Emashumini amathathu eminyaka manje, izinto ezimbili ngokuvamile ezamukelwayo njengeziyiqiniso embonini yezindiza: 1) Wonke amabha akhokhiswa kakhulu esikhumulweni sezindiza kanye 2) nokuhoxiswa komthetho kwakuyinto enhle.
Kusukela uMthetho Wokuhoxiswa Kwezindiza Waqala ukusebenza ngo-1978, kube yindatshana yokholo phakathi kweningi lezinkampani zezindiza ukuthi lokhu kuthuthukiswa kube wushintsho oluhle. Futhi kube nobufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokusekela i-thesis enjalo:
• NgokweNhlangano Yezokuthutha Ngezindiza, abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-275 bafakwa ama-US ngo-1978; leso sibalo sesiphindeke cishe kathathu safinyelela ezigidini ezingu-769 ngonyaka odlule
• Sekukonke, izindleko zokuhamba ngendiza ziye zafinyeleleka kalula ezigidini zabantu baseMelika
• Naphezu kokukhiqiza izinkathazo ezifana nenkinga yamanje yokuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi wokulungisa, izindiza zezohwebo ziye zaba ngokuphepha ngokwezibalo kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akunakuphikwa ukuthi isevisi yendiza iye yawohloka ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Ngazo zonke izinyathelo ezibikwe uMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-US (i-DOT), izinto ziba zimbi kakhulu: Kunezindiza ezibambezeleke kakhulu, izikhwama eziningi ezingaphathwa kahle, abagibeli abashayeke ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nezikhalazo eziningi zabathengi. Nokho naphezu kwabo bonke lobu bufakazi, imboni yezindiza ikhombise ukukhathazeka okuncane ngendlela eshaqisayo, ngokuhlala iphika ukusolwa futhi ingahambisani nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo zemithetho yamalungelo abagibeli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje sibhekene nenkinga kaphethiloli eye yaletha amanani aphezulu okugibela, ukuqothuka kwezindiza kanye nokuncipha kwesevisi okusabalele. Cabangela lokhu okulandelayo:
• Ngokolwazi olukhishwe ngesonto eledlule yi-American Express, kwikota yesibili imali yokugibela yasekhaya inyuke ngo-10% kanye nemali yokugibela yamazwe ngamazwe ngo-11%, unyaka nonyaka.
• Esontweni elilodwa nje elesabekayo ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, izindiza ezintathu zase-US zavalwa, enye yayeka ukundiza njengoba kwakumenyezelwe ngaphambilini futhi enye yamemezela ukuvalwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Umhlaziyi oyedwa ulinganisela umthamo usuvele uncishiswe kulo nyaka ngo-9% ezweni lonke, futhi kusengu-August kuphela.
Isiphetho asikho ndawo, futhi igama elithi "ukuhlala" libonakala lingene unomphela kusichazamazwi. Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zici, kuyacaca ukuthi manje sisenkathini lapho kungasanikezwa khona ukucula ingoma ethi, “Impela ukuhoxiswa komthetho bekuwumbono omuhle, ubuwula.”
Eminyakeni emibili edlule, iHhovisi Lokuphendula LikaHulumeni labheka ukulawulwa kabusha, futhi lancoma ngokumelene nakho. Kodwa igama elithi “R” laphinde lavela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka esigcawini seSenethi mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwezindiza, futhi akubanga khona ukujikela emuva. Kusukela lapho, isibe ngesinye sezihloko ezishisa izikhotha emibuthanweni yezindiza, lapho amaqembu anentshisekelo ahlukene njengezinhlangano zabasebenzi namabhange okutshalwa kwezimali efuna uhlobo oluthile lokulawula. Futhi muva nje namanye amazwi aseqalile ukuzwakala.
Abadlali bakudala bayakhuluma
Omunye obukele onombono ohlukile uRobert Crandall, owayengusihlalo we-American Airlines kanye nomholi wemboni owaziwayo - okungcono noma okubi kakhulu - ngesikhathi sakhe ebhizinisini. Enkulumweni yakhe phambi kwe-Wings Club eDolobheni laseNew York ngoJuni, uCrandall waphawula lokhu okulandelayo: “Imiphumela (yokwesulwa kwemithetho) ibe mibi kakhulu. Izinkampani zethu zezindiza, ezake zaba ngabaholi bomhlaba, manje sezingasasebenzi kuzo zonke izigaba, okuhlanganisa iminyaka yezindiza, ikhwalithi yesevisi kanye nesithunzi samazwe ngamazwe. Izindiza ezimbalwa nezimbalwa zifike ngesikhathi. Ukuminyana esikhumulweni sezindiza sekuphenduke indikimba yemidlalo yamahlaya yasebusuku kakhulu. Amaphesenti aphezulu kakhulu ezikhwama alahlekile noma abekwe endaweni engafanele. Izihlalo zomzuzu wokugcina zinzima futhi kunzima ukuzithola. Izikhalo zabagibeli zinyukile. Isevisi yendiza, nganoma yiliphi izinga, seyamukelekile.”
Khona-ke, kulokho okwamangaza abaningi kodwa okwakungafanele ngempela, u-Crandall wakhuthaza - njengoba nje enza ngawo-1970 - ngokumelene nokuhoxiswa ngokuphelele. Wathi: “Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokwesulwa kwemithetho iye yabonisa ukuthi izinkampani zezindiza zinezici ezikhethekile ezingahambelani nendawo engalawulwa ngokuphelele. Ukubeka izinto ngokungagwegwesi, okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amandla emakethe ewodwa awakwazi futhi ngeke akhiqize imboni yezindiza eyanelisayo, edinga ngokusobala usizo oluthile ukuze ixazulule izinkinga zayo zamanani entengo, izindleko, nezokusebenza.”
UCrandall ufingqe imibono yakhe ngokuthi, “Ukulawulwa kwamanani aphansi, ukulawulwa kwezikhala ezikhumulweni zezindiza eziminyene, izindinganiso eziqinile zezinkampani ezintsha, imithetho ebuyekeziwe yezabasebenzi, imithetho yokuqothuka echitshiyelwe, kanye nesimo esivumelana kakhulu nokusebenzelana kwemboni kukude kakhulu nomthetho wokulawula obandakanya bonke abantu. zezinsuku [ze-Civil Aeronautics Board]. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo ezimbalwa - ngokubona kwami - zingaba nomthelela omkhulu futhi omuhle empilweni yezezimali yezinkampani zethu zezindiza, usizo lohlelo lwethu lwezindiza, amazinga esevisi ebhizinisini lezindiza kanye nenhlalakahle yezisebenzi zezindiza."
Iphuzu eliphikisayo lavezwa ngenyanga elandelayo, enkulumweni phambi kwe-International Aviation Club eWashington, DC Laphuma kuMichael Levine, okwamanje onguthisha omkhulu eSikoleni SezoMthetho seNyuvesi yaseNew York kodwa wake waba ngumdlali obalulekile eMnyangweni Wezezindiza. Ibhodi le-Aeronautics, kanye nalowo owayeyisikhulu ezinhlanganweni zezindiza ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa i-Continental neNorthwest.
U-Levine uthe: “Sesiqala ukuthola izingcingo zokumisa le filimu futhi sibhale umbhalo omusha, ngokumisa nokubhala okwenziwa uhulumeni… ukusebenza embonini yezindiza. Impikiswano yabo yasetiyetha indala: ukuthi imboni enezindleko ezinkulu ezingaguquki noma ezivamile ngeke ikwazi ukusimama njengoba ukuncintisana kuqhuba amanani emazingeni angavumeli izindleko ezivamile ukuba zibuyiselwe. Le mpikiswano ifakazela okuningi kakhulu: Ukube besikukholelwa ngempela, bekuyodingeka silawule cishe yonke imboni, ngoba cishe yonke imboni inezindleko ezingaguquki nezivamile.”
Nazi izixhumanisi zombhalo ogcwele wenkulumo kaCrandall nenkulumo kaLevine.
Izindinganiso eziphindwe kabili?
Ngisho nasehlobo kuthule cwaka, amabhulogi namawebhusayithi ezindiza ayaphithizela ngalezi zinkulumo ezimbili. Kubukeka sengathi labo abazomela ukulawulwa okuqinile kukahulumeni kwempahla yezwe ebaluleke kangaka njengokundiza kwezentengiselwano kufanele balungele ukujeziswa ngabathile embonini abamagange ukusho ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zokwengamela eziqinile zivela kuKarl Marx. Kepha-ke, abaphathi bezindiza bayashesha ukubiza ihubo elithi "vumela imakethe inqume." Ngaphandle, kunjalo, lapho bengafuni ukuthi indawo yemakethe inqume.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ezinkingeni ezibanzi - kusukela ekulawuleni indawo esikhumulweni sezindiza kuya ezindaweni zokuhlala zabasebenzi, ukutakulwa kwezindleko kuya emananini okuhlasela, ukugunyazwa kokwabelana ngekhodi kumthetho odume kabi osebenza esikhumulweni sezindiza i-Love Field Airport e-Dallas - abaphathi bale mboni bebelokhu bemagange kakhulu ukwamukela. ukugxambukela kukahulumeni uma esebenzela bona. Ngikholwa ukuthi igama lezomnotho lalokhu "ubuzenzisi."
Okwamanje, abathwali bazoqhubeka nokufuna ezinye izindlela zokwenza imali, kusukela ekushajeleni izikhwama ezilayishwayo ukuya ekushajelweni okusoda kuya ekusunguleni izindleko ezintsha esingakaze sizwe ngazo. Cabanga ukuthi ukukhishwa kwabezindaba ngesonto eledlule kuveze ukuthi amakhadi esikweletu ahlanganiswe nezinhlelo zezindiza ezivame ukundiza enza imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine zamaRandi minyaka yonke ezinkampanini zezindiza ezinkulu eziyisikhombisa zezwe - Alaska, American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, United, kanye Izindiza zase-US. Ayikho yale mali etholakalayo engase ibonakale yanele, nokho, ukuvala izindleko ezikhuphukayo zikaphethiloli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa esimweni esiyindida, ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela kungazelelwe kunganikeza impumuzo yesikhashana kuyilapho kwandisa izingozi zesikhathi eside imboni yezindiza ezobhekana nazo nakanjani. Njengoba uDan Reed aphawula e-USA TODAY ngesonto eledlule: “Okunye ukwehla okungu-$10 kuya ku-$15 emananini emgqonyeni ngamunye, ochwepheshe abathile bakawoyela manje abathi kungenzeka, kuzobuyisela [izinkampani zezindiza zase-US] eziningi kumnyama kubomvu. Abahlaziyi kuMorgan Stanley kanye noJPMorgan Chase baze baphakamisa ukuthi imboni ye-haggard ingaba nenzuzo ngo-2009. " Ukuhoxiswa kwesikhashana okunjalo kungabambezela izinguquko zesistimu abathwali baseMelika abazodinga ukuzisebenzisa ukuze bahlale besebenza iminyaka ezayo, ikakhulukazi embonini encike kakhulu kuwoyela wangaphandle.
Izihlalo ezimbalwa nezindiza ezingekho
Kulesi simo, akukho okungathathwa kalula, futhi zonke izihlalo zenkampani yezindiza zihlulelwa ngaphansi kwemibandela yezomnotho enzima kakhulu. Ngenkathi ngisebenzela i-Pan Am Shuttle - umsebenzi owawuphila ngokubhukha kubahambi bebhizinisi emhubheni omatasa wase-Boston-New York-Washington - imali yethu yokugibela yayiphezulu kakhulu kunezindiza zebanga eliqhathanisekayo phakathi kwamanye amaphuzu. Lokho kwakungenxa yengxenye yesiqinisekiso sethu sokutholakala kwezihlalo njalo ngehora usuku lonke; ezinye izindiza zazigcwele, futhi ezinye zithwele idlanzana labagibeli, kodwa lapho yonke leyo mali engenayo isibaliwe, yasekela ababengenamuntu kanye nezindiza eziminyene.
Manje abaphathi bezindiza bahlaziya yonke imizila, indiza ngayinye, nezihlalo ngendlela abangakaze babe nayo ngaphambili, futhi umthamo uyaqhubeka uncipha. Leso yisizathu esiphoqayo ukuthi imakethe ayihlali iyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu sentshisekelo yabathengi. Izigidi zabantu baseMelika zincike ezinsizakalweni zezindiza njalo ukuze zenze ibhizinisi, zigcine ubuhlobo bomndeni, zivikele amaholide angabizi kakhulu futhi zihlale zithintana neminye imiphakathi. Uma abaphathi bezindiza benquma ukuthi imizila ethile ayinayo imali eyanele, abanakubekwa icala ngokwenza okuzuzisa abanikazi bamasheya babo. Ngisho noma ukuvikela izintengo zesitoko kusho ukubuyisela emuva isevisi yomoya ezindaweni ezingamakhulu ezweni lonke.
Yingakho ukuhoxiswa komthetho kufake isigatshana se-Essential Air Service, ukuze i-DOT ikwazi ukuxhasa izindiza ezifundeni zasemaphandleni. Nokho, ngisho noxhaso lukahulumeni ngeke lusize uma inkampani yezindiza iyeka ukusebenza. Futhi ukuqothuka kokuqothuka kwezindiza kulobu busika kungaba nomthelela ngale kwezindawo zasemakhaya.
Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela iHawaii. Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, Aloha Izinkampani zezindiza zavele zayeka ukundiza futhi zafadalala ngemva kokusebenzela iziqhingi kusukela ngo-1946. Kwaba nokutatazela kwesikhashana AlohaImbangi yakhe enkulu, iHawaiian Airlines, imemezele ukuthi izongenelela ukuze ivale igebe emsebenzini womoya ophakathi kwesiqhingi. Kodwa manje ake ucabange ukuthi abantu baseHawaii bebengakwazi yini ukunqotshwa ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zikaphethiloli futhi bavale futhi - futhi kulezi zinsuku kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukucabangela ukubekwa phansi kwanoma iyiphi inkampani yenethiwekhi. Ngeke ibe khona insiza yendiza yendiza ephakathi kwesiqhingi ngaphandle kwesiHawaiian. Yebo, imakethe izobe isinqumile. Kodwa ezakhamuzini eziningi ezingakwazi ukukhokhela izindiza ezizimele, ingabe ukuya eziqhingini ngesikebhe esihamba ngesivinini esikhulu kuwukunqoba kwemakethe?
Ingakanani inzuzo eyanele?
Uthini-ke uFather of Airline Deregulation kukho konke lokhu? U-Alfred Kahn, usihlalo we-Civil Aeronautics Board ngaphansi kukaMongameli Carter, usezwile leso sidlaliso izikhathi ezingamakhulu (wake wahlekisa ngokuthi ufuna ukuhlolwa kobaba). Engxoxweni eshicilelwe ngenyanga edlule, uKahn umile kwelokuthi ukwehliswa komthetho futhi kuwumqondo omuhle, futhi wezwakalisa ukudumala ngenkulumo kaCrandall. Nokho uphinde wathi asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi izinkampani zezindiza zizoke zifane nenzuzo yezinye izimboni.
Mhlawumbe lokho kuyingqikithi yalolu daba: Emgudwini wemboni yezindiza evikelekile ngokwezimali, kunezintshisekelo eziningi eziqhudelanayo futhi lezo zintshisekelo azihlali zihambisana. Abanamasheya, abaphathi bezindiza, abasebenzi bezindiza kanye nabagibeli ngokwabo bavame ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi yini eyenza impumelelo. Futhi akunikeziwe ukuthi okuhle emkhakheni owodwa kuhle kubo bonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inzuzo yesikhathi eside embonini yezindiza ibonakale ingenakwenzeka. Encwadini edumile ayibhalela abaninimasheya eminyakeni embalwa edlule, umtshali-zimali uWarren Buffett wathi: “Empeleni, ukube unxiwankulu obona kude wayekhona eKitty Hawk, ubeyobenzela umusa omkhulu abamlandelayo ngokudubula u-Orville.” Futhi uRichard Branson, umsunguli we-Virgin Atlantic Airways, uthanda ukukhuluma ihlaya elidala: “Indlela elula yokuba usozigidi ukuqala ngesigidigidi bese ungena ebhizinisini lezindiza.”
Thatha udaba lokukhishwa kwemisebenzi yokulungiswa kwendiza: Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule ngakhuluma enkomfeni e-Washington mayelana nocwaningo lwami ngalesi sihloko egameni le-Consumer Reports. Leyo ngqungquthela ixhaswe yiBusiness Travel Coalition, okuyiqembu elimela abahambi bezinkampani, kanti umongameli wayo, uKevin Mitchell, uchaza izindiza njengokuthi zisangene “emncintiswaneni wokungena ezansi ngezindleko zokunakekela.” Kusobala ukuthi abagibeli abahlinzekwa ngokunciphisa izindleko okunonya, nakuba abanikazi bamasheya bangase babe (ngesikhathi esifushane kuphela).
UMitchell unikeza umbono othile ngesihloko esizobe sizwa okuningi ngaso ezinyangeni ezizayo, njengoba izindiza eziningi zasekhaya zibhekene nengwadla yokuqothuka: “Impikiswano igxile kuphela enzuzweni yezinkampani zezindiza, kodwa inkulumo-mpikiswano kufanele kugxile ekuzimeleni kwezwe kwezamandla isikhathi eside.” UMitchell uyanezela, "Ngaphandle kwalapho ufuna ukwenza inkolo ngemakethe yamahhala, kufanele uvumelane noCrandall."
Inkulumompikiswano ezayo
Esikhathini esifushane, zombili izindlu zeCongress kanye nomongameli omusha bangase babhekane kakhulu nokuhlenga imboni yezindiza yase-US ehlulekayo. Ngaphambi kokuthi benze okuthile, bangaba ukuhlakanipha ukuqaphela ukuthi abaphathi bezindiza kanye nabahlaziyi bezindiza abaningi baseWall Street bangamalungu achemile engxoxweni enjalo, futhi amanye amazwi kufanele azwakale - amazwi akhulumela abathengi nemiphakathi. Namazwi akhuluma ngesithombe esikhulu nokuthi uhlelo lwezindiza zezentengiselwano lusekela kanjani umnotho waseMelika, ukuphepha nokuvikela. Okuhle kubaphathi bezindiza kungase kungabi okungcono kakhulu kubakhokhi bentela abaxhasa ngezimali ibheyili enjalo.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano ngomthetho ingase ibe phezu kwethu maduze nje. Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi imininingwane yalawa ma-agumenti izophikiswa kakhulu. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi izishayamthetho, izintatheli kanye nomphakathi ojikelezayo baqonde ukuthi yini esengozini. Uma imboni yezindiza yezwe ingena kumodi yesimo esibucayi, labo abalinde ukufunda okwengeziwe bangathola ukuthi sekwephuze kakhulu.
