Inkungu yasekuseni iyashabalala endaweni yezihlahla zesundu namahlathi aluhlaza ahlanganiswe izintaba ezigubungele iqhwa. Lolu hambo oluthathwa izivakashi ezingenakubalwa nsuku zonke luwumzila ofanayo nalowo umhloli wamazwe u-Hiram Bingham awuthatha ngasekupheleni kuka-1911. Namuhla sijabulela isitimela esiwubukhazikhazi - silandelwa ukugibela ibhasi okunethezekile nokuhamba ngezinyawo phakathi kwama-llamas.
“Kungaba indaba ecashile ephindaphindwayo nezinhle kakhulu ukube bengingazama ukuchaza inqwaba yamasimu, amawa aphakeme kanye nemvelo eshintshashintsha njalo,” kubhala uBingham ngalolu hambo encwadini yakhe ethi Lost City of the Incas.
Ngemva kokufika kwesitimela edolobhaneni, izivakashi zigibela amabhasi amancane ukuze ziqale ukukhuphuka kokugcina. Umgwaqo owubhuqu omazombezombe ukhuphukela phezulu ku-panorama yamawa nezintaba ezimangalisayo kuze kuvele umbono omangalisayo. Uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zamatshe kanye namathafa esiqongweni sentaba kuyacaca.
“Njengoba kunehlathi ngaphambili nezinguzunga zeqhwa endaweni ephakeme ngemuva,” kufundeka amazwi kaBingham cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, “Ngisho nomgwaqo okuthiwa wawudla ubhedu – nakuba wawuhamba ngokunganaki ukhuphuka uye wehla ezitebhisini ngezinye izikhathi unqamula ngaphandle. eceleni kommango… Sathuthuka kancane, kodwa sahlala endaweni yezimanga.”
Kuthatha inselele emcabangweni ukucabanga ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu angafinyelela ubude obungaka njenge-Inca ukuze akhe indawo lapha. Nokho ebekwe phezulu e-Andes yasePeru cishe ngamamitha angu-2,500 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle phakathi kwezintaba ezivimbelayo futhi ngokoqobo phakathi kwamafu kukhona i-Machu Picchu, indawo engaqondakali eyashiywa ababusi besikhathi esisodwa engxenyeni enkulu yeNingizimu Melika, i-Inca Empire.
Namuhla i-Machu Picchu iyi-defacto idolobha eliyisipoki elihlaba umxhwele. Cishe ikhulunyaka kuye kwadida futhi kwathakazelisa isazi nabantu abavamile ngokufanayo, njengoba bekuyindaba yezinganekwane, amaqiniso angaphelele, izinganekwane nezindaba ezinde njengoba ababalisi bekhiqiza izinguqulo ezincintisanayo zalokho okwake kwaba khona lapha. Kuze kwaba yinkampani ephethe ifulegi leminyakazo yezomoya, kusukela kuma-hippie kuya phambili, lapho abaqondisi behamba ngezivakashi abangaqaphile bezungeza isayithi bezifunza ngezindaba ezingalindelekile.
Ukunyakaza okungokomoya "Bahlanganise uchungechunge lwezici, ezinye zazo ezithathwe ezinkolelweni zesimanje zase-Andean, kodwa ezinye ezinkolelweni zaseNyakatho Melika noma ezinkolelweni zamaNdiya," kusho uRichard Burger, uprofesa waseYale University kanye nesazi esidumile saseMachu Picchu, " Abanye kungenzeka bathathwe kuCeltic - futhi ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbe izinkolelo zaseTibet. "
Njengoba abantu sebenesithakazelo ezintweni ezingokomoya, abaqondisi be-Machu Picchu sebephenduke amashaman noma abapristi bomdabu, kusho uBurger, abakhiqize zonke izinhlobo zezindaba abaziyo ukuthi abantu bazozijabulela. Nokho uBurger ukhala ngokuthi iningi lalezi zinganekwane azihlangene kakhulu ne-Machu Picchu. Abaqondisi baxoxa izindaba zamandla angaqondakali noma benze amasiko nemikhuba.
“Abaqondisi emqondweni wami bafana nosomahlaya beCatskill. Baphuma phambi kwesixuku esiqinile futhi babone ukuthi izivakashi zisabela kanjani ezindabeni ezizixoxayo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokusabela, lokho cishe kuzofanelana nethiphu abazoyithola - noma okungenani inani labantu abahlala kulo lonke ukuvakasha futhi abangazuli.”
Ngisho noWalt Disney utshela inguqulo yakhe yenganekwane ye-Inca efilimini yopopayi ethi The Emperors New Clothes. Nakuba indaba kaDisney yombusi uCusco eguqulwa ngomlingo yaba i-llama kunqunywa ukuthi iyinganekwane, ngendlela yayo yokuthi enye indaba yasemhlabeni inomthelela esimweni esiyinganekwane sezingcweti zezingcweti namaqhawe e-Inca.
Ifilimu yopopayi ka-Walt Disney ethi The Emperors New Groove, njengochungechunge luka-Stephen Spielberg lwe-Indiana Jones noma imifanekiso kaMel Gibson yempucuko yasendulo yamaMayan e-Apocalypto ibe nesandla ekuguquleni impucuko yasendulo ibe imifanekiso yayo. I-Machu Picchu ayihlukile.
“Kucace bha ukuthi i-Machu Picchu yakhelwe i-Inca Pachacuti owayengumbusi omangalisayo. Wayeyinhlanganisela yomuntu ongaqondakali nowezombangazwe kakhulu,” kusho uJorge A. Flores Ochoa, isazi sesayensi yesintu e-National University of Cusco, “wakhetha indawo ekhetheke kakhulu njengeMachu Picchu ngoba imangalisa kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye into.”
“Washintsha inkolo yamaInca ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, futhi wayeziqhenya kakhulu ngobukhazikhazi bamaInca. Umbuso wawunamandla kakhulu futhi ulawula cishe yonke into. Ngalo mqondo ama-Inca ayenobunjiniyela obuqinile futhi obuhle kakhulu. Umsebenzi wabo wamatshe nawo wawumuhle kakhulu.”
Ukukhishwa kokugcina kobufakazi be-Inca kusikisela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwendawo yaseMachu Picchu kwaqala cishe ngo-1450, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi yashiywa eminyakeni engaba ngu-80 kamuva. AbaseSpain bazoqhubeka nokunqoba iPeru ngo-1532, ngokuthunjwa kokugcina kwe-Inca ngo-1572.
Kufanele ungene esikhumulweni sezindiza senhloko-dolobha yasePeru, iLima, futhi usheshe usibone isimo esizuzwe nguMachu Picchu lapha. Emabhodini ezinkampani zamakhadi esikweletu ezinkampanini ezithengisa izindlu, i-mystique ye-Machu Picchu isiphenduke inhlangano ehlonishwayo yobukhulu ezweni elisalokhu linezibazi zokunqotshwa kweSpain la mazwe.
“Ama-Inca ayewumphakathi owenzelwe impi,” kusho uRodolfo Florez Usseglio we-Hidden Treasure Peru, usomabhizinisi wezamasiko waseCusco oziphilisa ngokuqoqa izindaba zamasiko alelizwe adlule, “Banqoba izindawo eziningi ezahlukene, kusukela eNingizimu yeChile, Argentina ukuya ePanama. Babebahle ngesayensi yempi futhi bewumphakathi owawunokukhulumisana okuhle”
“Umphakathi ubumkhulu – phakathi kwezihamba phambili emhlabeni. Lapho abaseSpain befika lapha babangela ukushaqeka okukhulu. Enye esingakayinqobi.”
EPeru, lapho ubumpofu bungase bubonakale, ifa lika-Machu Picchu kanye nomhlaba onamandla owadalwa yi-Inca kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi lesi sizwe sasike saba umbuso womhlaba okufanele ubalwe nawo.
Ukuqwashisa kwesimanje ngo-Machu Picchu kuqala ngesibalo esikhulu kunesokuphila somhloli wamazwe waseMelika u-Hiram Bingham III, onikezwe udumo ngokuphinda athole indawo ngo-1911, futhi wabeka isixazululo kumephu emehlweni omhlaba.
Idolobha Elilahlekile Lama-Inca Bingham lanyathelisa lokho ayekutholile kuyi-National Geographic Magazine futhi wabhala i-Lost City of the Incas ethandwayo, indaba eyahamba emhlabeni wonke; nakuba yahlushwa yilokho okwatholakala kamuva ukuthi kwakuyizinganekwane nemibono, njengenkolelo yokuthi iMachu Picchu yayiwumuzi nhlobo. UBurger, osephinde wabheka lokho okutholwe nguBingham, uphethe ngokuthi bekuyindawo yasebukhosini.
“Ngicabanga ukuthi uBingham wenza iphutha,” kusho uBurger, “Enye yezinkinga angazange akwazi ukuyixazulula yayiwukuthi wayeqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile njengesazi-mlando. Ngakho kwakunzima kakhulu kuye ukubona ubufakazi bemivubukulo njengesisekelo esiqinile sokuqagela.”
“Indlela ayecabanga ngayo njengesazi-mlando ukuthi kunokuqondisisa okubanzi okutholakala emibhalweni yezemilando nokuthi uma engakwazi ukuhlanganisa lokho akutholayo - lezi zinsalela zomzimba - kulolo hlaka, wayezolunga. Okuxakayo, uma kukhona, ukuthi uthole indawo okunzima ukwenza ngayo lokho. Wathola ingosi eyayingashiwongo, indawo eyayingabathakazelisi kangako abantu baseSpain.”
UBingham wachaza le ndawo njengesikhungo esihlalwa abapristi abakhulekela ilanga neqembu elikhethiwe lezintombi zelanga ezinezaga. Isiza saphinde sashiwo nguBingham ukuthi bekuyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo i-Inca. Nokho, kuye kwatholakala phakathi neminyaka edlule ukuthi akukho lutho olusekela noma iyiphi yale mibono.
Ingxabano ngeqoqo le-Machu Picchu Ingxabano ebaluleke kakhulu mayelana ne-Machu Picchu impi ekhulayo yezinsalela ezaqoqwa u-Bingham ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala. Umhloli wamazwe wakhipha izinto ezizofundwa e-Yale's Peabody Museum esivumelwaneni esiwumdonsiswano uhulumeni wasePeru namuhla othi uzobuya ngaso ngokushesha ngemva kokufunda. Nokho, sekuyiminyaka engaba yikhulu, futhi iPeru ifuna babuye. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano phakathi kweYunivesithi yaseYale kanye nohulumeni wasePeruvia wase-Alan Garcia ngo-2007, impikiswano yashuba ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka lapho kwembulwa ukuthi inani lezinto ezigcinwe eYale - okwakucatshangwa ukuthi zisendaweni ye-3,000 - manje kuthiwa kube ngaphezu kuka-40,000.
Indlela abanye abantu basePeru abakubona ngayo, u-Hiram Bingham wayengesinye nje isahluko esikhathini esidlule sobukoloni lapho izingxenye zomlando namasiko abo zakhishwa khona, zabhalwa kabusha, futhi zabhalwa ukuze kuzuze omunye umuntu, nodumo.
"Inkinga akuyona iBingham, inkinga empeleni isimo sengqondo seNyuvesi yaseYale mayelana nokuqoqwa kukaMachu Picchu," kusho umvubukuli uLuis Lumbreras, naye owayeyinhloko ye-Instituto National de Cultura, ojwayelene kakhulu naleli cala, "Inkinga isimo sengqondo esiphathelene nezwe lami, nemithetho yami yasePeru kanye nemvume eyenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthumela iqoqo kwamanye amazwe."
Ngenkathi uthishanhloko evumile ukubuyiselwa kwengxenye enhle yamaqoqo e-Machu Picchu, uLumbreras uthatha ngaphandle imibandela ebekwe u-Yale mayelana nokwakhiwa kwemnyuziyamu ukuze kugcinwe izinto ngaphambi kokubona ukubuya kwazo. U-Yale ubiza isibhamu, uLumbreras uzizwa, futhi akakuthandi.
“Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kamuva isimo se-Yale sesilungile, kodwa… 'sizobuyisela iqoqo uma unemnyuziyamu ngaphansi kwezimo engizicelayo', i-Yale enkulu. Ngokuqinisekile akunakwenzeka.”
USolwazi Burger uphendula ngokuthi, nokho, inqubomgomo evimbelayo mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamaqoqo e-Machu Picchu yayisebenza kuphela ohambweni lwakhe lwakamuva - lapho umhloli wamazwe engazange ajabulele amazinga afanayo okusekelwa kuhulumeni wasePeru. Ukuqonda kwamaqoqo angaphambili, uBurger uphikisa, ukuthi izinto zayiswa e-United States, 'ngokuphakade'.
Ukungena & Ukufika Iningi labavakashi elithatha uhambo oluya e-Machu Picchu lizofika e-Lima, lilandelwa indiza yehora elilodwa nekota ukuya e-Cusco, yini isikhungo sangempela sombuso we-Inca. Lapha cishe uzobingelelwa abantu bendawo ngetiye leqabunga le-coca okuthiwa lidambisa imiphumela yokugula kokuphakama kwendawo. I-Cusco namasonto ayo kanye neminyuziyamu yakha idolobha elihle elinefa eliyingqayizivele lezakhiwo nelomlando elifanele ukubonwa. Ngenkathi i-Machu Picchu iyigugu emqhele, kunezindawo eziningi eSigodini Esingcwele. Kunombukiso olula nomsindo endaweni yemivubukulo yase-Ollantaytambo, kanye nenqaba enkulu ye-Sucsayhuaman Fortress.
Ulwazi ngohambo oluya ePeru lungatholwa nge-PromPerú, ibhodi lezwe lezokuvakasha lezwe, i-Calle Uno Oeste N°50 – Urb. Córpac – Lima 27, Peru. [51] 1 2243131, http://www.promperu.gob.pe
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