Amawayini aseNew York: Inhlekelele Ekuqaleni
Izazi-mlando ziye zabhala iqiniso lokuthi amagilebhisi aqala ukutholwa amaDashi eNew York (1647-1664); ngokudabukisayo, izitshalo zahluleka. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, izifiki zaseFrance zamaHuguenot eSifundazweni Sase-Ulster zazama ukutshala izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zaseYurophu (1667) futhi nazo azizange ziphumelele.
UWilliam Robert Prince (1795-1869)
Ekugcineni, ngo-1816 amagilebhisi e-Isabella atshalwa nguWilliam R. Prince (oyinzalo kaThomas Prince, uMbusi wakuqala wePlymouth Colony) eLinnaean Gardens (Queens, NY) futhi eminyakeni emi-2 kamuva (1818), u-Elijah Fay watshala eyokuqala. isivini e-Chautauqua County.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva (1827) kwavulwa isivini sokuqala sohwebo kanye nendawo yokwenza iwayini e-Hudson Valley (yatshalwa nguRichard Underhill eCroton Point eMfuleni i-Hudson). I-Underhill's ibhekwa njengobukhosi bokuqala ku-viticulture yaseMelika. Ubukhulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwalezi zivini okuzinikeza ilungelo lokubhekwa njengabasunguli bangempela bemboni yokutshala iwayini eNew York.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva (1829), engadini yakhe yomnyango, uMhlonishwa uWilliam Bostwick watshala isivini sokuqala eFinger Lakes (Hammondsport, NY). U-Bostwick wakhuthaza omakhelwane bakhe ukuthi batshale izithombo zezivini ezimbalwa ze-Isabella ne-Catawba ayezitshala.
Nokho, kuthathe elinye ishumi leminyaka ukuthi imboni yewayini ihwebe e-Hudson Valley. Ekugcineni, ngo-1839 uJean Jacques wavula i-Blooming Grove (kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi I-Brotherhood Winery) futhi ngo-1853 uhlobo lwamagilebhisi lwe-Concord (olwethulwa ngu-Ephraim Bull of Concord, NH) lwaba iwayini elidumile kanye namagilebhisi etafula. Inkampani ye-Taylor Wine yangena embonini ngo-1880, yalandelwa yi-Widmer's Wine Cellars ngo-1888 - ibeka i-New York ebalazweni lomhlaba lokwenza iwayini. Lawa mabhizinisi akhiqiza iwayini elikhazimulayo kanye ne-dessert (kuhlanganisa namachweba namasheri), kanye namawayini etafula.
Imikhiqizo Yewayini Yandisa
I-Farm Winery Boom yenzeka ngeminyaka yawo-1960-1970s nosomabhizinisi abasha bewayini. Imingenelo ibihlanganisa inkampani ye-Benmarl Wine kanye neCascade Mountain Vineyard (Hudson River Region), ne-Bully Hill Vineyards kanye ne-Vinifera Wine Cellars kaDkt. Konstantin Frank e-Finger Lakes.
Umthetho we-Farm Winery Act (1976) wavula umnyango wokuba ubunikazi kanye nokusebenza ukuze indawo yokwenza iwayini ikhiqize ngaphansi kwamalitha angama-50,000 ewayini ngonyaka futhi idayisele umthengi ngqo epulazini; namuhla izindawo zokukhiqiza iwayini zasemapulazini zingakhiqiza amalitha angu-150,000 ngonyaka futhi zingamaketha iwayini ezindaweni zokudlela, ukudayisa kanye nohwebo lwe-wholesale. Njengoba uMthetho uthuthuka, wavumela abenzi bewayini ukuthi bathenge amagilebhisi kwabanye abalimi baseNew York futhi bathengise amawayini abo ngesistimu efanayo, inqobo nje uma amawayini enziwe ngamagilebhisi aseNew York angamaphesenti ayi-100.
Amawayini aqhubekile nokukhula (1976-2017), afinyelela cishe ku-405, kwathi angama-302 ezifundeni ezaziwayo ze-viticulture: 20 eLake Erie, 129 eFinger Lakes, 62 esifundeni saseHudson River, 76 eLong Island, 7 I eduze neNiagara. I-Escarpment kanye ne-7 e-Champlain Valley yaseNew York enezindawo zewayini eziyi-103 kwezinye izindawo zesifunda.
Okubalulekile Kwamazinga
Izitolo eziningi ezintsha zewayini zincane, zisebenza njengomndeni futhi zigxile ekukhiqizweni okulinganiselwe kwewayini letafula le-premium varietal nayo yonke inqubo, kusukela ekutshalweni kwemivini ukuya ekukhangiseni iwayini, okulawulwa umndeni. Ngaphezu kokwenza iwayini, abavakashi bezindawo zewayini bayakwazi ukuzibonela ngawabo amasimu ezivini, kanye nokunambitha iwayini futhi le ngxenye yemboni iheha izivakashi eziyizigidi ezi-3 eNew York unyaka ngamunye.
I-NY Wine Industry Namuhla
Namuhla, iNew York iyizwe lesithathu elikhulukazi elikhiqiza iwayini esizweni esinokukhiqizwa okumaphakathi konyaka okungaba amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-20. I-New York inezindawo eziqashelwa ngokusemthethweni ze-viticulture eziyi-10 eziqhathaniswa nesiFulentshi, “izibizo zemvelaphi” futhi zihlanganisa iLake Erie, i-Niagara Escarpment; Amachibi Eminwe; Ichibi laseSeneca; Ichibi laseCayuga; Hudson River, Long Island; I-Hampton, eLong Island; I-North Fork yaseLong Island; kanye neChamplain Valley yaseNew York.
8th Annual NY Drinks NY. I-Workshop Focus
Emcimbini wakamuva wewayini waseNew York weziphuzo ze-NY, izifundiswa, abadayisi, abathengi, abathengisi, nababhali bahlangana ukuze bafunde ngamanye amagilebhisi ayingxube ahlukile akhula eNew York State.
I-NY's Hybrid Grapes
Liyini igilebhisi eliyihybrid? Amagilebhisi ayiHybrid izinhlobo zamagilebhisi angumkhiqizo wokuwela izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-Vitis. Ziphinde zibhekiswe ekuweleni okukhethekile noma "Izinhlobonhlobo Zesimanje" futhi zinokubekezelela okuhle kakhulu ku-powdery isikhutha, ezinye izifo zesikhunta, i-nematodes kanye ne-phylloxera.
I-New York Hybrid Grapes Yethulwa
Emcimbini we-NY Drinks NY, u-Sommelier Pascaline Lepeltier, MS kanye no-viticulturalist uMike Colizzi we-Cornell Agriculture Experiment Stations, e-Geneva, NY, wethule ezimbalwa zezinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezixubile zaseNew York State, okuhlanganisa:
Ama-Vignoles. Ithuthukiswe ngu-JF Ravat, i-French hybridizer (1929), i-Vignole iyisiphambano phakathi kwe-Pinot Noir ne-Seibel hybrid. Izimpawu ze-Viticulture zihlanganisa: Umvini oqinile, ophuza ukuvuthwa futhi onamandla ngokumaphakathi; isivuno esimaphakathi esinamaqoqo amancane, ahlangene. Kodwa-ke, ziyakwazi ukungenwa yimpuphu nokubola kwenqwaba futhi ziyakwazi ukuthola “ukubola okuhloniphekile”, ngokubonga, okukhiqiza amawayini okuvuna sekwephuzile.
I-Vilification: Ukupholisa, ukuvutshelwa kwethangi; akukho ukuvutshelwa kwe-malolactic; akukho ukuguga komgqomo. I-Vignola's ihlale iqedwe okungenani nge-1% kashukela oyinsalela futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza iwayini elimnandi, elivunwa sekwephuzile. Ama-Vignoles aveza ikhala lezithelo elinephunga elimnandi nelishisayo kodwa anohlangothi olulodwa futhi i-asidi ephezulu yemvelo kufanele ilingane nobumnandi. Iwayini lokuvuna sekwephuzile linephunga elinamandla lebhilikosi.
Isidingo samaVignoles siyakhula ngenxa yemiklomelo eminingi emiqhudelwaneni emikhulu yokuvuna sekwephuzile namawayini eqhwa. Lawa magilebhisi angenza iwayini letafula lekhwalithi ephezulu futhi abathengi bafunda ukuthi ahambisana kahle nezinguqulo zezinongo zokudla kwase-Mexican kanye naseMpumalanga.
I-Traminette. (Phambilini bekwaziwa ngokuthi NY65.433.13). Yethulwe ngokusemthethweni ku-4th International Symposium mayelana ne-Cool Climate Viticulture and Enology e-Rochester, NY (July 1996), i-Traminette ingumphumela wesiphambano sika-Janes Serve 23.146 x Gewurztraminer ngu-HC Barrett ngo-1965 eNyuvesi yase-Illinois.
Ekuqaleni kwakuhloswe ukuba kube amagilebhisi etafula anezici zokunambitheka kwe-Gewurztraminer, leli gilebhisi lihlukaniswa ngekhwalithi yalo ephezulu yewayini elihlanganiswe nokukhiqiza okuhle, ukumelana kancane nezifo zesikhunta kanye nokubanda okuqinile. Igilebhisi elimhlophe lewayini elimhlophe ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi samaphakathi nesizini elikhiqiza iwayini elinezimpawu zezinhlobonhlobo ezifaniswa nomunye wabazali bayo, iGewurztraminer.
I-Baco Noir. UMonsieur Francois Baco (1865-1947), wayenguthisha, ehlala eBelus, eLandes, eSifundazweni sase-Armagnac, eFrance (eningizimu yeBordeaux). Le nhlobonhlobo yamagilebhisi e-French-American hybrid ikhiqizwa njengewayini elibomvu e-NY State.
Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ngo-1894 ngenkathi u-Baco ewela i-Follet Blanche (izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zendabuko ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-brandy e-Armagnac) nelungu elingaziwa lomndeni we-Vitus Riparian Wezwe Elisha (owaziwa nangokuthi "i-riverbank" noma "i-riverside" yamagilebhisi atholakala eduze. osebeni lwengxenye esempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika kusukela eningizimu yeCanada kuya eGulf of Mexico kuya eziNtabeni ZaseRocky). Inhloso yayiwukwenza imivini ekwazi ukumelana ne-phylloxera egcina isimo sayo sesiFulentshi. I-Baco yazalwa ngo-1902 futhi yakhululwa ngo-1910.
Umzimba okhanyayo ukuya komaphakathi, one-asidi enhle futhi uthanda isimo sezulu esipholile, i-Baco Noir iyindlela elungele abalimi esikhundleni se-Pinot Noir. Uma i-Baco ishiywe esikhumbeni sayo izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyi-7 njengoba ibila - ingaba nezimfanelo eziningi ezinkulu ezifana ne-Bordeaux. Ine-flavour eqinile futhi enamakha - umsedari, ugwayi, isikhumba kanye noshokoledi. Izinambitheka zezithelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zihlanganisa ama-cherry amnyama, amajikijolo amnyama kanye nama-prunes. Ingase futhi iveze amanothi e-herbal kapelepele omnyama, i-licorice, isinamoni kanye ne-eucalyptus.
I-Baco, eyenziwe ngesitayela esilula, ikhumbuza i-Burgundian Pinot Noir eveza ikhala elicebile izithelo zalo ezivusa izinkumbulo zamajikijolo abomvu, ama-raspberries amnyama, amajikijolo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ama-cherries kanye nojamu wama-strawberry. Amanothi e-herbal afaka ukunambitheka okuthulisiwe kwe-lavender, upelepele omnyama, i-mint kanye ne-licorice.
I-Niagara. Lona uhlobo oluxubile olunesikhumba esikhanyayo olulinywa kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-US, ikakhulukazi endaweni yaseGreat Lakes Region. Idalwe ezweni lase-NY e-Niagara phakathi nekhulu le-19 kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi ze-Concord (mhlawumbe isiphambano phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-Vitis labrusca zasendle kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezingaziwa ze-Vitis vinifera) kanye ne-labrusca Cassady. Amawayini asuka e-Niagara alula futhi anephunga elimnandi elithi “foxy”.
I-Niagara iwumvini othela kakhulu futhi imelana nobusika obuqinile, base-continent. Ingenziwa amawayini ahlukahlukene njengeBurgundian Pinot Noirs, Bordeaux-like Cabernet Sauvignons, light young fall wines noma nouveaux, kanye nerosé. Iveza umbala ojulile, izithelo eziningi zamajikijolo neplamu, futhi iletha amazinga e-asidi aphezulu ahambisana kahle nenyama eyosiwe. Iphinde iguge kahle.
UMarechal Foch. Amagilebhisi ayisiphambano seGold Riesling kanye ne-riparia/rupestris hybrid futhi enziwe u-Eugene Kuhlmann wase-Alsace. Izimpawu ze-Viticulture zihlanganisa: ukuqina nokuvuthwa kusenesikhathi, isivuno esincane kuya esimaphakathi samaqoqo amancane, axegayo wamagilebhisi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Le hybrid ayizwani nezifo futhi imelana nobusika obuqinile nakuba ukuqhakaza kwamahlumela kusenesikhathi kungaholela ekulimaleni kwamahlumela ngenxa yesithwathwa sasentwasahlobo.
Ngemininingwane eyengeziwe, vakashela newyorkstatewinegrapegrowers.org.
© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.
