. Ngokusho kwedatha ye-OECD, ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2017, i-ODA imele ama-4% kanye nama-6.2% e-GDP ngokulandelana e-Afrika Emaphakathi naseMpumalanga Afrika.

Emazweni ayi-12 ase-Afrika, ukungena kwe-ODA ngo-2017 kweqe i-10% ye-GDP (ngamaphesenti angama-63.5 eSouth Sudan). I-ODA yenze u-9.2% we-GDP yamazwe ase-Afrika anengeniso ephansi (AUC/OECD, 2019). Isimo somnotho samanje emazweni anikelayo singaba nomthelela enanini le-ODA elethwa kulawa mazwe.

Imali engenayo kahulumeni, izindleko zikahulumeni kanye nezikweletu ezizimele

Kusukela ngo-2006, imali yentela inyuke kakhulu ngokwemibandela ephelele, njengoba amazwe ase-Afrika ekhula ngokucebile. Imali engenayo yentela ikhuphuke ngokwemibandela ephelele. Umthombo omkhulu kakhulu wemali engenayo yentela bekuyintela yezimpahla nezinsizakalo, eyabalelwa ku-53.7% wesamba semali engenayo yentela ngokwesilinganiso ngo-2017 kanti i-VAT iyodwa imele ama-29.4%. Isilinganiso sentela ku-GDP sisuka ku-5.7% e-Nigeria saya ku-31.5% e-Seychelles ngo-2017. I-Seychelles, Tunisia, iNingizimu Afrika kanye ne-Morocco kuphela enesilinganiso se-Tax-to-GDP esingaphezu kwama-25% kuyilapho iningi lamazwe ase-Afrika lehla phakathi kuka-11.0%. kanye no-21.0%. Isilinganiso se-Tax-to-GDP esimaphakathi esingu-17.2% siphansi kakhulu (uma siqhathaniswa namazwe ase-Latin America (22.8% kanye namazwe e-OECD (34.2%) (AU/OECD/ATAF, 2019) ukuze kuxhaswe izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle eziyisisekelo ikakhulukazi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. maningi amathuba okuthi kubhebhetheke iCovid-19 e-Afrika Amazwe angama-20 esewonke e-Afrika angase alahlekelwe imali efinyelela ku-20 kuya ku-30% wemali engenayo, elinganiselwa ezigidigidini ezingama-500 ngo-2019. okungase kwenyuse amazinga ezikweletu emazweni.

Isikweletu kufanele sisetshenziselwe ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhiqizayo noma ukutshalwa kwezimali okuthuthukisa ukukhula kunokugcina izinhlelo zabo zokusebenzisa imali. Kunamathuba amaningi okuthi amazwe amaningi angase abhekane nokugxambukela esitokweni sezikweletu zangaphandle kanye nezindleko zokusevisa ngenxa yokwenyuka kokushoda kwezimali njengoba kuzogcizelelwa kakhulu ukufeza izidingo zomphakathi okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuvuselela kwezenhlalo-mnotho kubanikazi bezindlu, Ama-SME namabhizinisi. Nokho ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamazwe ase-Afrika isivele noma isizoba sengcupheni enkulu ngenxa yokwenyuka okukhulu kwakamuva kwamazinga ezikweletu ngenxa yokuvunywa kwamazwe ngamazwe (ukwenyuka kwabanikeli bamazwe amabili kanye nokubhalisela okungezona izakhamuzi kumabhondi akhishwe kuzwelonke emakethe yase-Afrika) . Izikweletu emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika zingaphansi kwemibandela enemibandela futhi izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe azinayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokusiza amazwe ukuthi athole imibandela elula nakakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amazwe anezikweletu zezentengiselwano ezivela emazweni ezomnotho asafufusa azodinga ukuthi axhase ngezimali kule nkinga yomnotho ekhona manje. Ngokusho kwe-EIU Viewswire (2020), amazinga okushintsha izikweletu ezindabeni ezithinta iminyaka emihlanu anyukile (i-Angola ngama-408% unyaka nonyaka ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, iNigeria ngama-270% kanye neNingizimu Afrika ngo-101%.

Lokhu kuthambekela kuyakhathaza ikakhulukazi njengoba inqubomgomo yezimali emazweni ase-Afrika ihambisana kakhulu nomjikelezo, okusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuyenyuka ngezikhathi ezinhle kodwa iwela kokubi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi kuzothinteka ngenxa yokushoda kwezinsiza ezizodalwa yinhlekelele ye-Covid-19. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda kungehla okungenani ngama-25% ngenxa yemali engenayo yentela ephansi kanye nobunzima bokuhlanganisa izinsiza zangaphandle.

Izindleko zikahulumeni zamazwe ase-Afrika zimele ama-19% e-GDP yezwekazi futhi zinegalelo elingama-20% ekukhuleni komnotho ngonyaka. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi e-Afrika kubuswa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezempilo, imfundo kanye nezokuvikela kanye nezokuphepha. Lezi zindawo ezi-3 zimele ngaphezu kuka-70% wezindleko zomphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphuke ukuze kuquke ukubhebhetheka kwe-Covid19 futhi kunciphise umthelela emnothweni. Njengesikhumbuzo, i-Ebola yabulala abantu abangu-11,300 kanti iBhange Lomhlaba lalinganisela ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okungu-$2.8bn, nokho leli gciwane lahlasela kuphela Emaphakathi neNtshonalanga Afrika.

Umsebenzi: Nakuba izinyathelo zomnotho kuhloswe ngazo ukweseka umkhakha osemthethweni, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umkhakha ongekho emthethweni emazweni asathuthuka ufaka isandla cishe kumaphesenti angama-35 we-GDP futhi uqashe abasebenzi abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-75. Ubukhulu bokungahlelekile bumele cishe u-55% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya (GDP) we-sub-Saharan Africa, ngokusho kwe-African Development Bank (2014) noma ngabe ucwaningo olwengeziwe lukhombisa ukuthi lusukela phansi ngamaphesenti angama-20 kuye kwangama-25 eMauritius. , iNingizimu Afrika kanye neNamibia ifinyelele phezulu ngamaphesenti angama-50 kuye kwangama-65 eBenin, Tanzania naseNigeria (IMF, 2018). Ngaphandle komkhakha wezolimo, ukungahleleki kumelele ukuqashwa phakathi kwama-30% nama-90%. Ukwengeza, i-econo engakahleleki21 e-Afrika isalokhu iphakathi kwezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi iqukethe uhlobo oluthile lokushaqeka kwezenhlalo emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Afrika. Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, kufika kumaphesenti angama-90 abasebenzi abaqashwe ngokusemthethweni (AUC/OECD, 2018). Cishe imisebenzi eyizigidi ezingama-20, emikhakheni esemthethweni nengakahleleki, isongelwa ngokucekelwa phansi kwezwekazi uma isimo siqhubeka. Ukucekelwa phansi kwamaketango, ukuvalwa kwenani labantu kanye nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokudlela, izindawo zokucima ukoma, izitolo, uhwebo olungekho emthethweni njll. kungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kwemisebenzi eminingi engekho emthethweni. Cishe izinhlangano eziyishumi zabadlali abangekho emthethweni eNingizimu Afrika zenze ikhwelo lokuthi uHulumeni ahlinzekele abantu abangakwazi ukusebenza ngesikhathi sokuvalwa. Amanye amazwe afana neMorocco asevele enza izindlela zokuxhasa amakhaya. Ngokubheka ubukhulu bomkhakha ongakahleleki e-Afrika, uhulumeni kazwelonke kufanele ngokushesha athathe izinyathelo zokweseka abantu abaziphilisa ngawo.

Ukweseka imboni engakahleleki, ngeke nje kuphela kuqinisekise ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinyathelo zokunciphisa ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo futhi kweseke ukusetshenziswa kwemizi kodwa futhi kuzonciphisa ingozi yezinxushunxushu emphakathini. Esikhathini esimaphakathi neside, ohulumeni base-Afrika kufanele basekele ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni komkhakha ongekho emthethweni ngokugcizelela ekwandiseni ukuvikelwa komphakathi kubasebenzi balo mkhakha. Emkhakheni osemthethweni, abasebenzi bezinkampani zezindiza nezinkampani ezithintekayo kwezokuvakasha yibo abazothinteka kakhulu, uma kwenzeka ukungasekelwa koHulumeni base-Afrika.

Sekukonke, i-Covid19 ingaba nomthelela oseceleni - isiphithiphithi esingaba khona emphakathini esihambisana nokuqunjelwa kweCoronavirus.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo kazwelonke singabangela abantu ukuthi bashiye eceleni izikhalazo zabo zezombangazwe zamanje (noma ubani owaziyo ukuthi ama-yellow vests enzani eFrance kulezi zinsuku?) - ngakolunye uhlangothi, nansi indaba mayelana nabasebenzi bezempilo abangu-8 ababulawa ngonya IGuinea ngesikhathi senhlekelele ye-Ebola:

Emazweni anomlando omude wodlame lwamahlelo, lokhu kungase kukhathaze.

Uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo luzobhekana nenkinga: Inkinga ye-Covid19 izonweba izinhlelo zezempilo ezimpofu ezwenikazi. Isidingo seziguli ze-covid-19 sizominyana ezikhungweni zezempilo kanti iziguli ezinezifo ezinomthwalo omkhulu njengengculaza, isifo sofuba nomalaleveva ngeke zikwazi ukufinyelela kanye/noma ukunakekelwa okwanele futhi lokhu kungase kubangele ukugula nokufa okwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhubhane lwe-Coivd-19 ekugcineni luzodala ukushoda kwemithi kanye nemishini yezempilo. Abahlinzeki abakhulu bemithi base-Afrika yi-European Union kanye ne-Asia. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani ezikhiqiza izidakamizwa kula mazwe zimile ngenxa yezinyathelo ezinqala zokuqeda ezithathwe emazweni athinteke kakhulu njengeSpain, Italy neFrance. Ngakho-ke, uma ubhubhane selusezingeni eliphezulu, kuzoba nzima ngala mazwe ukwelapha iziguli zawo. ULandry, u-Ameenah Gurib-Fakim ​​(2020) ulinganisela ukuthi amazwe ase-Afrika azodinga ukusetshenziswa kwemali okwengeziwe kwezempilo okuyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10.6 kulo bhubhane. Inkinga yezempilo ingaba nomthelela ekwelapheni ezinye izifo e-Afrika. EYurophu, ohulumeni bahlehlisa ukwelashwa okungaphuthumi ngemuva kwesigaba sokuvalwa. Lapho iGuinea ibhekene nenkinga ye-Ebola ngo-2013-2014, ukubonisana kwezokwelapha okuyisisekelo kwehle ngo-58%, ukulaliswa esibhedlela ngo-54%, nokugoma ngo-30%, futhi okungenani amacala angu-74,000 nomalaleveva awazange athole ukunakekelwa ezikhungweni zezokwelapha zomphakathi.

Izinselelo zokuphepha: Lo bhubhane kungenzeka udale izinselelo zokuphepha esifundeni saseSahel, njengoba iningi lala mazwe lisengcupheni ngenxa yezingxabano ezidale inqwaba yabantu ababaleki. I-Covid19 ifike ngesikhathi lapho lesi sifunda sesivele sibhekene nezinselelo ezinzima zokuntenga, izingxabano nodlame ngenxa yobushokobezi, ingxubevange yama-jihadist, amasosha azinze emphakathini, izigcwelegcwele, ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe kanye/noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngenkathi ohulumeni kazwelonke nezikhungo zezifunda bezama ukunqanda ukusabalala kwe-Covid-19, lokhu kuyingozi ekugcineni ukuqinisa ezokuphepha nokuvikela kulesi sifunda. Ukuhlasela kwakamuva okwenziwe yi- Boko I-Haram Iqembu elihlomile eChad elabulala okungenani amasosha angama-92 ngomhla zingama-25 kuNdasa, likhombise ukuba sengozini kwesifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokweNhlangano Yezizwe (30 Mashi 2020), kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2020, abantu abangama-765,000 baxoshwa ngaphakathi kanti abayizigidi ezingama-2.2 badinga usizo lobuntu eBurkina Faso. Ukusabalala kwe ubhubhane kule ndawo luzokwenza kube nzima ukuze amabutho ezokuphepha, abahlinzeki bezempilo kanye nezinhlangano zosizo zamazwe ngamazwe zihlinzeke ngokuhlenga abantu bendawo.

I-Afrika ithenga kwamanye amazwe cishe amaphesenti angama-90 emikhiqizo yayo yemithi evela ngaphandle kwezwekazi, ikakhulukazi evela eChina naseNdiya. Ngeshwa, izilinganiso zibonisa ukuthi imali etholwa minyaka yonke evela emithini esezingeni eliphansi kanye/noma engumbombayi ibingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-US$30, ngokombiko we-World Health Organization 2017 wokuhweba ngezidakamizwa mbumbulu. I-Afrika inomthwalo omkhulu wezifo wezifo ezithathelanayo nezingathelelani ezifaka isandla emakethe ebalulekile yemboni yezokwenza imithi. Ngakho-ke, ngokusungulwa kweNdawo Yezwekazi Lase-Afrika Yokuhwebelana Ngokukhululekile (i-AfCFTA) kanye nokuvulwa kwemakethe yemithethonqubo engaphezu kuka-1.2 kuyoba semqoka kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikelwa kwale makethe yase-Afrika eyizigidigidi eziyi-1.2 emikhiqizweni nasezinkonzweni zomgunyathi, ezingekho ezingeni, kanye nezomgunyathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhubhane olukhona manje lufakazele izwekazi lase-Afrika ukuthi alikwazi ukuqhubeka nokuncika kubahlinzeki bangaphandle ngesidingo salo sangaphakathi emikhiqizweni enamasu njengemithi. Ngakho-ke, amazwe kufanele asebenzise leli thuba ukusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwe-Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plan of Africa kanye nokusungulwa kwe-African Medicine Agency ngokubeka phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla okulawula; ukuphishekela imizamo yokuhlanganisa nokuvumelanisa ukulawulwa kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha kuma-REC; ukwaba izinsiza ezanele ze-AMA njengoba kushiwo yizinqumo zoMkhandlu we-AU ezilandelanayo ngalolu daba.

Umthelela emnothweni omkhulu wase-Afrika

Iminotho emihlanu ephezulu ye-Afrika (i-Nigeria, iSewula Afrika, i-Egypt, i-Algeria ne-Morocco) ijamele ngaphezu kwama-60% we-GDP ye-Afrika. Izinga lomthelela we-Covid19 kule minotho emi-5 lizomelela wonke umnotho wase-Afrika. Imikhakha yezokuvakasha kanye ne-petroleum imele ngokwesilinganiso ingxenye yesine (25%) yomnotho wala mazwe.

Ukuqubuka kwe-Covid-19 kube nzima kakhulu kule minotho, njengoba iningi lazo linezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lamacala okutheleleka. Ukukhula kulindeleke ukuthi kwehle kakhulu kuzo zonke. Ukwehla kwentengo kawoyela kuzoholela ekwehleni kwemibono yomnotho waseNigeria nase-Algeria.

Imithelela ye-Covid19 kumaketanga amanani emhlabeni wonke ithinta imboni yezimoto yaseMorocco; emele amaphesenti ayisi-6 e-GDP esikhathini sika-2017-2019. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-phosphates kanye nezimali ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okunomthelela kumaphesenti angama-4.4 kanye namaphesenti ayisi-6 e-GDP yezwe nakho kuzophazamiseka. Izimboni zaseGibhithe ezincike emalini evela eShayina nakwamanye amazwe angaphandle ziyathinteka futhi azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe. Umkhakha wezokuvakasha ubona ukwehla ngenxa yemikhawulo ezoba nomthelela omubi ekutshalweni kwezimali kwasekhaya kanye nokuqashwa kwabantu ezweni. Imali ethunyelwa ngaphandle ingenye yemithombo yangaphandle yaseGibhithe yokuxhasa ngezimali. Ifinyelele ngo-2018 ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-25.5 zamaRandi, uma kuqhathaniswa namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-24.7 ngo-2017 ngenkathi eNigeria, imali ethunyelwayo yayingamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25.08 ngo-2018, okunomthelela kumaphesenti angama-5.74 we-GDP. Womabili la mazwe enza ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60 emali engenayo evela e-Afrika. I-Covid-19 isongela imithombo emibili emikhulu yemali engenayo eNingizimu Afrika: izimayini nezokuvakasha. Ukuphazamiseka kwemakethe yaseShayina kungenzeka kunciphise isidingo sempahla yokusetshenziswa yaseNingizimu Afrika okuhlanganisa insimbi, i-manganese ne-chromium ores e-China (ebiza imali elingana nama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-450 ezithunyelwa ngaphandle minyaka yonke). Izwe lingene esimweni sokuwohloka komnotho ngekota yesine yonyaka odlule, inkinga ekhona manje izokwengeza ezezimali zomphakathi ezivele ziwohlokile kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwabantu abaningi ezweni.

Abakhiqizi Bamafutha Abaphezulu

Amazwe kawoyela azoba namathemba amnyama kwezomnotho kunezwekazi lonke. Abathumeli bangaphandle bakawoyela negesi base-Afrika abazange bayibone kusengaphambili inhlekelele enjalo, njengoba imali engenayo ye-hydrocarbon ibalulekile kusabelomali sabo kanye nokuhlangabezana nezibopho zabo zamazwe ngamazwe. Nigeria (2,000,000 imiphongolo / ngosuku), Angola (1,750,000 b / d), Algeria (1,600,000 b / d), Libya (800,000 b / d), Egypt (700 000b / d), Congo (350,000b / d), Equatorial Guinea (280,000b / d), Gabon (200,000b / d), Ghana (150,000b / d) South Sudan (150,000b / d), Chad (120,000 b / d) kanye neCameroon (85,000 b / d) babhekene ne-Covid -19 inkinga okungenzeka ibe mbi kakhulu kunango-2014, ngesikhathi sokugcina kukawoyela njengoba behlulekile ukuhlukanisa umnotho wabo. Ngo-2014, intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe yehla isuka ku-$110 yaya ngaphansi kuka-$60 umphongolo futhi kamuva yehla yaba ngaphansi kuka-$40 umphongolo ngo-2015 (CBN, 2015). Lokhu kusho ukwehla okungaphezu kwama-60% emalini engenayo yezwe lamazwe athumela ngaphandle.

Ukushoda kwesabelomali sabo kuzoba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Ukungaqini kwentengo kawoyela kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni komnotho nezinga lokushintshisana kwe-Nigeria kanye nomthelela ongaqondile ekwehleni kwamanani emali ngenani lokushintshisana (Akalpler noBukar Nuhu, 2018). Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi bakawoyela bazoba sengcupheni yokwehla kwezimali zabo phakathi nale nkinga. Ikakhulukazi, amazwe ase-Afrika Emaphakathi, phakathi nale minyaka edlule, abe ngaphansi komlilo wokwehla kwamandla emali azovivinywa nakakhulu ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuhlukahluka kanye nezomnotho ezisekelwe kancane eziqinile ezine-petroleum nama-hydrocarbon angumthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo. Uwoyela wenza ngaphezu kwesigamu semali engenayo yentela kanye nangaphezulu kwama-70% wempahla kazwelonke ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwalawa mazwe. Ngokwehla kwamanani entengo ka-hydrocarbon kanye nokwehla kokukhiqizwa ngenxa yokuvalwa kwezinkampani ezithile ezithintekayo eketangeni lenani, imali engenayo ehlobene ne-Oil namanye ama-hydrocarbons ingehla okungenani ngama-40 kuya ku-50% ezwenikazi.

Inkinga yezomnotho kungenzeka ibe mbi kakhulu kunaleyo eyenzeka ngo-2014 .I-IMF ilinganisela ukuthi ukwehla ngakunye ngamaphesenti ayi-10 emananini kawoyela, ngokwesilinganiso, kuzokwehla ukukhula kwabathengisa uwoyela ngaphandle ngamaphesenti angu-0.6 futhi kwenyuse ukushoda kwezimali okuphelele ngamaphesenti angu-0.8 we-GDP.

Intengo kawoyela yehla kusukela kuNhlangulana wezi-2014 kuya kuNdasa wezi-2015, ngenxa yokwenyuka kukawoyela e-US nakwezinye izindawo kanye nokwehliswa kwesidingo sikawoyela emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kwehla kuholele kukho kokubili imiphumela eqondile ngohwebo kanye nemiphumela engaqondile ngokukhula nokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezinguquko zokwehla kwamandla emali. Isibonelo, ukwehla ngo-30% kumanani kawoyela (i-IMF kanye ne-WB ibikezela lokhu njengokwehla okulinganiselwe phakathi kuka-2014 no-2015) kulindeleke ukuthi kwehlise ngokuqondile inani lokuthunyelwa kukawoyela emazweni aseNingizimu ne-Sahara ngezigidigidi ezingama-$63 (abalahlekelwe kakhulu bahlanganisa iNigeria, i-Angola , Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Gabon, Sudan), futhi yehlise ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngemali elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15 zamaRandi (abazuza kakhulu bahlanganisa eNingizimu Afrika, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia). Imiphumela yezohwebo ingena kwezomnotho okuhlanganisa nama-akhawunti amanje, izikhundla zezimali, izimakethe zamasheya, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali. Ukwehla kwentengo kawoyela kulindeleke ukuthi kwehlise ukukhula.

Ukwanda kwesikweletu esizimele okungenani esingu-5 kuya ku-10% we-GDP kulindeleke emazweni akhiqiza uwoyela. Ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela kanye namanye ama-hydrocarbon kuzonciphisa kakhulu imali engenayo yezimali kulo mkhakha. Ukumela ingxenye enkulu yemali engenayo yezimali kubakhiqizi bakawoyela abaphezulu abayi-10, imali engenayo ye-hydrocarbon, nokwehla kwamanani ayo, izoba nomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni zamazwe ase-Afrika. Okungenani ukwehla okungu-50% kwenzuzo kawoyela ezwenikazi kulindeleke.

Umkhakha we-petroleum umele kubakhiqizi bakawoyela abayi-10 abahamba phambili base-Afrika ama-25% e-GDP yabo iyonke. Uwoyela, kanye namanye ama-hydrocarbon, enza ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-20 e-GDP yeminotho eyi-10 ephezulu yase-Afrika (iNigeria, iNingizimu Afrika, i-Egypt, i-Algeria, i-Morocco, i-Angola, iKenya, i-Ethiopia, iGhana neTanzania). INigeria ingase ilahlekelwe kuze kufike ku-$19b njengoba izwe linganciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwayo kukawoyela ongahluziwe emazweni angaphandle ngo-2020 phakathi kuka-US $14 billion no-US$ 19 billion (uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okubikezelwe ngaphandle kwe-COVID19).

Imiphumela yokubala esekelwe ezimeni ze-S1 kanye ne-S2 ikhombisa ukuthi umnotho wase-Afrika ophethwe ngamafutha kanye ne-Hydrocarbons okungukuthi iqoqo lamazwe amakhulu akhiqiza uwoyela uzothinteka kakhulu (-3% wokukhula kwe-GDP ngo-2020) kunomnotho womhlaba wase-Afrika.

 Umthelela ezindaweni eziphezulu zezokuvakasha

Ngokusho kweWorld Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), imboni yezokuvakasha ibe negalelo ku-8.5% (noma u-$194.2bn) womkhiqizo wasekhaya wezwekazi (GDP) ngo-2018. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Afrika ibiyisifunda sesibili esikhula ngokushesha kwezokuvakasha emhlabeni ngo-5.6% ngo-2018 uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso somhlaba jikelele. isilinganiso esingu-3.9%. Ezigidigidini ezi-1.4 zabavakashi bamazwe ngamazwe abafika emhlabeni ngo-2018, i-Afrika yathola kuphela ama-5% ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezokuvakasha (UNWTO).

Izindawo ezihamba phambili zokuvakasha e-Afrika zihlanganisa iMorocco enabavakashi abangaba yizigidi ezingu-11 ngonyaka, i-Egypt (izigidi ezingu-11.35), iNingizimu Afrika (izigidi ezingu-10.47), iTunisia (izigidi ezingu-8.3) kanye neZimbabwe (izigidi ezingu-2.57).

Amathemba emboni yezokuvakasha yase-Afrika aqine kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda emhlabeni. Bekulindeleke ukuthi yenyuke phakathi kuka-3% iye ku-5% ngo-2020. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemikhawulo eqhubekayo, amahhotela adiliza abasebenzi futhi izikhungo zezokuvakasha ziyavalwa emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, kulindeleke ukuthi kube nokukhula okungekuhle.

Umthelela jikelele we-Covid19 emnothweni wamazwe ahamba phambili ezivakashi uzoba phezulu kakhulu kunawo wonke umnotho wase-Afrika. Imboni yezokuvakasha ibe nesandla emaphesentini angaphezu kwe-10 e-GDP yamazwe alandelayo:

I-Seychelles, iCape Verde, iMauritius, iGambia, iTunisia, iMadagascar, iLesotho, iRwanda, iBotswana, i-Egypt, iTanzania, iComoros neSenegal ngo-2019. Kula mazwe, ukukhula komnotho kulindeleke ukuthi kwehle ngokwesilinganiso kuye ku-3.3% ngo-2020. kanti emazweni aseSeychelles, eCape Verde, eMauritius naseGambia, umthelela uzoba phezulu kakhulu okungenani -7% ngo-2020.

Izinyathelo Zezomnotho Nezezimali zokunciphisa umthelela wenhlalo-mnotho

Amazwe ase-Afrika asevele abhekene nemiphumela eqondile (izifo nokufa) kanye nemiphumela engaqondile (ehlobene nemisebenzi yezomnotho) ye-Covid19 futhi isimo kulindeleke ukuthi sibe sibi kakhulu ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isimo njengoba leli gciwane lobhubhane selihlasele amazwe angama-43 ezwenikazi. Ohulumeni abaningi base-Afrika kanye nezikhungo zezifunda zithatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa umthelela walolu bhubhane emnothweni wabo. Ezinye zalezi zinyathelo zifingqiwe kuthebula elingezansi:

Izinyathelo zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise namaBhange Amaphakathi) ukuze kwehliswe imiphumela yezomnotho yeCoronavirus emnothweni kazwelonke

I-Bureau of the Assembly of the Union

• Kuvunyelwene ukusungula Isikhwama sezwekazi esilwa ne-COVID-19 lapho amazwe angamalungu e-Bureau avuma ukunikela ngaso leso sikhathi ama-US $12, 5 wezigidi njengoxhaso lwembewu. Amazwe angamalungu, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ziyanxuswa ukuthi zifake isandla kulesi sikhwama futhi zibeke amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-4.5 ukuze kukhuliswe amandla e-Africa CDC.

• Unxuse umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi ukhuthaze imigudu yokuhweba evulekile, ikakhulukazi eyemithi kanye nezinye izinsiza zezempilo.

• Inxuse i-G20 ukuthi ihlinzeke ngokushesha amazwe ase-Afrika ngezinto zokwelapha, izinsiza zokuhlola, izinto zokuzivikela ukuze alwe nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 kanye nephakheji eliphumelelayo lokuvuselela umnotho elihlanganisa impumuzo nezinkokhelo ezihlehlisiwe.

• Icele ukuhoxiswa kwazo zonke izinkokhelo zenzalo esikweletini samazwe amabili nesezizwe eziningi, kanye nokwelulwa okungenzeka kokuyekelela kuze kufike esikhathini esimaphakathi, ukuze kuhlinzekwe isikhala sezimali esisheshayo kanye nezimali ezisetshenziswayo kohulumeni.

• Inxuse iBhange Lomhlaba, i-International Monetary Fund, i-African Development Bank kanye nezinye izikhungo zesifunda ukuthi zisebenzise wonke amathuluzi atholakala kunqolobane yazo ukuze zisize ukunqanda lesi sihlava futhi zinikeze usizo emikhakheni ebalulekile yase-Afrika. ezomnotho kanye imiphakathi.

Isitatimende soNgqongqoshe Bezezimali base-Afrika esisayinwe ngongqongqoshe bezezimali abaningi base-Afrika simemezele ukuthi izwekazi lidinga u-US$100bn ukuvikela izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nokubhekana nokushaqeka komnotho okubangelwa yilesi sifo.

I-African Development Bank

I-AfDB inyuse isamba esikhethekile samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu kwibhondi yeminyaka emithathu ukusiza ekwehliseni umthelela wezomnotho nenhlalo ubhubhane lwe-Covid-3 oluzoba nawo ezindleleni zokuziphilisa nasemnothweni wase-Afrika.

I-Fight Covid-19 Social bond, evuthwe iminyaka emithathu, ithole inzalo emabhange amakhulu nasezikhungweni ezisemthethweni, izikhungo zezimali zamabhange, kanye nabaphathi bempahla okuhlanganisa nabatshalizimali ababhekele ezenhlalakahle, ngamabhidi angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-4.6 zamarandi.

I-African Export- Import 

IBhange (Afreximbank) limemezele isikhungo sama-US$3bn esizosiza amazwe angamalungu ayo ukubhekana nomthelela wezomnotho nezempilo we-Covid-19. Njengengxenye Yokuncishiswa Komphumela Wohwebo Olusha

Isikhungo (PATIMFA), i-Afreximbank izohlinzeka ngosekelo lwezezimali emazweni angaphezu kuka-50 ngoxhaso oluqondile, imigqa yezikweletu, iziqinisekiso, ukushintshashintsha kwemali nezinye izisetshenziswa ezifanayo.

Ikhomishini Yezomnotho Nezezimali Yamazwe Ase-Afrika Emaphakathi (i-CEMAC)

Ongqongqoshe bezezimali bathathe lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• “Mayelana nenqubomgomo yezimali nohlelo lwezezimali, kwanqunywa ukuthi kugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa kwemvilophu engu-$152.345m enikezwe i-Development Bank of Central African States (BDEAC) yi-Central Bank of African States (BEAC), ukuze kuxhaswe imali. wemiklamo yomphakathi ephathelene nokulwa nobhubhane lwe-Covid-19 kanye nokuqinisa izinhlelo zezempilo zikazwelonke. «

• Baphinde bancoma eMibusoni ukuthi ixoxisane ngokuhlanganyela futhi bathole ukwesulwa kwazo zonke izikweletu zabo zangaphandle ukuze babanike imingcele yesabelomali ebavumela ukuba babhekane ngesikhathi esifanayo nobhadane lwe-coronavirus kanye nokuvuselela ukonga kwabo ngendlela enempilo.

IBhange Elikhulu Lamazwe AseNtshonalanga Afrika(BCEAO)

Izinyathelo ezintathu zokuqala (kweziyisi-8) ezithathwe yi-BCEAO zihlanganisa:

• Ukwenyuswa kwesabelo samasonto onke samabhange Amaphakathi sisuka ku-$680million siye ku-$9bn ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhaswa ngezimali okuqhubekayo kwamabhizinisi Asemazweni Angamalungu;

• Ukufakwa kohlu lwezinkampani ezizimele eziyi-1,700 imiphumela yazo ingazange yamukelwe ngaphambilini kwiphothifoliyo yazo. Lesi senzo sizovumela amabhange ukuthi afinyelele izinsiza ezengeziwe ze-$2bn

• Ukwabiwa kwezigidi ezingama-$50 esikhwameni soxhaso seBhange Lokuthuthukiswa KwaseNtshonalanga Afrika (BOAD) ukuze lisivumele ukuthi linikeze uxhaso lwezinga lenzalo futhi likhuphule inani lemali mboleko elizoyinikeza ohulumeni ukuze baxhase ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezindleko kanye nemishini ekulweni ubhubhane

Ibhokisi lesi-3: Izinyathelo zikahulumeni (okuhlanganisa namabhange amakhulu) ukunciphisa imiphumela yezomnotho yeCoronavirus emnothweni kazwelonke

I-Algeria Bank of Algeria inqume ukwehlisa izinga lemali eyimpoqo ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-8% futhi lehlise ngamaphuzu angama-25 (0.25%), izinga elibalulekile leBhange Lase-Algeria ukuze likulungise ku-3.25% futhi lokhu kusuka ngoMashi 15, 2020. .

I-Cote d'Ivoire Uhulumeni umemezele u-$200m njengempendulo ye-Covid19. Ukusungulwa kweSikhwama sokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yezomnotho, sisekele amabhizinisi athintekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncipha kwemisebenzi, njll.

Ethiopia Uhulumeni umemezele ukuthi ubeke imali eyizigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi ukulwa nalolu bhubhane futhi ubeke isiphakamiso samaphuzu amathathu sokuthi amazwe e-G10 angawasiza kanjani amazwe ase-Afrika ukubhekana nobhubhane lwe-coronavirus.

• Icela iphakethe losizo lika-$150 billion - I-Africa Global COVID-19 Emergency Financing Package.

• Ukuqalisa izinhlelo zokunciphisa izikweletu kanye nokuhlela kabusha,

• Ukuhlinzeka ngosizo kwiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) kanye Nezikhungo Zezifo Zase-Afrika

Control and Prevention (CDC) ukuqinisa ukulethwa kwezempilo komphakathi kanye nokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo ezwenikazi.

I-Equatorial Guinea izibophezele ukufaka imali eyizigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi esikhwameni esikhethekile sezimo eziphuthumayo

I-Eswatini Central Bank yase-Eswatini imemezele ukuthi izokwehlisa izinga lenzalo lisuka ku-6.5% liye ku-5.5%.

I-Gambia Central Bank yaseGambia inqume ukwenza lokhu:

• ukwehlisa izinga lePholisi ngamaphesenti angu-0.5 ukuya kumaphesenti angu-12. IKomidi liphinde lanquma

• nyusa izinga lenzalo endaweni yediphozithi emile Ngamaphesenti angu-0.5 ukuya kumaphesenti angu-3. Indawo yokuboleka emile nayo yehlisiwe yaba ngamaphesenti ayi-13 isuka kumaphesenti ayi-13.5 (MPR kanye nephuzu elingu-1).

Ghana Uhulumeni umemezele izigidi eziyikhulu zamaRandi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulungela nokusabela kwe-COVID-100 yaseGhana

I-MPC yaseBank of Ghana inqume ukwehlisa Isilinganiso Senqubomgomo Yezimali ngamaphoyinti angu-150 kuya kumaphesenti angu-14.5. I-Primary Reserve Requirement yehlisiwe isuka ku-10% yaya ku-8% ukuze inikeze amabhange imali eyengeziwe ukuze kusekelwe imikhakha ebalulekile ye

Umnotho. I-Capital Conservation Buffer (CCB) yamabhange angamaphesenti angu-3.0 yehliselwe kumaphesenti angu-1.5. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi amabhange akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngoxhaso lwezezimali oludingekayo emnothweni. Lokhu kwehlisa ngempumelelo i-Capital Adequacy Requirement isuka kumaphesenti ayi-13 iye kumaphesenti ayi-11.5. Ukukhokhwa kwemali mboleko osekudlulile okumele ikhokhwe Ezikhungweni Zezezimali Ezincane kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-30 kuzobhekwa “njengamanje” njengoba kwenzeka kuwo wonke amanye ama-SDI. Bonke ababhalisele amaselula manje sebevunyelwe ukusebenzisa imininingwane yabo yokubhaliswa komakhalekhukhwini ekhona kakade ukuze bafakwe kuyo

Ubuncane be-akhawunti ye-KYC. IBhange Elikhulu LaseKenya ukusiza ekudambiseni imiphumela emibi, lezi zinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezilandelayo zizosebenza kubaboleki ababuyiselwa imali yabo ngeledlule kusukela ngoMashi 2, 2020.

• Amabhange azofuna ukunikeza usizo kubaboleki emalini ebolekiwe ngokusekelwe ezimeni zabo ezibangelwa yilolu bhubhane.

• Ukuze kuhlinzekwe impumuzo emalini ebolekiwe yomuntu siqu, amabhange azobuyekeza izicelo zababolekayo zokwelulwa kwemali mboleko yabo isikhathi esingafika onyakeni owodwa. Ukuqala le nqubo, ababoleki kufanele bathinte amabhange abo.

• Amabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) kanye nababolekayo bezinkampani bangathintana namabhange abo ukuze ahlolwe futhi ahlelwe kabusha imali ebolekiwe ngokusekelwe ezimeni zabo ezibangelwa yilolu bhubhane.

• Amabhange azohlangabezana nazo zonke izindleko ezihlobene nokwandiswa nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezimali mboleko.

• Ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwezingxenyekazi zedijithali eziphathwayo, amabhange azosusa zonke izindleko zophenyo lwebhalansi.

• Njengoba kumenyezelwe ngaphambili, zonke izindleko zokudluliselwa phakathi kwezikhwama zemali zamaselula nama-akhawunti asebhange zizosuswa. Namibia ngomhlaka-20th ka-March 2020, iBhange LaseNamibia lanquma ukunciphisa izinga le-Repo ngamaphoyinti ayi-100 laya ku-5.25%.

Niger Uhulumeni umemezele ama- $ 1.63m ukuxhasa impendulo ye-Covid19

E-Nigeria Zonke izikhungo zokungenelela ze-CBN ngalokhu zinikezwa esinye isimemezelo sokumisa unyaka owodwa kukho konke ukukhokha okuyinhloko, kusukela ngoMashi 1, 2020.

Ukwehliswa kwezinga lenzalo lisuka kumaphesenti angu-9 liye ku-5 ngonyaka onyakeni ongu-1 kusukela mhla lu-1 kuNdasa wezi-2020 Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sezikweletu esihloselwe izindlu nama-SME ahloselwe u-N50 Billion;

Ukwesekwa kwekhredithi embonini yezokunakekelwa kwempilo Ukubekezela Okulawulayo: Wonke amabhange emali efakwa emalini ashiya ukuze acabangele ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesikhashana nokunqunyelwe isikhathi kwemigomo ye-tenor neyemalimboleko yamabhizinisi nemizi ethinteke kakhulu.

I-CBN izophinde isekele amazinga ezimali embonini ukuze kugcinwe amandla e-DMB okuqondisa izikweletu kubantu ngabanye, emakhaya nakumabhizinisi.

I-Madagascar Banky Foiben'I Madagasikara (BFM) yaziswa:

• Ukusekela imisebenzi yezomnotho ngokunikeza amabhange imali edingekayo ukuze axhase umnotho;

• Ifake u-$111 million ekuqaleni kuka-March futhi izophinda ifake u-$53 million ekupheleni kuka-March 2020;

• Gcina ukutholakala kwezimali zakwamanye amazwe emakethe yamabhange aphakathi kwamabhange;

• Xoxa namabhange nezikhungo zezezimali ngomthelela wenkinga futhi unikeze izimpendulo ezidingekayo.

I-Mauritius I-Bank of Mauritius izimpendulo ezinhlanu zokugcina isikweletu sigeleza emnothweni:

• Kwehliswe I-Key Repo Rate (KRR) ngamaphoyinti angu-50 kuya kumaphesenti angu-2.85 ngonyaka.

• Imali Ekhethekile Yokusiza Ngama-Rs 5.0 Bilion ngokusebenzisa amabhange okuhweba ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimali ezingenayo kanye nezidingo zekhephithali yokusebenza Ibhange elikhulu lehlise isilinganiso salo semali egciniwe ngephuzu lamaphesenti laya ku-8%;

• Ikhishwe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-130 ukuxhasa amabhizinisi alwa nomthelela wegciwane;

• Iyalele amabhange ukuthi amise ukukhokhelwa kwemali ebolekiwe amabhizinisi athintekile;

• Kwehliswe imihlahlandlela yokuqondisa ekusingatheni ukonakala kwezikweletu; futhi yakhipha “ukonga

isibopho

Ibhange laseMorocco i-Al-Maghrib limemezele ukuqaliswa kohlelo oludidiyelwe lokusekela amabhizinisi kanye nezezimali 20, i-dirham eguquguqukayo isuka ku-± 2.5% iye ku-± 5% futhi yanquma ukwehlisa izinga lenzalo ngamaphesenti angama-25 ngesisekelo samaphoyinti ku-2% futhi iqhubeke nokuqapha konke lezi zenzakalo eduze kakhulu.

Ukukhululwa Kwamabhizinisi ekukhokheni umnikelo esikhwameni sempesheni (CNSS) kanye nokumiswa kwezikweletu njengengxenye yezinyathelo zokuqeda umthelela wezomnotho we-Covid19; I-$1bn yokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yezempilo nokusiza imikhakha ethintekile.Isikhwama se-Hassan II kanye nezifunda ukuze kwabelwe u-$261m ukuze kubhekwane nomthelela

Rwanda I-Central Bank yamemezela:

• Indawo yokuboleka imali elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-$52 kumabhange okuhweba;

• Ukwehliswa kwesilinganiso semfuneko yesabelomali kusukela ngo-April 1 sisuka ku-5% siye ku-4% ukuze amabhange athole imali eyengeziwe ukuze asekele amabhizinisi athintekile.

• Ukuvumela amabhange okuhweba ukuthi ahlele kabusha izikweletu ezisasele zababolekayo ababhekene nesikhashana izinselele zokuhamba kwemali okuvela kulo bhubhane.

I-Seychelles I-Central Bank of Seychelles (CBS) isimemezele

• Imali yangaphandle izosetshenziselwa ukuthenga izinto ezintathu kuphela – uphethiloli, ukudla okuyisisekelo kanye nemithi

• yehlisa i-Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) yaba ngamaphesenti amane ukusuka kumaphesenti amahlanu

• Kuzosungulwa indawo yezikweletu elinganiselwa ku-$36 million ukusiza amabhange okuhweba ngesinyathelo sokusiza ezimeni eziphuthumayos.

I-Sierra Leone Central Bank yase-Sierra Leone

• Yehlisa Izinga Lomgomo Wezimali ngamaphuzu ayi-150 ukusuka kumaphesenti ayi-16.5 kuya kumaphesenti ayi-15.

• Dala i-Le500 Billion Special Credit Facility ukuze uthole Imali Yokukhiqiza,

• Ukuthengwa Nokusatshalaliswa Kwezimpahla Nezinsizakalo Ezibalulekile.

• ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza zokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungeniswa kwempahla ebalulekile.

Uhlu lwezimpahla ezifanelekela lokhu kusekelwa luzoshicilelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

• Ukwesekwa Kwemali Embonini Yamabhange.

ISouth Africa Reserve Bank yehlise inzalo isuka ku-6.25% yaya ku-5.25% Uhulumeni umemezele uhlelo luka-$56.27m lokuxhasa amabhizinisi amancane ngesikhathi sokubheduka kwalesi sifo.

I-Tunisia Central Bank yaseTunisia yanquma ukwenza kanjalo

• Ukuhlinzeka amabhange ngemali edingekayo ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yawo evamile,

• Ukudluliselwa kwamakhredithi (okuyinhloko kanye nenzalo) okumele ikhokhwe phakathi nenkathi esuka ku-1st Mashi kuze kube sekupheleni kukaSepthemba 2020. Lesi silinganiso siphathelene namakhredithi ochwepheshe anikezwa amakhasimende ahlukaniswe ngo-0 no-1, awacela emabhange nasezikhungweni zezimali.

• Amathuba okunikeza uxhaso olusha kubazuzi ngokuhlehliswa kwezinsuku eziwumnqamulajuqu.

• ukubala kanye nezidingo zesilinganiso sekhredithi / idiphozi zizovumelana nezimo.

Ibhange lase-Uganda lase-Uganda:

• Ukungenelela ezimakethe zokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe ukuze kulungiswe ukuntengantenga okungaphezulu okuvela ezimakethe zezimali zomhlaba;

• Ukusungula indlela yokunciphisa izinga lebhizinisi elizwakalayo elingena ezikweletini ngenxa yokuntula isikweletu;

• Ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezezimali olukhethekile isikhathi esingafika onyakeni owodwa ezikhungweni zezezimali ezigadwe yi-BoU ezingase ziludinge;

• Ukunciphisa imikhawulo ekuhlelweni kabusha kwezinsiza zezikweletu ezikhungweni zezimali ezingase zibe sengcupheni yokubhekana nobunzima

I-Zambia Bank of Zambia inqume ukwenyusa umkhawulo kuma-ejenti kanye nezikhwama zemali zebhizinisi: Abantu Isigaba 1 sisuka ku-10000 siye ku-20000 ngosuku (K) kanye nenani eliphakeme labantu abayi-100,000 Isigaba 2 sisuka ku-20,000 siye ku-100,000 ngosuku (k) kanye nama-SMEs angu-500,000 nabalimi aphezulu kuya ku-250,000 ngosuku (K) kanye nobukhulu obungu-1,000,000 Yehlisa izinkokhelo ze-interbank payment and Settlement system (ZIPSS) zokucubungula.

ISIPHETHO NEZINCOMO

Isifo seCoronavirus sesiwubhubhane olunzima futhi siletha izinselelo eziningi ezinkulu ezingeni likazwelonke, lesifunda kanye nasemhlabeni. Imiphumela, noma kunzima ukuyibala, kulindeleke ukuthi ibe mikhulu uma kubhekwa ukusabalala okusheshayo kwe-Covid-19 kanye nezinyathelo ezinqala ezithathwe amazwe kungakhathalekile usayizi wawo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngisho noma amazwe ase-Afrika ethinteke kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda okwamanje, imiphumela echichimayo evela entuthukweni yomhlaba wonke noma ukuphulwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kusengaholela emsebenzini wezomnotho ontengantengayo. Impela, ukuncika kakhulu kwezomnotho wase-Afrika uma kuqhathaniswa nezomnotho zakwamanye amazwe kubikezela ukusimama komnotho okungekuhle kwezwekazi, okulinganiselwa ngokulahleka okuphakathi kwamaphoyinti angu-1.5 ekukhuleni komnotho ngo-2020.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi izwekazi lisebenzise ithuba lomnotho lokusabalala okubanzi kwe-Covid-19 kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuguqula izinto zalo ezingavuthiwe ukuze liphendule esidingweni esikhulu sezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezingaba khona. izimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Bangase basebenze njengesithiyo esengeziwe ekuguquleni ukukhiqiza kwe-Afrika, ngokwenza ukuhwebelana ngenani elengezwe kube nzima kakhulu.

Kungakhathaleki ukuthi sinjani isimo ukuthi sinethemba noma asinathemba, i-Covid-19 izoba nomthelela oyingozi kwezenhlalo-mnotho e-Afrika.

Izincomo

Umthelela wenhlalonhle yezomnotho wenhlekelele ye-Covid-19 ungokoqobo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazisa abantu ngomthelela kanye nezeluleko zabakhi benqubomgomo ukuze balungiselele kangcono futhi banciphise umthelela omubi wobhubhane.

Mayelana nalokhu, leli phepha lakha izincomo zenqubomgomo zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: i) Abasabela ku-  isimo esiphuthumayo; kanye ii) lezo ezihambisana nemiphumela yalolu bhubhane.

Izenzo ezisheshayo:
Amazwe ase-Afrika kufanele:

 Bheka ngokucophelela zonke izinsolo ukuze uqinisekise ukutholakala kwegciwane kusenesikhathi , futhi ulandelele ngangokunokwenzeka ukutheleleka, futhi ugweme ukuthintana phakathi kweziguli ezinegciwane kanye nenani labantu abanempilo;

 Vala bonke abantu abangenwe yileli gciwane ekhaya kanye nangaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe ukuze kunqandwe ukusabalala isikhathi esifushane, futhi kuhlolwe ukuthi ingabe izinyathelo zokuvalela kufanele zisetshenziswe kabanzi:

 Bika izibalo zezempilo futhi usebenzisane ne-WHO kanye Nezikhungo Zase-Afrika Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqapha okusobala kwenhlekelele, nokugcina ukuzethemba kwabantu ezinhlelweni zezempilo zomphakathi zase-Afrika;

 Babuyekeze isabelomali sabo ukuze babeke eqhulwini ukusetshenziswa kwemali ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo okubandakanya ingqalasizinda edingekayo kanye nempahla, ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yemithi nezokwelapha, amathuluzi nezinto zokwakha, njll.;

 Ukwakha isikhwama sezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze kukhuliswe ukuvikelwa komphakathi, ikakhulukazi okuqondiswe kubasebenzi abangekho emthethweni abangenakho ukuvikelwa komphakathi futhi okungenzeka bathikamezeke kakhulu ngenxa yesimo esibucayi;

 Ukwenyusa imali yocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Isipiliyoni sikhombisile ukuthi phakathi kwesikhwama semiqedazwe esibekelwe ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi yokugoma cishe akukho okuvimbela amandla wamazwe okuphendula ngesikhathi sobhubhane.

 Sebenzisana nomphakathi wendawo, ohulumeni kanye nosomabhizinisi ukuze bakhe indlela kahulumeni wonke ngale kwenkinga yezempilo kanye nezixazululo zokuzithiba kanye nokwelashwa endaweni. Ukuhlinzeka ngokwezezimali, ukufinyelela kudatha, nokwesekwa kokulawula ukuze kusheshiswe ukukhuliswa kwezixazululo ezintsha;

 Ukukhuthaza ukwabelana ngolwazi ngendlela esobala ukuze kwazise izakhamuzi futhi kunqandwe ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi olungamanga31  i-mation (“izindaba ezingamanga”);

 Ukulungisa izikhungo zezempilo ukuthi zinakekele imiphakathi eyahlukene ethintekayo, okuhlanganisa abesifazane, intsha, abadala.

 Cabangela ukuboleka izimali eziphuthumayo ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwemali njengoba izinga lenzalo yezohwebo liphansi okwamanje; futhi amazwe angase abe nokushoda kwezimali ngenxa yokwehla kwemali engenayo yentela kanye nokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kwemali;

 Ukuthatha izinyathelo zomnotho nezezimali ukusekela amabhizinisi, ama-SME kanye nabantu ngabanye njengempendulo emisebenzini yetoho enqanyuliwe ukuze kuvikelwe imisebenzi yezomnotho, njengeziqinisekiso zezikweletu zezinkampani ezizimele.

 Cela Amabhange Amaphakathi ukuthi ehlise izinga lenzalo ukuze akhuphule imali ebolekiwe amabhizinisi (futhi ehlise izindleko zawo) futhi anikeze amabhange okuhweba ngemali eyengeziwe ukuze asekele imisebenzi yebhizinisi. Lapho kudingeka,

Amabhange Amaphakathi kufanele acabangele ukubuyekeza izinhloso ezithile (ukwehla kwamandla emali okungaphansi kuka-3%) okwesikhashana nangenxa yesimo esiphuthumayo;

 Yeka ngokushesha zonke izinkokhelo zenzalo kumakhredithi ohwebo, amabhondi ezinkampani, izinkokhelo zokuqashisa nokusebenzisa imigqa yemali etholakalayo kumabhange amakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazwe namabhizinisi angaqhubeka nokuthengwa kwempahla ebalulekile ngaphandle kokwenza buthaka umkhakha wamabhange.

 Ukuqala amaphakeji okuvuselela ezezimali ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wobhubhane lwe-coronavirus emnothweni kazwelonke. Lungiselela ukukhuthaza kwezezimali kubakhokhi Bentela abathintwe yi-Covid-19 futhi ucabangele ukumiswa kwentela;

 Ukuhoxiswa kwezinkokhelo zentela emikhakheni ebucayi kanye nokuthola usizo kwasendaweni okwenziwa umkhakha womphakathi ekuphenduleni kwayo le nkinga kuzosekela ama-SMEs namanye amabhizinisi.

 Kuxoxiswe kabusha ngezinhlelo zokukhokha izikweletu zangaphandle, kanye nemibandela yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesikweletu, okuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwezinkokhelo zezilinganiso zenzalo ngesikhathi senhlekelele, ezilinganiselwa ku-USD 44 bhiliyoni ngo-2020, kanye nokwandiswa kwesikhathi sohlelo okungenzeka;

 Cela ukuthi kumiswe ukulwa namavukelambuso namaqembu ahlomile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho ukuphazamiseka emizamweni yokunqanda lo bhubhane. I-Covid-19 iza ngesikhathi lapho ezinye zezifunda sezivele zibhekene nezinselelo ezinzima zokuntenga, izingxabano nodlame ngenxa yobushokobezi, ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki kanye/noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, ukuhlasela kwakamuva kweqembu le-Boko Haram e-Chad kwabulala okungenani amasosha angama-92 ngomhla zingama-25 kuNdasa.

I-AUC kufanele:

 Izingxoxo eziholayo zohlelo olunamandla lokusulwa kwesikweletu sangaphandle sase-Afrika sisonke ($236 billion). Isinyathelo sokuqala sobukhulu ikhwelo likaNdunankulu wase-Ethiopia u-Abiy Ahmed lokusiza ngephakethe losizo lika-$150 billion njengengxenye ye-Africa Global COVID-19 Emergency Financing Package;

 Ukuhlanganisa nge-Africa CDC yonke imizamo yokuhlanganisa ilabhorethri, ukubhekwa, kanye nokunye ukwesekwa kwezimpendulo lapho kuceliwe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izinsiza zezokwelapha ziya lapho zidingeka khona kakhulu.

 Ukudidiyela izenzo zabo zobunxusa ukuze bakhulume ngazwi linye ezithangamini zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-IMF, iBhange Lomhlaba,

Imihlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene, i-G20, i-AU-EU kanye nobunye ubudlelwano;

 Ukudidiyela imizamo yabenzi bezinqubomgomo, iMiphakathi Yezomnotho Yesifunda, kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukubeka eqhulwini ukungenelela emazweni amaningi asengozini abhekene kakhulu nokushaqeka kwangaphandle kwezohwebo;

 Ukuthuthukisa ubumbano, ukubambisana, ukuphelelisana, ukusekelana nokufunda kontanga phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu. Izenzo ezingenzeka yilezi, ngokubambisana nama-RECs: ukumisa indawo yokubuka izimpendulo zenqubomgomo yokuqapha ezempilo kanye nezomnotho ku-Covid-19;

 Ukunqanda ukuhwebelana ekusetshenzisweni kwezinyathelo zokuphepha, ngokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ukuvalwa kwemingcele akudali inkinga yokudla, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Afrika lapho ukutholakala kokudla kuncipha khona nalapho amazwe ethembele ekuthengisweni kwezitshalo zokudla okuyisisekelo njengerayisi kanye ukolweni wase-Asia.

 Naka kakhulu isimo samalungelo abantu ababaleki kanye nabafuduki, lapho ukuqhelelana komphakathi kungase kube nzima kakhulu ukukusebenzisa kuyilapho besengozini enkulu yenhlekelele; futhi

 Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuxhumanisa ukuhlonza nokuqapha ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo, ukwenza imephu yezimpendulo zenqubomgomo amazwe angamalungu angawodwa kanye nangaphakathi kwama-RECs, kudidiyelwe izinyathelo zamanxusa ukwenza izwi le-Afrika lizwakale emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ekunciphiseni izikweletu.

Imiphakathi Yezomnotho Yesifunda kufanele:

• Ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuxhumanisa ukuhlonza ukusabalala kwalesi sifo, kudwetshwe imephu yezimpendulo zenqubomgomo emazweni angawodwana angamalungu ngaphakathi kwe-REC; futhi

• Lapho kufanele khona thuthukisani ngokuhlanganyela izinqubomgomo zezimali nezezimali ukuze kwandiswe izinsiza zamazwe angamalungu kanye nekhono lokuqhuba izinqubomgomo eziphikisana nomjikelezo.

Izenzo zangemva kobhubhane

Amazwe ase-Afrika abhekene kakhulu nokushaqeka kwangaphandle. Kudingeka ushintsho lwepharadigm ukuze kuguqulwe izindlela zokuhwebelana zamazwe ase-Afrika ngaphakathi kwawo kanye nomhlaba wonke ikakhulukazi neShayina, iYurophu, i-USA kanye namanye amazwe asafufusa. I-Afrika kufanele iguqule ubhubhane lwamanje lwe-Covid-19 lube yithuba lokuhumusha izincomo zenqubomgomo mayelana noguquko olukhiqizayo ekuguqulweni okuphumelelayo.

kuchazwe ku-Africa's Development Dynamics (AfDD) 2019: 2019: Ukuzuza Uguquko Olukhiqizayo zibe ngokoqobo ukuze kwakhiwe umnotho okwaziyo ukumelana nezimo ezishaqisayo zangaphandle futhi kuzuzwe intuthuko esimeme.

Ngakho-ke, amazwe ase-Afrika ayelulekwa ukuthi:

 Bahlukanise futhi baguqule umnotho wabo ngokuqinisa amandla okukhiqiza ezinkampani ezizimele zase-Afrika ukuze kuguqulwe izinto zokusetshenziswa endaweni. Lokhu kuzophinde kuthuthukise ukuqoqwa kwezinsiza zasekhaya futhi kunciphise ukuncika kwezwekazi ekugelezeni kwezimali kwangaphandle, okumi ku-11.6% we-GDP yase-Afrika uma kuqhathaniswa nama-6.6% we-GDP yeminotho esathuthuka;

 Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo futhi kuthuthukiswe uchungechunge lwenani lokudla ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nezwekazi. I-Sub-Saharan Africa yachitha cishe u-US $ 48.7 billion ekuthengeni ukudla kwamanye amazwe (ama-US $ 17.5 billion wokusanhlamvu, ama-US $ 4.8 billion wezinhlanzi, njll.), ingxenye yawo engatshalwa kabusha ekulimeni okuzinzile kwase-Afrika (FAO, 2019) . Imizamo yeTanzania yokuzimela ngerayisi nommbila kufanele inconywe futhi ibe yisibonelo kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika.

 Ukuqedela ukusayinda nokuqinisekiswa kwe-African Medicine Agency (AMA) kanye nokusungula ubambiswano lukahulumeni lwesifunda oluzimele ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo yezokwelapha neyemithi ukuze kwehliswe ukuthengwa kwempahla e-Afrika nokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwezinga eliphezulu lomkhiqizo;

 Hlela izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa imali kwezempilo: ohulumeni kufanele bakhuphule ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqinisa izinhlelo zezempilo ukuze zikwazi ukusheshisa ukwelashwa kanye nokulawula;

 Ukuhlanganisa izinsiza zasekhaya ezanele zezempilo ukuze izinhlelo zezempilo zihlangabezane nezidingo zezempilo okuhlanganisa ukuqedwa kwezifo ezithwala kanzima, ukuvimbela kanye nokulawulwa kokubhebhetheka kwezifo ezwenikazi;

 Sebenzisa uguquko lwedijithali ukuze kuguqulwe umnotho wase-Afrika ukuze kuzuzwe i-ajenda 2063 futhi kubhekwane nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwentsha, , nokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela (isib. ukusebenzela abasebenzi ngezingcingo); futhi

 Ukusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwe-Continental Free Trade Zone kanye neZikhungo Zezezimali ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimboni ngokushesha okukhulu.

I-AUC kufanele:

 Ukuqiniswa kabusha kwezinhlelo zezempilo nezokuvikelwa komphakathi zamazwe ase-Afrika;

 Ukuqhubeka nokugqugquzela uguquko olukhiqizayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ezimele ukuze kuguqulwe impahla yase-Afrika yasendaweni;

 Xoxisana nezomnotho ze-OECD ngokuthi iphakethe lokuvuselela izimali ezilisebenzisayo alinawo umthelela emhlabeni wonke ekubuyiseleni i-Global Value Chains ku-OECD, ngaleyo ndlela kulimaze amasu oguquko olukhiqizayo lwase-Afrika;

 Ukuhola ezingxoxweni zokuthola ukwengezwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamazwe angamalungu, ikakhulukazi i-IMF, esimi ngomumo ukuhlanganisa amandla okuboleka ayizigidi eziyisigidi ukuze isize amalungu ayo. Lawa mathuluzi angahlinzeka ngohlelo lwezigidigidi ezingama-1 zamaRandi emazweni asafufusa nasathuthuka kwezomnotho. Kungafika ku-$50 wezigidigidi kungenziwa kutholakale kumalungu ahola kancane ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zezimali zemvumelwano, ezingenawo amanani enzalo angenayo;

 Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunikezwa impendulo yomhlaba wonke ukuze kudidiyelwe ukuqhubeka kokungena kwezimali e-Afrika, okuhlanganisa izimali ezithunyelwayo, i-FDI, i-ODA, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwephothifoliyo, ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthukisa inkundla yezingxoxo zenqubomgomo eqoqa ohulumeni base-Afrika, ababambisene nabo emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. abadlali abangaba neqhaza ekukhangiseni isimo esibucayi sezempilo nezomnotho;

 Sekela amazwe emizamweni yawo yokwenza ngcono ukuhlanganisa izinsiza zasekhaya kanye nokulwa nokugeleza kwezimali okungekho emthethweni ukuze akwazi ukukhokhela intuthuko yawo; futhi

 Ukuthuthukisa kanye nokulandela i-ajenda yenguquko enezithelo esikhathini esimaphakathi ngamaZwe angamaLungu;

 Ibeke kabusha i-Afrika ukuze isebenzise ngokugcwele izinguquko okulindeleke ukuba zenzeke ngemva kwenhlekelele ye-covid-19, njengoba umnotho omkhulu cishe uzohlukanisa izikhungo zazo zokukhiqiza ngokushintsha ingxenye yazo iye kwezinye izifunda ngokuhlomisa intsha ngamakhono adingekayo ukuze ihehe amazwe ahlukahlukene. Amabhizinisi (ama-MNE) nabanye abadlali bohwebo bomhlaba. Lokhu futhi kunenzuzo yokuthuthukisa uguquko lwasekhaya kanye nokudluliswa ngempumelelo kobuchwepheshe kumongo we-AfCFTA. I-coronavirus ikhombise umkhawulo weChina njengesizinda Sokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yabasebenzi abashibhile nabaqeqeshiwe.