I-Hawaii ibingaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwangempela namhlanje ekuseni. Lokhu bekuyiqiniso noma ngabe isexwayiso esiphuthumayo sokuhlaselwa ngokomzimba sikhanseliwe futhi akukho bhomu elishaye Aloha Izwe. Kwakuyizingcingo zokuvuka zangempela ezivakashini nakubahlali ngokufanayo. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu kwadingeka bacabange cishe ihora lonke mayelana nesiphetho sabo esizayo kwaba isenzakalo sokuhlushwa izivakashi eziningi ezizosikhumbula lapho zibhukha uhambo lwazo olulandelayo lwaseHawaii isikhathi eside esizayo. Kwakungeyona i-drill.
Umlayezo wezimo eziphuthumayo wamanga uyalele wonke umuntu eHawaii ukuthi abheke indawo yokukhosela.
Kwakungekho lutho oluchazwe ukuthi kuphi futhi kuphi noma kanjani?
Kwabangela uvalo phakathi kwezivakashi nabendawo ngokufanayo bengazi ukuthi benzeni, abaningi beshayela amakhosikazi abo, abayeni, abazali, odadewabo, amadodana namadodakazi abo bebatshela ukuthi bayabathanda.
Lo Mgqibelo ekuseni bekuyiphupho elibi kuwo wonke umuntu eHawaii futhi bekungenasidingo. Asikho isizathu sokuthi umuntu akwazi ukucindezela inkinobho engalungile. Ukuxolisa komphathi bekuhlekisa uma bekungesona isimo esibucayi kangako.
Asikho isizathu sokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka eHawaii ukushayela u-911 imizuzu engaphezu kwe-40 kusuka kumakhalekhukhwini kanye nefoni eminingi yasekhaya noma yasehhovisi.
Bekufanele kube nohlelo lwesibili lokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingcingo eziphuthumayo ziyaphendulwa. Ukuqoshwa okulula kokuthi akukho ukusongela futhi ukuhlala kulayini kunoma yisiphi esinye isimo esiphuthumayo bekuyokwenza lokho.
IWashington DC, inhloko-dolobha kazwelonke inohlelo olukhona uma kwenzeka kuhlasela i-United States yenuzi. Chofoza lapha ukuze ufunde imininingwane (PDF)
Funda imiyalelo ebekwe nguHulumeni Wesifunda
Okulandelayo kusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni kwakamuva kanye ne-US Federal Guidance yakamuva futhi kusebenza ekuqhumeni kwe-IND kunoma iyiphi indawo. Izigaba ezilandelayo zichaza izenzo ezithile zokusabela zesifunda ukuze zisekele ukuqaliswa kokuqondisa okusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-hypothetical 10-kT IND detonation ku-NCR. Isiqondiso esibalulekile nolwazi mayelana nokusabela ku-IND kusanda kushicilelwa uhulumeni Wombuso, imikhandlu kazwelonke yesayensi, nezinye izinhlangano njengoba kuchazwe ezigabeni ezilandelayo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva kule minyaka embalwa edlule lusize kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu izenzo ezifanele umphakathi kanye nomphakathi ophendulayo ongazithatha ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Okuningi kwalolu cwaningo kusanda kugqanyiswa kuyi-National Academies Bridge Journal on Nuclear Dangers, okuqukethwe kwayo kusetshenziswe kakhulu kulo mbhalo wamanje. I-Federal Planning Guidance for Response to a Nuclear Detonation yathuthukiswa ikomidi le-Federal agency eliholwa yiHhovisi Lenqubomgomo Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe, 2nd Ed, June 2010 (EOP, 2010).
Lo mbhalo wokuvumelana kwe-interagency uhlinzeka ngolwazi oluhle kakhulu lwangemuva ngemiphumela yokuqhunyiswa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nezincomo eziyinhloko zezimpendulo. Incazelo yawo yezindawo (umonakalo kanye nokuwa) iyindinganiso yokuhlela impendulo futhi kufanele ihlanganiswe kunoma iyiphi inqubo yokuhlela. Umbiko WoMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wokuvikelwa Nokulinganisa Kwemisebe (NCRP) No. 165, Uphendula Isigameko Sobuphekula Be-Radiological noma Nuclear: Umhlahlandlela Wabakhi Bezinqumo, ukhishwe ngoFebhuwari 2011 futhi uyindinganiso kazwelonke ehlinzeka ngesayensi futhi yakhela phezu kweziningi imiqondo Yesiqondiso Sokuhlela. Ukuze uthole ulwazi lwezempilo yomphakathi, lonke uhlelo lwejenali ye-Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness lunikezelwe ezindabeni zezempilo zomphakathi ezihlobene nemiphumela yobuphekula benuzi. Zonke izindatshana ziyatholakala ukuze zilandwe mahhala. Izinto Ezibalulekile Zokuhlelwa Kwezimpendulo Ze-Aftermath of Nuclear Terrorism eyakhiwe yi-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ukweseka umsebenzi wokulungela i-DHS yakhululwa ngo-2009.
Isu le-DHS Lokuthuthukisa Ukusabela Kazwelonke Nokubuyisela Ekuhlaselweni kwe-IND, ngo-April 2010, lehlukanisa umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqala wokuhlela we-IND wehlele izigaba ezingu-7 zamakhono ezinezinjongo ezisekelayo. Lona kungaba umbhalo obalulekile wokuqondisa inqubo yokuhlela yesifunda neyesifunda njengoba umsebenzi omningi usuvele ungene ezidingweni zamandla ezihlukaniswa ngezigaba zeMfundiso/Izinhlelo, Inhlangano, Ukuqeqeshwa, Izinto, Ubuholi, Abasebenzi, Izinsiza, kanye Nemithetho/Iziphathimandla/Izibonelelo. /Amazinga.
“Lo mbhalo ungowokusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni kuphela futhi ungatholakala ku-Improvised Nuclear Devices Channel ye-Lessons Learned Information System (www.LLIS.dhs.gov). Okubalulekile Okubalulekile Ekuphenduleni Komphakathi Ukukhanya okukhazimulayo okungabonakala ngamakhulu amakhilomitha kungaphuphuthekisa okwesikhashana abaningi balabo abangaphandle ngisho namakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ekuqhumeni kwenuzi. Ukuqhuma kungashintsha amabhulokhi ambalwa edolobha abe imfucumfucu futhi kungase kuphahlaze ingilazi ngaphezu kwamamayela angu-10. Uthuli nemfucumfucu kungase kufifuze umoya amamayela, futhi ukuwa okukhiqiza amazinga ayingozi emisebe kulabo abangaphandle kuwela endaweni eseduze futhi kufika kumamayela angu-20 ukuya phansi komoya. Kuzoba nzima ekuqaleni kulabo abathintekayo ngqo ukuhlola izinga lomonakalo. Ngosuku olucwathile, ifu lamakhowe lingase libonakale likude, kodwa ifu ngeke likwazi ukugcina isimo esingaphezu kwemizuzu embalwa futhi lizoshaywa umoya liphume endaweni ngendlela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu emahoreni ambalwa okuqala.
. Isenzo esibaluleke kakhulu sokusindisa impilo yomphakathi kanye nabaphenduli wukufuna indawo yokukhosela eyanele okungenani ihora lokuqala. Isimo okuxoxwe ngaso kulo mbhalo singesinye nje sezinhlobonhlobo ezibanzi zamaphethini okuwa okungenzeka, izivuno, kanye nezindawo zokuqhunyiswa. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungahleleli isimo esithile, kodwa kunalokho ukuhlela ukufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokucaciswa.
Ngeshwa, imizwa yethu engokwemvelo ingaba isitha sethu esikhulu kunazo zonke. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kokuqhunyiswa kungabonakala ngaso leso sikhathi kuso sonke isifunda futhi kungase kubangele abantu ukuba basondele emafasiteleni ukuze babone okwenzekayo njengoba nje igagasi eliqhumayo ligqekeza iwindi.
Ngokuqhunyiswa kwe-10-kT, ingilazi ingaphulwa ngamandla anele ukuze kubangele ukulimala kumamayela angu-3 futhi kungathatha ngaphezu kwamasekhondi angu-10 ukufinyelela kulobu bubanzi. Esinye isifiso sokunqoba isifiso sokubaleka endaweni (noma okubi nakakhulu, ukugijima ezindaweni eziwela phansi ukuze uhlangane namalungu omndeni), okungabeka abantu ngaphandle emizuzwini embalwa yokuqala namahora lapho ukuchayeka kokuwa kukukhulu kakhulu.
Labo abangaphandle noma abasezimotweni ngeke bavikeleke kancane emisebeni ehlabayo ephuma ezinhlayiyeni eziwayo njengoba inqwabelana ophahleni naphansi. Ukukhosela kuyisidingo sangaphambi kwesikhathi kumphakathi ongaphakathi kwengilazi ephukile kanye nendawo yokulimala kokuqhuma, okunganwebeka amamayela ambalwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ukusuka ekuqhumeni. Kukhona ithuba lokuthi izingxenye eziningi zendawo zingase zingathinteki ngokuwa; kodwa-ke, kuzoba nzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwentuthu ekhipha imisebe nengenayo imisebe, uthuli, kanye nemfucumfucu ezokhiqizwa umcimbi (bona Umfanekiso 5). Amazinga okungenzeka abe yingozi okuwa angaqala ukwehla emizuzwini embalwa.
Labo abangaphandle kufanele bafune indawo yokukhosela esakhiweni esiqinile esiseduze. Kuncike ekutheni isakhiwo singekho engcupheni yokuwa noma yomlilo, labo abangaphakathi kufanele bahlale ngaphakathi futhi baye ngaphansi komhlaba (isb., bangene egumbini elingaphansi noma egalaji lokupaka elingaphansi komhlaba) noma baye endaweni ephakathi nendawo kakhonkolo noma isakhiwo sezitini.
Labo bantu abasezakhiweni ezisongelwa ukubhidlika noma umlilo, noma labo abasezakhiweni ezilula (isb., izakhiwo zendaba eyodwa ezingenazo izindlu ezingaphansi) kufanele bacabangele ukuthuthela esakhiweni esiqinile esiseduze noma indlela ehamba ngaphansi. Ingilazi, izinto ezisusiwe, nemfucumfucu emigwaqweni yokuhamba ngezinyawo nasemigwaqweni kuzokwenza ukunyakaza kube nzima. Ukushiya indawo kufanele kucatshangelwe kuphela uma indawo ingaphephile ngenxa yomlilo noma ezinye izingozi, noma uma izikhulu zendawo zithi kuphephile ukunyakaza Kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokusimamisa abalimele ngosizo lokuqala nokunethezeka ngesikhathi bekhoseliwe. Ngisho nokulinda amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokufuna ukwelashwa kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuchayeka okungaba khona.
I-Fallout iqhutshwa umoya ophezulu-womkhathi ongahamba ngokushesha kakhulu kunomoya ongaphezulu, ngokuvamile ngamamayela angaphezu kuka-100 ngehora. Ngaphandle kwendawo yamafasitela aphukile, abantu kufanele okungenani babe nemizuzu eyi-10 ngaphambi kokuthi kufike isivuno esikhulu se-multikiloton. Uma ukuqhunyiswa bekungenzeka phakathi namahora okukhanya emini ngosuku olungenalo ikhava yefu, ifu eliphumayo lingase libonakale kuleli banga, nakuba ukukala ngendlela enembile kungaba nzima njengoba ifu elikhulayo liqhubeka nokukhuphuka futhi ngokunokwenzeka liqhubeke libheke endaweni engaphezu kweyodwa. Uma nje izimo zomkhathi zingakusitheli ukubonakala, amazinga ayingozi okuwa angabonakala kalula njengoba izinhlayiya ziwa. Abantu kufanele baphumele endlini ngokushesha uma isihlabathi, umlotha, noma imvula enemibala iqala ukuna endaweni yabo.
Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-20, ukubambezeleka okuboniwe phakathi kokukhanya kokuqhuma kanye "ne-sonic boom" yokuqhuma komoya kungaba ngaphezu kwemizuzu engu-1.5. Kulolu hlu, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuwa kungase kubangele ukugula ngemisebe, nakuba ukuchayeka ngaphandle kusafanele kugwenywe ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yomdlavuza engaba khona yesikhathi eside. Umphakathi kuleli banga kufanele ube nesikhathi esithile, mhlawumbe imizuzu engu-20 noma ngaphezulu, ukuzilungiselela. Okubalulekile kuqala kufanele kube ukuthola indawo yokukhosela eyanele. Abantu kufanele bahlonze indawo engcono kakhulu yokukhosela esakhiweni sabo samanje, noma uma isakhiwo sinikeza indawo yokukhosela enganele, bacabangele ukuthuthela endaweni engcono kakhulu uma kunesakhiwo esikhulu esinezitezi eziningi eduze.
Ngemva kokuba indawo yokukhosela ngokwayo isivikelekile, kungagxilwa ekutholeni izinto zokukhosela njengamabhethri, umsakazo, ukudla, amanzi, imithi, okokulala, nezinto zangasese. Nakuba imigwaqo ibingase ingabi nazithiyo ekuqaleni kuleli banga (~amamayela angu-20), amathuba okunyakazisa abantu abaningi abasengozini ngaphambi kokuba kufike izingozi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba, futhi labo abasesiminyaminyeni somgwaqo bazothola ukuvikeleka okuncane ekuweni.
Chofoza lapha ukuze ufunde imininingwane eyengeziwe. (PDF)
