Amawayini aseNingizimu Afrika Alwela Ukufaneleka Emhlabeni Wonke

Abasebenzi baseNingizimu Afrika emkhakheni wewayini bebelwa nezimo ezingezinhle zokusebenza zabasebenzi basemapulazini ezivinini eziningi ezweni kanti abathengisi bewayini bebeseka izenzo zabo.

Ngokusho the I-Human Rights Watch (HRW), abasebenzi basemapulazini ewayini nezithelo eNingizimu Afrika bahlala ezindlini ezingakulungele ukuhlala, bachayeka ezibulala-zinambuzane ngaphandle kwemishini yokuphepha efanele, bangakwazi ukungena ezindlini zangasese noma amanzi okuphuza alinganiselwe (uma ekhona) ngenkathi besebenza futhi banezithiyo eziningi zokumelwa yizinyunyana. .

Impahla Yezomnotho

Abasebenzi basemapulazini bangeza izigidi zamaRandi emnothweni waseNingizimu Afrika; nokho, abantu abakhiqiza lezi zimpahla baphakathi kwabantu abahola kancane ezweni. Ngokwemininingwane ye-Paris-based Organisation of Vine and Wine (OVI, 2021), iNingizimu Afrika ikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalombili emazweni akhiqiza iwayini amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, idlula iJalimane nePortugal, ngemuva kwe-Australia, Chile, ne-Argentina.

The umkhakha wewayini eNtshonalanga Kapa eNyakatho Kapa inikela ngamabhiliyoni angama-R550 (cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-30) emnothweni wasekhaya futhi iqashe cishe abantu abayizi-269,000. Isivuno sonyaka sikhiqiza cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.5 zamagilebhisi agayiwe, akhiqiza amalitha angama-947+/- ezigidi zewayini. Ukuthengiswa kwasekhaya kuqopha amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-430 ewayini; ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe sekuphelele amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-387.9.

Kunezindawo zewayini ezingama-546+/- ezisohlwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika ezinamathani angama-37 kuphela agxoba amathani amagilebhisi angaphezu kuka-10,000 (ukukhiqiza amakesi ewayini angama-63 ngethani; amabhodlela angama-756 ngethani). Iwayini eliningi elikhiqizwayo limhlophe (55.1%) kuhlanganisa ne-Chenin Blanc (18.6%); I-Colombar(d) (11.1%); I-Sauvignon Blanc (10.9%); I-Chardonnay (7.2%); Muscat d'Alexandrie (1.6%); I-Semillon (1.1%); i-Muscat de Frontignan (0.9%); kanye ne-Viognier (0.8%).

Cishe u-44.9% wezivini zaseNingizimu Afrika zikhiqiza izinhlobo ezibomvu ezihlanganisa i-Cabernet Sauvignon (10.8%); iShiraz/Syrah (10.8%); I-Pinotage (7.3%); I-Merlot (5.9%); U-Ruby Cabernet (2.1%); I-Cinsau (1.9%); I-Pinot Noir (1.3%) kanye ne-Cabernet Franc (0.9%).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba iNingizimu Afrika ingumkhiqizi owaziwayo wewayini elicolekileyo, isiphuzo esidakayo esikhethwa ngabantu baseNingizimu Afrika ubhiya (75% wesamba esiphuzwayo esiphuzwayo sotshwala), kulandele iziphuzo zezithelo ezidakayo kanye nama-spirit coolers (12%). Ukusetshenziswa kwewayini kubalelwa ku-10% kuphela, kanti imimoya ifika ekugcineni ku-3%.

Amagilebhisi Akhethwayo

Amawayini Amhlophe

I-Chardonnay yenza u-7.2% wazo zonke izitshalo zezivini. I-Chardonnay ijwayele ukuba nomzimba ophakathi futhi ihlelekile; nokho-ke, abanye abakhiqizi bakhetha ukwenza isitayela se-Old World (esindayo nesinokhuni), kuyilapho abanye bekhetha indlela Yezwe Elisha (elula futhi engavuthwanga).

Amagilebhisi e-Chenin Blanc kwakungenye yezinhlobo zokuqala zamagilebhisi ewayini ezethulwa eKapa nguJan van Riebeek (ngekhulu le-17). Ine-asidi ephezulu okuyenza ibe amagilebhisi aguquguqukayo ekukhiqizeni izitayela ezahlukene zewayini kusukela kumawayini amile, omile, nacwebezelayo kuya kumawayini amnandi abhalansiswe kahle. Inesivuno esikhulu, iyaguquguquka, futhi ikhula endaweni engafanele kwezinye izinhlobo zamagilebhisi amhlophe.

I-Colombar (d) uhlobo lwamagilebhisi lwatshalwa eNingizimu Afrika ngeminyaka yawo-1920s futhi manje isingeyesibili amagilebhisi atshalwa kakhulu ezweni. Yayisetshenziswa kakhulu njengewayini eliyisisekelo ekukhiqizweni kwebrandy kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho i-Cape Winemakers ithola ukuthi ingakhiqiza iwayini elimnandi lokuphuza elinokuqukethwe kwe-asidi enhle eqinisekisa umuzwa omusha, onezithelo, futhi othakazelisayo. Yasungulwa kusukela ekuweleni i-Chenin Blanc ne-Heunisch Weiss (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Gouias Blanc).

I-Sauvignon Blanc inikeza njengewayini elimnandi neliqabulayo. Amarekhodi okuqala eKapa afika kuma-1880s; nokho, izinga eliphezulu lezifo laholela ekutheni izivini eziningi zikhishwe futhi zitshalwe kabusha ngawo-1940. Le nhlobonhlobo ingeyesithathu iwayini elimhlophe elitshalwe kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika futhi izitayela zisukela eluhlaza kanye notshani kuya ekukhanyeni nasezithelo.

Amawayini abomvu

I-Cabernet Sauvignon yaqoshwa okokuqala eNingizimu Afrika ngasekupheleni kwawo-1800. Ngawo-1980 yakha ama-2.8% azo zonke izivini; manje itholakala ku-11% wezivini. I-varietal ikhiqiza iwayini elihle kakhulu elikhula kahle ngokukhula futhi elivuthwayo libe yizinongo, ezigcwele umzimba, isipiliyoni sokunambitha esiyinkimbinkimbi. Amawayini asukela kokushubile anamakha anuka kamnandi, anongwe futhi anemifino elungeni, noma athambile futhi ahlanganiswe kahle ngamanothi ejikijolo. Itholakala nasezixubeni zesitayela se-Bordeaux.

I-Shiraz/Syrah ihlehlela emuva kuma-1980s. Ingowesibili izinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi abomvu ezitshalwe kakhulu ezimele u-10% wokutshala okubangelwa ukuduma kwe-Australian Shiraz ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Izitayela zitholakala njengezinogwayi, nezinongo ezikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; esetshenziswa njalo ekuhlanganisweni kwesitayela se-Rhone.

I-Merlot yaqala njengesivini esiyihektha elilodwa ngo-1977 futhi iye yanda ukuze itholakale cishe ku-6% wezivini zewayini elibomvu. Ivuthwa kusenesikhathi, inesikhumba esincanyana, futhi izwela kakhulu isomiso okwenza ukukhula nokukhiqiza kube inselele. Ngokujwayelekile isetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwesitayela se-Rhone ukwengeza ukuthamba nobubanzi ku-Cabernet Sauvignon, ngokuya ngokuya ifakwa ebhodleleni njengohlobo olulodwa oluvamise ukuba nomzimba ophakathi ukuya kolula ngesitayela ngokuthinta ukusha kwe-herbal.

I-Pinotage isitshalo saseNingizimu Afrika esakhiwe nguProfesa Abraham Perold ngo-1925 futhi iyisiphambano phakathi kwePinot Noir kanye neHermitage (Cinsault). Njengamanje, ingatholakala cishe ku-7.3% wezivini. I-Pinotage ayithandwa ezimakethe zangaphandle kodwa iyintandokazi ezweni. Amagilebhisi angakhiqiza iwayini eliyinkimbinkimbi futhi elinezithelo njengoba ekhula kodwa aphuzeka kamnandi ngenkathi esemancane. Izitayela zokuphuza ezilula ze-Pinotage zikhiqiza ama-rose namawayini acwebezelayo. Iyingxenye enkulu e-Cape blend eyenza u-30-70 % wewayini elithengiswa eNingizimu Afrika.

Kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe

Ngo-2020, cishe i-16 % yewayini ekhiqizwayo yathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-480). Leli zinga lifinyelelwe ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo ezimakethe zase-Afrika kanye nesu lemboni lokukhulisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Kube nokukhula kokuthengiswa kwewayini kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika kusuka ku-5% ngo-2003 kuya ku-21% ngo-2019. Lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke njengoba Isivumelwano Sokuhwebelana Ngokukhululeka Kwezwekazi lase-Afrika (esaphasiswa ngo-2021) siqaliswa futhi siqala ukusebenza (ngo-2030). Amazwe angamalungu ethula imakethe engaba abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2 kanye nomkhiqizo wasekhaya ohlangene wama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.5. Kungumphumela wokugcina wezingxoxo eziningi ezaqalwa ngo-2015 phakathi kwabaholi bamazwe angama-54 ase-Afrika.

INingizimu Afrika inesivumelwano sokuhwebelana mahhala ne-EU futhi ithumela e-US ngesivumelwano sokungakhokhiswa intela ngaphansi koMthetho Wamathuba Okukhula kwe-Afrika (i-AGOA. Impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle enkulu kunazo zonke ngamawayini amaningi futhi i-EU iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke.

Izinhlangano ezimele imboni yewayini zihlanganisa:

• Inhlangano yabanikazi bemikhiqizo yotshwala yaseNingizimu Afrika (SALBA). Abakhiqizi nabasabalalisi bemikhiqizo yotshwala ezindabeni ezinentshisekelo efanayo (okungukuthi, ukunxenxa uhulumeni ngezindaba zokulawula).

• I-South African Wine Industry Information Systems (SAWIS) isekela imboni yewayini ngokuqoqwa, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi lwemboni; ukuphathwa kohlelo lwemboni lweWine of Origin.

•         I-VINPRO. Abakhiqizi bewayini, amaseli, kanye nababambiqhaza bemboni ezindabeni ezithinta inzuzo kanye nokusimama kwamalungu kanye nemboni yonke (okungukuthi, ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, izinsizakalo ezikhethekile kusukela kusayensi yomhlabathi kuya ku-viticulture, umnotho wezolimo, uguquko, kanye nentuthuko).

•         Iwayini laseNingizimu Afrika (WOSA). Imele abakhiqizi bewayini abathumela imikhiqizo yabo kwamanye amazwe; ehlonishwa nguhulumeni njengoMkhandlu Wokuthekelisa.

•         I-Winetech. Ukuxhumana kwezikhungo ezibambe iqhaza kanye nabantu ngabanye abasekela imboni yewayini yaseNingizimu Afrika ngocwaningo nokudlulisa ubuchwepheshe.

Isinyathelo Esingena Ewayinini LaseNingizimu Afrika

Kuhlelo lwakamuva lwe-New York Astor Wine Centre eNingizimu Afrika, ngethulwe ngenani lamawayini athokozisayo avela eNingizimu Afrika. Isiphakamiso sokungena emhlabeni wamawayini aseNingizimu Afrika sihlanganisa:

•         2020. Carven, the Firs Vineyard, 100% Syrah. Iminyaka yobudala: iminyaka engama-22. I-Viticulture. Okuphilayo/okuqhubekayo. Iminyaka engu-10 izinyanga ku-5500L French tonneau engathathi hlangothi (umgqomo; izacile ngomthamo wamalitha angama-300-750). Stellenbosch.

IStellenbosch iyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi edume kakhulu ngokukhiqiza iwayini eNingizimu Afrika. Itholakala eSifundeni SasoGwini saseWestern Cape, iyisizinda sesibili esidala eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kweKapa futhi yaziwa kakhulu ngezizinda zayo zewayini.

Yasungulwa osebeni loMfula i-Eerste ngo-1679, yaqanjwa ngokuthi uMbusi, uSimon van der Stel. Ababhikishi baseFrench Huguenot ababalekela ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo eYurophu bafika eKapa, ​​bathola indlela eya edolobheni ngawo-1690, baqala ukutshala imivini. Namuhla, iStellenbosch iyikhaya cishe ingxenye yesihlanu yayo yonke imivini etshalwe ezweni.

Isimo sezwe sikhuthaza ukwehluka kwezitayela zewayini ezinesimo sezulu esimnandi. Umhlabathi yi-granite, shale, kanye ne-sandstone-based futhi inhlabathi yasendulo iphakathi kwemidala kakhulu emhlabeni. Izintaba ngokuvamile ziyi-granite ebolile, ivimbela ukugcwala kwamanzi futhi inezela ubuncane bamaminerali; ama-valley floor anobumba oluningi olunezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokugcina amanzi. Imvula eyanele ebusika ivumela abalimi ukuthi bagcine ukuchelela kuncane, Isimo sezulu siyashisa futhi somile kunomoya opholile ovela eningizimu-mpumalanga ozungeza izivini ngezikhathi zantambama.

Indawo Yewayini

U-Mick kanye noJeanine Craven baqale indawo yabo yokuhluza iwayini ngo-2013, futhi bakhiqiza (kuphela) isivini esisodwa, iwayini elihlukile eligqamisa ama-terroirs ahlukene aseStellenbosch. Isivini seFirs siphethwe futhi sifuywa nguDeon Joubert eDevon Valley. Inhlabathi inothile, ijulile, futhi ibomvu enobumba oluningi oluthuthukisa isipiliyoni se-peppery, inyama esithandwa abalandeli be-Syrah besimo sezulu esipholile.

Izixha zamagilebhisi zivunwa ngesandla futhi zivutshelwe ngokuphelele iqoqo ku-open-top stainless-steel fermenters. Lezi zixha zinyathelwa ngezinyawo kancane ukuze kukhishwe ijusi kancane bese zilandelwa ama-pumpovers amnene kanye noma kabili ngosuku ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa futhi kugcinwe izixha eziningi eziphelele ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye amagilebhisi acindezelwa kahle kuma-puncheons ama-French amadala (ubukhulu bomphongolo; abamba amalitha angama-500 oketshezi; ubukhulu obuphindwe kabili bomphongolo wewayini ojwayelekile) ukuze buvuthwe cishe izinyanga eziyi-10. Iwayini lifakwa ebhodleleni ngaphandle kokucwengwa noma ukuhluzwa kodwa ngokufakwa okuncane kwesibabule.

amanothi:

I-Ruby ibomvu emehlweni, ikhala lithola ukusikisela kwe-bell pepper, amakhambi, intuthu, amaminerali, i-oki, ne-blackberry; ama-tannins aphakathi. Usheri wasendle nokusajingijolo, ama-plums, nojamu kuthola indlela eya olwangeni ngokuqeda okumaphakathi kanye neziphakamiso zokuzwela okuluhlaza/kwesiqu.

Inqubekelaphambili noma Intuthuko Enengqondo

•         Imboni yewayini yaseNingizimu Afrika ibhekene namaqiniso aqinile ochungechungeni lwenani:

1.      Ukushoda kwengilazi

2.      Ukuthekelisa/ukungenisa izinselele esikhumulweni semikhumbi saseKapa

3.      Qhathanisa phakathi kokukhuphuka ngo-15% emalini yezindleko zepulazi kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo yewayini ngo-3-5%.

4.      Ukukhula kwemakethe engekho emthethweni

•         Ukuze ibekezele futhi iphumelele iNingizimu Afrika kufanele:

1.      Hamba uye endaweni ephakeme kakhulu emakethe yomhlaba

2.      Gxila ekukhuleni okubandakanyayo

3.      Lwela ukusimama kwemvelo kanye nezezimali

4.      Phenya futhi usebenzise amasistimu okukhiqiza ahlakaniphile ukuze uqinisekise ikusasa elivikelekile

5.      Tshala izitshalo ezifanele kanye nama-clone ezindaweni ezifanele ngenkathi ucabangela izimpande ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso.

6.      Sebenzisa amanzi ngokuphumelelayo ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqapha ezihlala zikala ukuthi kufanele kuniselwe nini, nini, futhi malini

7.      Tshala imali kubantu ngokuqeqeshwa

8.      Sebenzisa imodeli osulungele ukuphuzwa futhi ucabangele osayizi bokuphakelwa, isitayela, nokupakishwa futhi uphenye amathuba emikhiqizo esele isilungele ukuphuzwa evamise ukubanda, efakwe i-carbonated, futhi exutshwe.

9.      Inani labantu abaphuza iwayini elivamile liyancipha; nokho, abanye abathengi sebezibandakanya kakhulu futhi bagxile kakhulu, besekelwa ukwanda kwamathuba okuphuza ekhaya

10.  Abathengi be-Millennial kanye ne-Gen Z bashayela ithrendi ekuphuzeni okusesilinganisweni kanye newayini elingekho/eliphansi lotshwala