Imigwaqo Emisha Kasilika: inciphisa umgwaqo Kasilika wasekuqaleni?

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan (eTN) - Umgwaqo kaSilk omangalisayo owaqala ngempela imboni yezokuvakasha neyokuvakasha emhlabeni ubhekene nezinkinga zokuthi ungubani.

Ukuthengisa igama lomkhiqizo kulula emnothweni wanamuhla wezinkampani. Ngakho-ke, i-United States of America kanye neShayina bobabili basebenzisa igama lakudala likaSilk Road ukuthengisa imibono yabo yezepolitiki. Uhlobo lwe-“New Silk Road” luyasetshenziswa kulezi zinsuku nasemhlabeni wokwenza izinqubomgomo. I-US yethule Umgwaqo Omusha Kasilika - inhlanganisela yemigwaqo emikhulu yesimanje, izixhumanisi zikaloliwe, namapayipi kagesi agijima e-Asia Emaphakathi, njengendlela yokulungisa umnotho wase-Afghanistan.

Umgwaqo Omusha Kasilika waseChina usekelwe emihubheni emithathu emikhulu enqamula izwekazi lase-Eurasia, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Eurasian Land Bridge, esebenza njengemithambo eyinhloko okuzokwakhiwa kuyo ojantshi bamahlumela, imigwaqo emikhulu namapayipi. Owokuqala ungoweSitimela esikhona eTrans-Siberian osuka eVladivostok eMpumalanga Rashiya uya eMoscow futhi oxhuma eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseRotterdam; owesibili ugijima usuka echwebeni laseLianyungang eMpumalanga yeChina udlule eKazakhstan e-Asia Emaphakathi futhi ungene e-Rotterdam; kanti eyesithathu isuka ePearl River Delta eseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeChina idlule eSouth Asia iye eRotterdam. Le ngxenye umuntu angabiza umqondo we-North-South corridor concept of India, Iran, and Russia, uma yenziwa imizimba. I-China isicishe yangena emithanjeni yayo yesibili emikhulu ngokuyixhuma neKazakhstan ngomgwaqo wayo osheshayo i-China ewubiza ngo-New Silk Road.

Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi koMgwaqo Omusha Kasilika oxhaswe yi-US kanye nohlelo lwase-China. I-China iyishiyile ngokuphelele i-Afghanistan kuphrojekthi yayo, icabanga ukuthi lo mhlaba uzohlala ungazinzile, kanti iphrojekthi yase-US imi esisekelweni sokuqhakambisa i-Afghanistan nokuxhumanisa intuthuko eNingizimu Asia nase-Asia Ephakathi ngokusebenzisa i-Afghanistan ngisho nezindleko zeTajikistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan. , India, futhi Turkmenistan. I-United States igcizelela ukuthi i-Pakistan ne-India zithole igesi yemvelo e-Turkmenistan idlule e-Afghanistan esikhundleni sokuthola igesi yemvelo esuka e-Iran idlule ePakistan iye eNdiya. Iphinde igcizelele ukuthi iPakistan ithole ugesi eTajikistan ngokusebenzisa umhlaba wase-Afghanistan. E-US, yonke imigwaqo iholela eKabul, kodwa i-China ihlela yonke imigwaqo ukuholela ngqo e-Asia Ephakathi, ishiya i-Afghanistan eceleni. Umgwaqo Omusha Kasilika wase-United States wayishiya ngaphandle i-Iran ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, kuyilapho u-Silk Road wasekuqaleni une-Iran njengengxenye yawo enkulu, ne-Afghanistan njengesithombeni somgwaqo wokuqala kaSilk.

ICongress Yase-US yakhipha futhi yabuyekezwa Umthetho Wesu Lomgwaqo Kasilika ukuze kugcinwe ithonya lase-US e-Eurasia, kuyilapho i-Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ikhiphe umqondo wayo weSilk Road njenge-Eurasian Land Bridge elixhuma i-China ne-Europe kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Eurasia.

Esikhathini esedlule, abameleli abavela emazweni angama-40 babambe iqhaza eNgqungqutheleni Yongqongqoshe Bezokuthutha yezinsuku ezimbili, exhaswe yi-UNESCAP. I-China, i-Indonesia, iLaos, iKorea, iCambodia, iRussia, iTurkey, i-Azerbaijan, i-Armenia, i-Kazakhstan, i-Iran, namanye aklame inethiwekhi yesitimela engamakhilomitha angu-81,000 exhumanisa amazwe angu-28 ngamathrekhi nemizila yezikebhe ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho wase-Asia kanye nendlela eqondile eya ezimakethe zaseYurophu. . Uhlelo lokuthuthukisa imizila phakathi kwamazwe ase-Asia, bese inwebeka iye komakhelwane bayo abamaphakathi, futhi iye eYurophu. Lokhu empeleni bekuyipulani ye-China New Silk Road.

NgoJanuwari 2008, iChina, iMongolia, iRussia, iBelarus, iPoland, neJalimane zasebenzisa umhubhe wokuqala we-Eurasian Land Bridge futhi zavuma ukudala izimo zokuvula indlela yesevisi yesitimela esineziqukathi ezivamile phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia. Isitimela sombukiso esibizwa nge-“The Beijing-Hamburg Container Express,” esithwele umthwalo wezimpahla zamaShayina, siphuma kwesinye sezisekelo zezimpahla ze-China Railway Container Transport Corp Ltd.

Isitimela sahamba amakhilomitha angu-10,000 6,200 (amakhilomitha angu-15 10,000) ngezinsuku ezingu-40, sinqamula iChina, iMongolia, iRussia, iBelarus, nePoland ngaphambi kokufika eHamburg, eJalimane. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ezokuthutha olwandle zengeza amakhilomitha angu-XNUMX ohambweni olunqamula uLwandlekazi i-Indian, futhi bekuzothatha izinsuku ezingama-XNUMX ukuhambisa izimpahla zisuka e-China ziye eJalimane - isikhathi esingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ukuthumela izitimela emhubheni wase-Eurasian. Umgwaqo Kasilika wasekuqaleni nawo wawunengxenye yezikebhe, kanjalo nomgwaqo Omusha Kasilika waseChina.

Umgwaqo Kasilika wasekuqaleni, noma Umzila Kasilika, ubhekisela kuhleloxhumano lomlando lwemizila yohwebo exhumene enqamula umhlabathi wase-Afro-Eurasia owawuxhumanisa iMpumalanga, iNingizimu, neNtshonalanga ye-Asia nomhlaba weMedithera kanye neYurophu, kanye nezingxenye zeNyakatho neMpumalanga Afrika. Imizila yezwe yanezelwa imizila yasolwandle, eyayisuka oLwandle Olubomvu iye ogwini lwaseNdiya, eChina, naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

Njengoba inweba amamayela angu-4,000 (amakhilomitha angu-6,500), iSilk Road ithola igama layo ekuhwebeni okunenzuzo kukasilika waseShayina ngakuwo, okwaqala ngesikhathi soBukhosi bakwaHan (206 BCE-220 CE). Izingxenye zase-Asia ezimaphakathi zemizila yezohwebo zanwetshwa cishe ngo-114 BCE ngozalo lwakwaHan. Ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe phezu kwemizila yomhlaba yoMgwaqo kaSilika kwehla njengoba ukuhweba olwandle kwanda. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iMizila Yasolwandle neyomhlaba Kasilika iyaphinda isetshenziswe, imvamisa ilandela imizila yasendulo eduze.

Ukuhweba Emgwaqweni Kasilika kwakuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko emikhulu yaseShayina, eNdiya, eGibhithe Lasendulo, ePheresiya, e-Arabia, naseRoma Lasendulo, futhi ngezindlela eziningi kwasiza ekubekeni izisekelo zomhlaba wanamuhla. Nakuba usilika wawuwumkhiqizo oyinhloko wokuhwebelana owawuvela eShayina, kwadayiswa ezinye izinto eziningi, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, izinkolo namafilosofi kwakuhamba ngeMizila Kasilika. IShayina yayihweba ngosilika, itiye, kanye ne-porcelain; kuyilapho iNdiya ihweba ngezinongo, amazinyo endlovu, izindwangu, amatshe ayigugu, nopelepele; futhi uMbuso WamaRoma wawuthumela kwamanye amazwe igolide, isiliva, izitsha zengilazi ezinhle, iwayini, omakhaphethi namagugu. Abahwebi abakhulu ngesikhathi sakudala kwakungabahwebi bamaNdiya nabamaBactrian, kwase kuthi kusukela ngekhulu lesi-5 kuya kwelesi-8 CE, abahwebi baseSogdian, kamuva kwaba abahwebi bama-Arabhu namaPheresiya.

Njengoba udlulela ngasentshonalanga usuka ezikhungweni zezentengiselwano zakudala zaseShayina, umgwaqo onguthelawayeka, u-intercontinental Silk Road uhlukana ube imizila esenyakatho naseningizimu udlula uGwadule lwaseTaklimakan kanye neLop Nur.

Umzila osenyakatho waqala e-Chang'an (manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Xi'an), inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseShayina wasendulo, okwathi, e-Later Han, yayiswa empumalanga eLuoyang. Umzila wachazwa cishe ngekhulu lokuqala BCE njengoba u-Han Wudi aqeda ukuhlukunyezwa yizizwe ezizulazulayo.

Umzila osenyakatho wahamba enyakatho-ntshonalanga udabula esifundazweni saseShayina iGansu usuka eSifundazweni SaseShaanxi, futhi wahlukana waba eminye imizila emithathu, emibili yayo ilandela izintaba ezisenyakatho naseningizimu yoGwadule lwaseTaklamakan ukuze ihlangane futhi eKashgar; kanti enye iya enyakatho yezintaba i-Tian Shan inqamula eTurpan, eTalgar nase-Almaty (sendaweni manje eyiningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan). Imizila yaphinde yahlukana entshonalanga yeKashgar, negatsha eliseningizimu lehlela phansi eSigodini sase-Alai libheke ePheresiya lasendulo kusukela e-Termez (e-Uzbekistan yanamuhla) naseBalkh (Afghanistan), kanti enye yadabula e-Kokand eSigodini saseFergana (empumalanga yanamuhla. Uzbekistan) bese kuba sentshonalanga ngaphesheya koGwadule lwaseKarakum. Yomibili imizila yajoyina umzila omkhulu oseningizimu ngaphambi kokufika eMerv (Turkmenistan).

Umzila wamahamba-nendlwana, umgwaqo Kasilika osenyakatho waletha eShayina izimpahla eziningi ezifana namadethi, impushana yesafron, namantongomane e-pistachio evela ePheresiya; inhlaka yempepho, inhlaba, nomure okuvela eSomalia; i-sandalwood evela eNdiya; amabhodlela engilazi avela eGibhithe; nezinye izimpahla ezibizayo nezifiselekayo ezivela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngokushintshana, amakharavani abuyisela amabhawodi e-brocade kasilika, i-lacquer ware, ne-porcelain. Elinye igatsha lomzila osenyakatho lajikela enyakatho-ntshonalanga ladlula oLwandle i-Aral nasenyakatho yoLwandle iCaspian, ladlulela oLwandle Olumnyama.

Umzila oseningizimu ngokuyinhloko wawuwumzila owodwa osuka eShayina, unqamule eKarakoram, lapho usaqhubeka khona kuze kube manje njengomgwaqo ogandayiwe wamazwe ngamazwe ohlanganisa iPakistan neChina njengoMgwaqo Omkhulu waseKarakoram. Yabe isibhekisa amabombo ngasentshonalanga, kodwa nge-south spurs eyenza uhambo luqedwe ngolwandle lusuka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Inqamula izintaba eziphakeme, yadlula enyakatho yePakistan, yadlula ezintabeni zaseHindu Kush, yaze yayongena e-Afghanistan, yaphinde yahlangana nomzila osenyakatho eduze kwaseMerv. Ukusuka lapho, wawulandela umugqa ocishe uqonde entshonalanga unqamule ezintabeni ezisenyakatho ye-Iran, eMesopotamiya, nasechosheni elisenyakatho yoGwadule LwaseSiriya uze ufike e-Levant, lapho imikhumbi yokuhweba yaseMedithera yayihamba njalo isiya e-Italy, kuyilapho imizila yasemhlabeni idlula enyakatho idlula e-Anatolia noma eningizimu iye e-Italy. ENyakatho Afrika. Omunye umgwaqo wegatsha wawusuka eHerat unqamule eSusa uye eCharax Spasinu enhloko yePersian Gulf, uwele uze ufike ePetra, udlulele e-Aleksandriya nakwamanye amachweba asempumalanga yeMedithera isuka lapho imikhumbi ithwala impahla iya eRoma.

Kungani i-United States ne-China zisebenzisa igama elithi Silk Road? Ngoba igama elithi Silk Road alikaze libhaliswe njengegama lomkhiqizo yiziphathimandla zezokuvakasha zomhlaba. Kwesatshwa ukuthi Imigwaqo Kasilika Emisha eminingi inciphisa ukubaluleka nokuthandana koMgwaqo Wokuqala Kasilika.