Naphezu kwezinselelo eziningi, kusukela e-terroir kuya kwezombusazwe, ama-Israel akwazile ukudlula lezi zithiyo futhi azuze impumelelo emangalisayo.
Ochungechungeni olunezingxenye ezimbili, ngingena ezinkingeni amaphayona abhekana nazo Iwayini lakwa-Israyeli imboni. Kusukela esisekelweni sezivini zabo kuya ebunzimeni bezokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe, lezi zithiyo ziye zahlola ukuqina nokuzimisela kwazo. Nokho, okushukumisa ngempela indlela abaye baphuma ngayo benqobile, bezenzela indawo ehlukile. esiteji sewayini somhlaba wonke.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yochungechunge, ngihlola izinselele eziyingqayizivele ze-terroir abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel abahlangabezana nazo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezwe, ukuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokwakheka kwenhlabathi kuye kwaletha izithiyo ezinkulu, ezidinga izindlela ezintsha zokusungula kanye nokunakwa ngokucophelela kwemininingwane. Naphezu kwalezi zinkimbinkimbi, ama-vintners akwa-Israyeli abonise ukuguquguquka okuphawulekayo kanye nobuchule, ubuciko iwayini eliyingqayizivele ezibonisa umuzwa wabo ohlukile wendawo.
Ingxenye yesibili yochungechunge igxile endaweni eyodwa yewayini ezuze ukuqashelwa okumangalisayo emhlabeni jikelele. Le ndawo yokukhiqiza iwayini ikwazile ukunqoba izithiyo abanye abaningi abaye babhekana nazo. Ngenhlanganisela yobuholi obunombono, ubuciko obungenakuqhathaniswa, kanye nokuqonda okujulile okuthandwa ngabathengi, baye bazibonakalisa njengesibani sokwenza kahle kakhulu embonini yewayini yakwa-Israel.
Ngikholwa ukuthi lolu chungechunge olunezingxenye ezimbili luzohlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile futhi lusikhanyisele ngohambo olumangalisayo lwemboni yewayini yakwa-Israel. Kusebenza njengobufakazi bokuqina nokuzimisela kwalaba abenzi bewayini, abangagcinanga nje ngokunqoba izinselele kodwa futhi abaphumelele lapho bebhekene nobunzima.
Iwayini Elimnandi. "Kuyenzeka" Ukwenziwa kwa-Israyeli
Imboni yakwa-Israyeli yokwenza iwayini ibone ukukhula okuphawulekayo nokuqashelwa; nokho, ibhekana nezinselele uma kuziwa ekuzuzeni impumelelo yomhlaba wonke. Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani ukuba muhle noma ukuba mkhulu kunganele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqinisekisa impumelelo kubenzi bewayini bakwa-Israyeli:
Ukuncintisana Kwemakethe: Imakethe yewayini yomhlaba wonke inokuncintisana kakhulu, namazwe akhiqiza iwayini adumile afana neFrance, i-Italy, iSpain, namanye aphethe imboni. Iwayini lakwa-Israel ngokuvamile kufanele liqhudelane nemikhiqizo eyaziwayo neyaziwayo evela kulawa mazwe, okwenza kube inselele ukuthola isabelo semakethe nokuqashelwa.
Ukubona kanye Nedumela: Ngaphandle kokuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yamawayini akwa-Israel, umbono kanye nedumela lemboni yewayini yezwe kusengasala ngemuva kwezinye izindawo zewayini ezaziwayo. Ukunqoba izinkoleloze kanye nemibono ecatshangwe ngaphambili mayelana nekhwalithi yamawayini akwa-Israel kungaba isithiyo empumelelweni ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukukhiqizwa Okulinganiselwe Nokusabalalisa: Ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kwa-Israel kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe amakhulu akhiqiza iwayini. Lokhu kukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe kungenza kube nzima kubenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel ukuzuza umnotho wesilinganiso futhi bafinyelele amanethiwekhi abanzi okusabalalisa. Ukuthekelisa iwayini ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe kungase kubize futhi kube inselele ngenxa yezinto ezidingekayo kanye nezidingo zokulawula.
Ukumaketha Nokumaketha: Ukumaketha okuphumelelayo nokuthengisa kudlala indima ebalulekile empumelelweni yanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwewayini. Abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel bangase babhekane nobunzima ekukhangiseni iwayini labo emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yesabelomali esilinganiselwe sokumaketha noma isidingo samasu okuthengisa asezingeni eliphezulu ukuze bakhe ukuqwashisa ngemikhiqizo nokufinyelela abathengi abasha.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinselelo, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel bayaqhubeka nokukhiqiza iwayini elikhethekile, futhi imizamo yabo isiqalile ukuqashelwa kuwo wonke umphakathi wewayini wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokugxila kukhwalithi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ubudlelwano bamasu, kanye nokumaketha okuphumelelayo, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel basebenzela ukuzuza impumelelo enkulu nokwandisa ubukhona babo emakethe yewayini yomhlaba wonke.
Okubalulekile Ngokomlando
I-Israel inomlando ocebile wokwenza iwayini owaqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma (6-135 CE), iwayini elivela kwa-Israyeli lalifunwa kakhulu futhi lithunyelwa eRoma nakwezinye izifunda. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile zalawa mawayini akwa-Israyeli wasendulo zihlanganisa:
Iwayini Elidala Nasesikhathini Sakhe: Amawayini akhiqizwa kwa-Israyeli wasendulo ayevame ukubhalwa ezikhathini zasendulo futhi amakwe ngonyaka wokukhiqiza. Lo mkhuba wawuvumela abathengi ukuthi babone iminyaka nokuvuthwa kwewayini, isici esasihlonishwa kakhulu ngezikhathi zamaRoma.
Igama Lomenzi Wewayini: I-amphorae equkethe iwayini yayinegama le-winemaker ebhalwe kuyo. Lokhu kwabonisa umuzwa wokuziqhenya kanye nobuciko futhi kwavumela abathengi ukuthi bazi umsuka nedumela lewayini abalijabulelayo.
Amawayini Aminyene Namnandi: Izintandokazi zangaleso sikhathi zazincike ewayinini eliwugqinsi nelimnandi. Lawa mawayini kungenzeka akhiqizwe ngamagilebhisi avunwa kamuva ekuvuthweni, okuholele ekubeni noshukela omningi kanye nokuthungwa kwe-viscous. Ubumnandi bebungawenza amawayini anambitheke kakhulu kulwanga lwaseRoma lasendulo.
Ukwengezwa Kwamanzi: Kwakuvamile emhlabeni wasendulo ukuxubha iwayini ngamanzi (okungukuthi, amanzi afudumele, amanzi anosawoti)
ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Lo mkhuba wawuvame kakhulu esikweni lamaRoma, lapho iwayini lalivame ukuxutshwa namanani ahlukene amanzi nezinye izithako (okungukuthi, amakhambi nezinongo; ngokuvamile agcinwa ezitsheni ezimbozwe inhlaka edala ukunambitheka okufana ne-restina) ukuze kuzuzwe ukunambitheka notshwala obufisayo. izinga.
Ukubaluleka komlando wamawayini akwa-Israel ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma kukhombisa amasiko nobuchwepheshe bezwe bokwenza iwayini. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ngisho nesisekelo esiqinile somlando namawayini amahle kakhulu, impumelelo emakethe yewayini yomhlaba wonke yesimanje idinga ukunqoba izinselele ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nokuncintisana, ukubona, ukumaketha, nokusabalalisa. Noma kunjalo, amagugu kanye nolwazi oludluliswa ezizukulwaneni zabakhi bewayini kwa-Israel lusaqhubeka nokuba wusizo embonini yewayini yezwe.
Ubuhlakani
Ngaphezu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakhulu eminyaka, kukhona ezinye izici ezikhiqiza iwayini elihle - futhi u-Israyeli unawo wonke:
Izinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi: Iwayini lakwa-Israel livame ukufaka izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zakudala zesiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane, ezifana nalezo ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe akhiqiza iwayini Omhlaba Omusha. Yize kunamawayini ambalwa enziwe ngamagilebhisi endabuko endawo, ukugxila kakhulu kuzinhlobonhlobo ezihlonishwa umhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuvumela abenzi bewayini ukuthi basebenzise izici nezimfanelo ezihambisana nalezi zinhlobo zamagilebhisi, ezihlungiwe futhi zapheleliswa emakhulwini eminyaka okwenziwa kwewayini.
Izimo Zezulu ZaseMedithera: Isimo sezulu sakwa-Israel sibonakala ngokuba nehlobo elishisayo, elinomswakama kanye nobusika obumanzi, okuyizinto ezilungele ukutshalwa kwamagilebhisi. Lezi zimo zezulu ezijwayelekile zaseMedithera zinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwamagilebhisi ane-flavour egxilile kanye ne-asidi elinganayo. Ngaphezu kwesimo sezulu, ezinye izici ezifana nendawo yesivini, umthambeka, indlela yokuthambekela, izakhiwo zenhlabathi, nemikhuba yasemapulazini idlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwendawo yonke lwesivini. Lezi zici zithonya ikhwalithi yamagilebhisi futhi zingaholela kumaphrofayili e-flavour ahlukile.
I-Wine Cellar: Izinqubo ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwewayini endaweni engaphansi komhlaba zinomthelela emkhiqizweni wokugcina. Abenzi bewayini baphatha ngokucophelela inqubo yokuvutshelwa, okuhlanganisa nokulawula izinga lokushisa, ukukhetha imvubelo, namasu e-maceration ukuze kuzuzwe amaphrofayili e-flavour oyifunayo. Izimo zokuguga nezokugcina, njengokukhethwa kwemiphongolo ye-oki noma amathangi ensimbi engagqwali, nakho kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezitayela ezithile zewayini. Ukuqapha njalo kanye nesikhathi esifanele kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isinyathelo ngasinye senqubo yokwenza iwayini senziwa ngokunembile.
Nakuba kungase kungabi khona neyodwa iresiphi yokukhiqiza iwayini elingcono kakhulu, inhlanganisela yalezi zici, kanye nekhono nolwazi lwabakhi bewayini, kunomthelela eqophelweni eliphelele lamawayini akwa-Israel. Ukuzibophezela ekubambeni isikhathi esifanele, ukunaka imininingwane, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo egumbini elingaphansi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amawayini afinyelela amandla awo aphelele.
Izivimbamgwaqo
Kunezici ezimbalwa ezinciphisa ikhono lika-Israyeli lokuncintisana ngempumelelo esiteji sewayini somhlaba. Lokhu kubandakanya:
I-acreage elinganiselwe yesivini: I-Israel inendawo encane yomhlabathi efanele ukulinywa umvini uma iqhathaniswa namazwe afana ne-Italy, Spain, ne-France. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lamagilebhisi angatshalwa futhi, emva kwalokho, umthamo wewayini elikhiqizwayo.
Izinselele zesimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu sakwa-Israel ngokuvamile sibonakala njengeMedithera, ehlobo elishisayo nelomile. Nakuba lesi simo sezulu sisilungele izinhlobo ezithile zamagilebhisi, singaletha nezinselele ezifana nokushoda kwamanzi kanye nobungozi bezifo zamagilebhisi. Lezi zinto zingaba nomthelela kwikhwalithi kanye nenani lamagilebhisi avuniwe.
Ukungabi nokuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele: Uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe akhiqiza iwayini endabuko afana ne-Italy, i-France, ne-Spain, iwayini lakwa-Israel linomlando omfushane futhi awaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwakha isithunzi nokusungula ukuqashelwa kwewayini lakwa-Israel kuthatha isikhathi kanye nemizamo ehlangene yokuthengisa.
Imakethe yasekhaya enomkhawulo: I-Israel inabantu abambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi imakethe yasekhaya yokusetshenziswa kwewayini ayibalulekile njengakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kubeka kugcizelelwa kakhulu ekuthumeleni izinkampani zewayini zakwa-Israel ukuze kuzuzwe umnotho wezinga kanye nokwenza inzuzo.
Izici ze-geopolitical: Isimo sezwe sakwa-Israyeli, nokusondela kwaso ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo, kwesinye isikhathi singaba nomthelela emisebenzini yohwebo nokuthekelisa. Ukungaqini kahle kwezepolitiki esifundeni kungadala ukungaqiniseki kanye nezinselelo zokwenziwa kwezinto ezithinta imboni yewayini.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu kulinganiselwa, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel benze inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo eminyakeni yamuva, bakhiqiza iwayini eliphezulu elithole ukuqashelwa emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokukhula kokutshalwa kwezimali ezivinini, amasu okwenza iwayini, nemizamo yokumaketha, imboni yewayini yakwa-Israel iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka futhi ithuthukise isimo sayo emhlabeni.
Ukuqhubeka
Ikuphi indawo yakwa-Israel emakethe yewayini yamazwe ngamazwe? Ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwe-Israel kwamanye amazwe kwalinganiselwa ku-$64.1M, okwenza kwaba ngu-29th umthengisi omkhulu kunawo wonke wewayini emhlabeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa, amazwe ayisithupha aphezulu athekelisa iwayini (2021) kube yi-Italy ($8.4 billion), Spain ($3.5 billion), France ($13.1 billion), Chile ($2 billion), Australia ($1.7 billion), kanye ne-US ($1.5 billion) (worldtopexports.com).
Cishe ngamabhodlela ayizigidi ezingama-40 akhiqizwa minyaka yonke, ukukhiqizwa kwewayini yakwa-Israel kunesizotha uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga okukhiqiza iwayini omhlaba. Amathani angu-60,000 XNUMX amagilebhisi ewayini avunwa minyaka yonke abonisa umzamo omkhulu ekulinyweni kwesivini nasekukhiqizeni amagilebhisi.
Ukuba khona kwezindawo zezitolo ezingu-350+/- ikakhulukazi izindawo zezitolo kanye nezindawo zewayini ezingu-70 zibonisa indawo ehlukahlukene yabakhiqizi bewayini kwa-Israel. Lokhu kukhombisa ubukhona obuqinile bezindawo zewayini ezincane, eziyisipesheli ezigxile ekukhiqizeni inani elilinganiselwe lamawayini ekhwalithi ephezulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izindawo zewayini ezinkulu eziyishumi kwa-Israel zilawula ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 okukhiqiza, okuphakamisa izinga elithile lokuhlanganisa ngaphakathi kwemboni. Lokhu kuqoqwa kokukhiqiza phakathi kwabadlali abakhulu kungase kubangelwe ezintweni ezifana nomnotho wesilinganiso, ukubusa kwemakethe, noma ukuthuthukiswa komlando.
Uma kubhekwa izinga kanye nesakhiwo semboni yewayini yakwa-Israel, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani inani layo lokuthekelisa liphansi uma liqhathaniswa namazwe amakhulu akhiqiza iwayini. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imboni yewayini yakwa-Israel ibilokhu ithola ukuqashelwa ngekhwalithi yayo kanye nokuhluka kwayo eminyakeni yamuva nje, futhi inani layo lokuthekelisa lilokhu likhula kancane kancane.
Ngokuqhubeka nokutshalwa kwezimali ezivinini, amasu okwenza iwayini, kanye nemizamo yokumaketha, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel banethuba lokuthuthukisa imboni yabo nokwandisa ubukhona babo esigabeni sewayini emhlabeni wonke.
Kuyabiza?
Abathengi baseMelika bayamangala ngenani eliphakeme lentengo lamawayini avela kwa-Israel. Akuyona ingxenye ye-kosher ephakamisa inani; i-kosher vinification ifana nokwenza iwayini okuvamile ngaphandle kweyeast ye-kosher kanye nesidingo somphathi ozoqapha inqubo. Intengo yeprimiyamu ixhunywe ezindlekweni ezivamile zokuhlala e-Israel kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nokwenza iwayini kule ngxenye yomhlaba.
Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi intengo yewayini yakwa-Israel ixhumene nobusha bemboni kanye nemakethe encane yasendaweni. Ingqikithi yabantu bakwa-Israyeli iyizigidi ezingu-8; khipha wonke umuntu ongaphansi kweminyaka yobudala esemthethweni yokuphuza engu-18 futhi akhiphe amaSulumane (inkolo yawo evimbela ukuphuza utshwala) futhi lokhu kushiya imakethe encane engaba khona cishe ezigidini ezine.
Abenzi bewayini kwa-Israel bangenisa zonke izingcezu zesisetshenziswa esisodwa futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa wonke amathuluzi adingekayo, kusukela emishinini yokuchoboza kuya emiphongolweni nakokhokho. Izindleko ezingaphezulu ziyafana endaweni yokukhiqiza iwayini ekhiqiza amabhodlela angu-30,000 ngonyaka noma amabhodlela angu-300,000. Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile zokutshala amagilebhisi, okuhlanganisa umhlabathi, namanzi, zibiza kakhulu kwa-Israyeli. Imboni isakhokha iminyaka engama-40 yokutshalwa kwezimali (kusukela ekuqaleni kwesiko lewayini lendawo). Abenzi bewayini base-Europe balinganisela ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka eyi-100-200 ukusungula isisekelo samakhasimende esithembekile, kanti ozakwabo bakwa-Israel bazizwa benenhlanhla uma benomthengi oqotho wesizukulwane sesibili.
Kosher
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isivini nokwenza iwayini kuyi-kosher kuhilela izidingo ezithile ezihlobene nokuqondisa inqubo yokukhiqiza ngamaJuda aqaphile kanye nokuba khona kwe-mashgiah ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza.
Nakuba izindleko zokugcina isitifiketi se-kosher zingase zingabi ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile, zibandakanya ukucatshangelwa okwengeziwe ngokwemibandela yabasebenzi kanye nokuhambisana nemihlahlandlela ethile ye-kosher. Ukuba nezisebenzi ezihlangana namagilebhisi ukuba ngamaJuda aqaphile futhi nokuba nesipho se-mashgiah kungengeza ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi enqubweni yokwenza iwayini.
Mayelana nokulebula nokumaketha kwamawayini akwa-Israel, kuyajabulisa ukuqaphela ukuthi amanye amawayini enziwe kwa-Israel abhalwe ngokuthi “KOSHER” kunokuba athi “ISRAEL” emashalofini ezitolo zezitolo zaseMelika. Lokhu kungadala izinselele mayelana nokwakha ubuwena obuhlukile kanye nokwandisa ukuqwashisa ngewayini lakwa-Israel lilonke. Kungase kuholele ekutheni amawayini abonakale ngokuyinhloko njengamawayini e-kosher kunokuba abonwe ngekhwalithi yawo kanye nezici zesifunda.
I-Marketing Shift
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zewayini le-kosher: i-mevushal ne-non-mevushal. Amawayini e-Mevushal enza inqubo ye-flash pasteurization, ewavumela ukuthi aphathwe amaJuda angewona ama-Orthodox, kuyilapho amawayini angewona ama-mevushal angamawayini ekhwalithi ephezulu enziwe kusetshenziswa izindlela zendabuko.
Ilebula ye-KOSHER ingakhawulela ikhono labathengi lokubona izinketho eziphezulu phakathi kwewayini le-kosher. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi iwayini le-premium lakwa-Israel alilokothi libe yi-mevushal, kodwa imizamo yamanje yokudayisa iyehluleka ukukhulumisana ngalo mehluko, ngempumelelo, okungase kufiphaze umbono wekhwalithi.
Esikhundleni sokugcizelela ilebula ye-kosher, iwayini elivela kwa-Israel kufanele lifakwe ohlwini “njengamawayini avela kwa-Israel” kumamenyu ngokugxila ekwaziseni iwayini lakwa-Israel njengemikhiqizo emihle kakhulu ngaphandle kokunaka okungadingekile kwesitifiketi esithile se-kosher (njengophawu lwe-OU).
Ukuze kusungulwe ubukhona obunamandla endaweni yemakethe, okuhlanganisa emagcekeni, izitolo zewayini eziku-inthanethi, izitolo ezinkulu, izindawo zokudlela, nezinye izikhungo, kanye nokwandisa ukuchayeka ngokuphelele, kungase kusize ukuthi iwayini lakwa-Israel libe nokumelela okugqama kakhulu ku-“ISRAEL” ishalofu noma isigaba. Lokhu kungasiza ukugqamisa ukuhlukahluka nokuhluka kwamawayini akwa-Israel ngaphezu kwegama lawo le-kosher, okuvumela abathengi ukuthi bahlole futhi bajabulele iwayini ngokusekelwe kumasu abo athile e-terroir kanye nokwenziwa kwewayini.
Isibonelo, imikhiqizo efana ne-M&Ms, iphethe uphawu lwe-Orthodox Union (OU) kodwa ayinawo umthelela omkhulu ezinqumweni zokuthenga zabathengi. Mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuthi umthengi waseMelika abone amawayini akwa-Israel ngekhwalithi yawo futhi awajabulele ngaphandle kokugcizelela kakhulu isimo sawo se-kosher.
© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.
