Wayengubani uMbhishobhi Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu? Sengathi u-“Arch” angaphumula ngokuthula

Umnqobi weNobel Peace Prize kanye no-Archbishop Desmond wangaphambili I-Tutu owaziwa kakhulu ngelika “Arch” ushone eneminyaka engu-90 eCapeTown, eNingizimu Afrika namuhla.

U-Desmond Tutu usungule inhloso yakhe “njengomphakathi wentando yeningi onobulungisa ongenakho ukuhlukana ngokobuhlanga”, futhi ubeke la maphuzu alandelayo njengezidingo ezincane:

Isitatimende Sebhodi Lezokuvakasha lase-Afrika:

UDkt. Walter Mzembi, ilungu lesigungu esiphezulu se Ibhodi Yezokuvakasha yase-Afrika esitatimendeni uthe: “Wayeyilungu lesonto leFreedom Fighter against Apartheid. USihlalo Wekhomishana Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana futhi ngempela izwi likanembeza empilweni yakhe.

1. amalungelo alinganayo omphakathi awo wonke umuntu
2. ukuqedwa kwemithetho yamapasi yaseNingizimu Afrika
3. uhlelo olujwayelekile lwemfundo
4. ukumiswa kokuxoshwa ngenkani eNingizimu Afrika kuya kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “amahomelands”

U-Tutu wazalelwa e-Klerksdorp zingama-7 kuMfumfu 1931. Uyise, u-Zachariah, owafunda esikoleni saseMishini, wayenguthishanhloko wesikole samabanga aphezulu e-Klerksdorp, idolobhana elincane eNtshonalanga Transvaal (manje eSifundazweni SaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga). Umama wakhe, u-Aletha Matlhare, wayengumsebenzi wasendlini. Babenezingane ezine, amantombazane amathathu nomfana oyedwa. Lesi kwakuyinkathi emlandweni waseNingizimu Afrika eyandulela ubandlululo olusemthethweni kodwa nokho lwaluchazwa ngokucwasana ngokobuhlanga.

UTutu wayeneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili lapho ubaba wakhe eshintshelwa esikoleni esasinakekela izingane zama-Afrika, amaNdiya kanye namaKhaladi e-Ventersdorp. Naye ubefunda kulesi sikole, ekhulele endaweni lapho kwakunezingane zakweminye imiphakathi. Wabhabhadiswa njengeMethodist kodwa kwaba seVentersdorp lapho umndeni walandela udadewabo, owahola uSylvia e-African Methodical Episcopal Church futhi ekugcineni ngo-1943 umndeni wonke waba amaSheshi.

U-Zachariah Tutu wabe esedluliselwa eRoodepoort, endaweni eyayiseNtshonalanga yeTransvaal. Lapha umndeni uphoqeleke ukuthi uhlale emjondolo ngesikhathi umama wakhe esebenza ezenzeleni School of the Blind. Ngo-1943, umndeni waphoqeleka ukuba uthuthe futhi, kulokhu uye eMunsieville, indawo yabaNsundu eKrugersdorp. UTutu osemncane wayejwayele ukuya ezindlini zabaMhlophe eyokwenza inkonzo yokuwasha lapho ayeqoqa khona futhi alethe izingubo bese unina eziwasha. Ukuze athole imali eyengeziwe, kanye nomngane wakhe, wayehamba amakhilomitha amathathu eya emakethe eyothenga amawolintshi, abe esewadayisa ukuze athole inzuzo encane. Kamuva waphinde wadayisa amakinati eziteshini zesitimela futhi wadlalela igalofu eKillarney. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Tutu waphinde wajoyina inhlangano ye-Scouting futhi wazuza i-Tenderfoot, i-Second Class kanye nebheji lobuchwepheshe ekuphekeni.

Ngo-1945, waqala imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphakeme eWestern High, isikole samabanga aphezulu sikahulumeni elokishini elidala laseWestern Native, eduze Sophiatown. Cishe ngalesi sikhathi walaliswa esibhedlela isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, enesifo sofuba. Kulapha lapho ayethandana khona Ubaba uTrevor Huddleston. Ubaba u-Huddleston wamlethela izincwadi ukuthi azifunde futhi ubungane obujulile bakhula phakathi kwalaba ababili. Kamuva, uTutu waba iseva esontweni likaFata Huddleston e-Munsieville, waze waqeqesha abanye abafana ukuba babe amaseva. Ngaphandle kukaBaba u-Huddleston, uTutu wathonywa abafana noMfundisi Makhene noBaba uSekgaphane (abamngenisa eBandleni lamaSheshi), kanye noMfundisi u-Arthur Blaxall nomkakhe e-Ventersdorp.

Nakuba ayesalele emuva esikoleni ngenxa yokugula kwakhe, uthishanhloko wamhawukela wamvumela ukuthi afunde ekilasini likamatikuletsheni. Ekupheleni kuka-1950, waphumelela ukuhlolwa kwe-Joint Matriculation Board, efunda kwaze kwaba sebusuku ekhanyisa amakhandlela. UTutu wamukelwa ukuthi afunde eWitwatersrand Medical School kodwa akakwazanga ukuthola umfundaze. Kanjalo wanquma ukulandela isibonelo sikayise futhi abe uthisha. Ngo-1951, wabhalisa eBantu Normal College, ngaphandle kwasePitoli, ukuyofundela idiploma yobuthishela.

Ngo-1954, uTutu waqeda idiploma yobuthishela e-Bantu Normal College futhi wafundisa esikoleni sakhe esidala, i-Madipane High e-Krugersdorp. Ngo-1955, uthole neziqu zeBachelor of Arts eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika (UNISA). Omunye wabantu abamsiza ngezifundo zakhe zaseNyuvesi kwaba Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, umongameli wokuqala we I-Pan Africanist Congress (I-PAC).

Ngomhla zi-2 kuJulayi 1955, uTutu washada noNomalizo Leah Shenxane, omunye wabafundi bakababa wakhe ababekhanya kakhulu. Ngemva komshado wabo, uTutu waqala ukufundisa e-Munsieville High School, lapho ubaba wakhe wayesenguthisha omkhulu, nalapho akhunjulwa khona njengothisha okhuthazayo. Mhla zingama-31 kuNdasa 1953 othisha nabafundi abaNsundu ngokufanayo bashaywa kanzima ngesikhathi uhulumeni ethula I-Bantu Education Act Imfundo yabamnyama, eyabeka imingcele imfundo yabaNsundu ezingeni eliphansi. UTutu waqhubeka nomsebenzi wokufundisa iminyaka emithathu eyengeziwe kulandela lokhu, ebona ngemfundo yalezo zingane ukuthi wayeseqale ukufundisa emazingeni aphansi. Ngemva kwalokho wayeka ephikisana nokubukelwa phansi kwemfundo yabaMnyama ngokwepolitiki.

Ngesikhathi esebenza eMunsieville High, uTutu wacabanga ngokujulile ngokujoyina ubupristi, wagcina esezinikela kuBhishobhi waseGoli ukuthi abe ngumphristi. Ngo-1955, kanye nalowo owayeyi-scoutmaster, u-Zakes Mohutsiou, wamukelwa njengedikoni elincane e-Krugersdorp, kwathi ngo-1958, wabhalisa e-St Peter's Theological College e-Rosettenville, eyayiphethwe oFata Bomphakathi Wokuvuka Kwabafileyo. Lapha uTutu wazibonakalisa engumfundi oyisihlabani, ephumelela kahle ezifundweni zakhe. Waklonyeliswa ngelayisensi yeTheology ngeziqu ezimbili. U-Tutu usawubheka ngenhlonipho uMphakathi Wokuvuka Kwabafileyo futhi ubheka isikweletu sakhe kubo njengesingenakubalwa.

Wagcotshwa njengedikoni ngoDisemba 1960 e-St Mary's Cathedral, eGoli futhi waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wokunakekela e-St Albans Church e-Benoni. Njengamanje, uTutu noLeah base benezingane ezimbili, uTrevor Thamsanqa noThandeka Theresa. Owesithathu, uNontombi Naomi, wazalwa ngo-1960. Ekupheleni kuka-1961, uTutu wagcotshwa njengomfundisi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho washintshelwa ebandleni elisha eThokoza. Ingane yabo yesine, uMpho, yazalelwa eLondon ngo-1963.

U-Desmond Tutu nomkakhe, uLeah, nezingane zabo, kusukela kwesokunxele: uTrevor Thamsanqa, uThandeka Theresa, uNontombi Naomi noMpho Andrea, eNgilandi, c1964. (c) IMpilo Foundation Archives, ngenhlonipho umndeni wakwaTutu Umthombo wesithombe

Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuMandulo 1962, uTutu wafika eLondon ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izifundo zakhe zezenkolo. Imali yatholwa emithonjeni eyahlukene wanikezwa imifundaze eKings College eLondon waklonyeliswa ngomfundaze yiWorld Council of Churches (WCC). ELondon, wahlangatshezwa esikhumulweni sezindiza umbhali u-Nicholas Mosley, uhlelo olwaludidiyelwe nguFata Alfred Stubbs, owayengumfundisi wakhe eGoli. NgoMosley, uTutus wahlangana noMartin Kenyon owayezoba umngane womndeni wokuphila konke.

ILondon yaba yinto ethokozisayo emndenini wakwaTutu ngemva kokucindezelwa kwempilo ngaphansi kobandlululo. UTutu wakwazi ngisho nokuzitika ngothando lwakhe lwekhilikithi. UTutu wabhalisa eKings College, eNyuvesi yaseLondon, lapho aphinde wenza khona kahle. Uthweswe iziqu ehholo iRoyal Albert lapho uMama weNdlovukazi, owayenguShansela weNyuvesi, amnikeze iziqu zakhe.

Ulwazi lwakhe lokuqala lokukhonza ebandleni labaMhlophe lwaluseGolders Green, eLondon, lapho achitha khona iminyaka emithathu. Wabe eseshintshelwa eSurrey ukuze ayoshumayela. UFata Stubbs wakhuthaza uTutu ukuthi abhalisele izifundo ze-postgraduate. Wabhala indaba ye-Islam ukuze uthole 'Umklomelo Wendatshana Yombhishobhi Omkhulu' futhi wawina ngokufanelekile. Ube esenquma ukuthi lesi kuzoba yisifundo seziqu zakhe zeMasters. U-Tutu waba nomthelela omkhulu kumakholwa akhe kangangokuthi ngemva kokuphothula iziqu zakhe ze-Masters ku-Arts ngo-1966, idolobhana lonke lapho ayengumphristi wavela khona ukuze amvalelise.

UTutu wabe esebuyela eNingizimu Afrika futhi wafundisa eFederal Theological Seminary e Alice ku Eastern Cape, lapho ayengomunye wabafundisi abayisithupha. Ngaphandle kokuba nguthisha eSeminary, uphinde waqokwa njengoMfundisi waseSheshi eNyuvesi yase Fort Hare. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayengumfundisi waseSheshi ofaneleka kakhulu kunabo bonke ezweni. Ngo-1968, esafundisa eSeminary, wabhala isihloko ngemfundiso yenkolo yabasebenzi bokufika ephephabhukwini elibizwa ngokuthi i-South African Outlook.

E-Alice waqala ukusebenza ngeziqu zakhe zobuDokotela, ehlanganisa intshisekelo yakhe ku-Islam kanye neTestamente Elidala, nakuba engazange ayiqede. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uTutu waqala ukuveza imibono yakhe ngokumelene nobandlululo. Ngesikhathi abafundi baseSeminary bebhikishela imfundo yokucwasa, uTutu wahlonza imbangela yabo.

Wayeqokelwe ukuba uThishanhloko wesikhathi esizayo Wesikole Sokufundela ubufundisi futhi, ngo-1970, wayezoba iPhini Likathishanhloko. Nokho, ngemizwa ehlukene wasamukela isimemo sokuba nguthisha eNyuvesi yaseBotswana, eLesotho naseSwazini, ezinze eRoma eLesotho. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-"Black Theology" yafinyelela eNingizimu Afrika futhi uTutu wasekela lesi sizathu ngentshiseko enkulu.

Ngo-August 1971, uDkt Walter Carson, ibamba likaMqondisi weTheological Education Fund (TEF), eyaqalwa ngo-1960 ukuthuthukisa imfundo yezenkolo emazweni asathuthuka,

ucele uTutu ukuthi afakwe ohlwini lwabazokhethwa esikhundleni sokuba nguMqondisi Ohlangene e-Afrika. Ngakho umndeni wakwaTutu wafika eNgilandi ngoJanuwari 1972, lapho bahlala khona eningizimu-mpumalanga yeLondon. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlanganisa ukusebenza nethimba labaqondisi bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nethimba le-TEF. UTutu wachitha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ehamba emazweni Omhlaba Wesithathu futhi wayejabule kakhulu ngokukwazi ukuhamba e-Afrika. Ngaso leso sikhathi, wanikezwa ilayisensi njenge-Honorary Curate e-St Augustine's Church e-Bromley lapho, waphinda wathinta kakhulu amakholwa akhe.

Ngo-1974 u-Leslie Stradling, uMbhishobhi we Johannesburg,wathatha umhlalaphansi kwase kuqalwa ukuthungathwa ozongena esikhundleni sakhe. Nokho, uTimothy Bavin, owavotela uTutu ngokungaguquki ngesikhathi sokhetho, wakhethwa njengoBhishobhi. Wabe esemema uTutu ukuthi abe yiDini yakhe. Ngakho-ke uTutu wabuyela eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1975 ukuyothatha isikhundla sokuba nguDini waseSheshi wokuqala omnyama waseGoli kanye noRector we-St Mary's Cathedral Parish eGoli. Lapha waletha izinguquko ezinqala, ezikhathini eziningi kwadumaza amanye amakholwa akhe aMhlophe.

Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuNhlaba 1976, wathumela incwadi evulelekile kuNdunankulu wangaleso sikhathi, John Vorster emkhumbuza ukuthi amaBhunu ayithola kanjani inkululeko yawo futhi, phakathi kokunye, wadonsela ukunaka kwakhe ekutheni abaMnyama bebengayitholi inkululeko emazweni; ukwesabeka kwemithetho yamapasi; kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala. Ucele ukuthi kubizwe iNgqungquthela Kazwelonke yabaholi abahlonishwayo futhi aphakamise izindlela uHulumeni angabonisa ngazo ubuqotho bakhe ekunqabeni kwakhe okuvame ukucashunwa kokufuna izinguquko ezinokuthula. Ngemva kwamasonto amathathu, uHulumeni waphendula ethi injongo yakhe yokubhala le ncwadi kwakuwukusakaza inkulumo-ze yezombangazwe.

On 16 June 1976, abafundi baseSoweto baqala ukuvukela ngenkani ukuphoqwa ukuba bamukele isiBhunu njengolimi lokufundisa kanjalo nemfundo ephansi ababephoqeleke ukuyibekezelela. UTutu wayenguVicar General ngesikhathi ethola izindaba zesibhicongo samaphoyisa kanye nokubulawa kwabafundi. Uchithe usuku exoxisana nabafundi nabazali, ngemuva kwalokho wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekomitini le-Soweto Parents Crisis Committee elasungulwa ngemuva kwalokhu kubulala.

Ngemva kwalokhu, uTutu wagqugquzelwa ukuba amukele isikhundla sokuba uMbhishobhi waseLesotho. Ngemva kokubonisana okuningi nomndeni wakhe kanye nozakwabo besonto, wavuma, futhi ngo-11 July 1976 wazinikezela. Phakathi nokuhambela kwakhe ezifundeni zasemaphandleni, wayevame ukuhamba ngehhashi, ngezinye izikhathi amahora afinyelela kwayisishiyagalombili. EseLesotho akazange ananaze ukugxeka uHulumeni wangaleso sikhathi ongakhethiwe. Ngaso leso sikhathi, uqeqeshe odabuka eLesotho, uPhilip Mokuku ukuthi athathe izintambo. Kwaba futhi ngesikhathi eseseLesotho lapho amenywa khona ukuba azokwethula inkulumo yomngcwabo kumlweli wenkululeko, USteve Biko umngcwabo. UBiko wabulawa eboshwe ngamaphoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika.

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa esikhundleni sakhe esisha, uTutu wamenywa ukuba abe nguNobhala Jikelele we UMkhandlu WamaBandla waseNingizimu Afrika (SACC), ayithatha mhla lu-1 kuNdasa 1978. Ngo-1981, uTutu waba uRector weBandla i-St Augustine's Church e-Orlando West, e-Soweto futhi kusukela ngo-1982 wabhalela uNdunankulu wakwa-Israel emcela ukuthi ayeke ukuqhumisa ibhomu i-Beirut; ngesikhathi esifanayo ebhalela umholi wasePalestine u-Yasser Arafat, emcela ukuthi asebenzise 'iqiniso elikhulu mayelana nokuba khona kuka-Israyeli'. Uphinde wabhalela oNdunankulu baseZimbabwe, Lesotho naseSwazini kanye noMengameli baseBotswana naseMozambique ebabonga ngokwamukela ababaleki baseNingizimu Afrika futhi ebanxusa ukuthi bangabuyisi noma yimuphi umbaleki obuyela eNingizimu Afrika.

Konke lokhu kwaletha izimpendulo ezigxekayo nezithukuthele ezivela kwabamhlophe baseNingizimu Afrika abalandela imithetho futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nabezindaba abavamile, kodwa uTutu akazange akhohlwe ukubizwa kwakhe njengompristi. Ese-SACC, wabuza Sheena Duncan, uMongameli we I-Black Sash ukuqala Amahhovisi Okweluleka. Uphinde waqala uMkhandlu Wamathuba Ezemfundo ukukhuthaza abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi bafunde phesheya kwezilwandle. Kunjalo nje, ubuye wagcina ukugxeka kwakhe umgomo kaHulumeni wokukhipha ngenkani abaNsundu kanye nohlelo lwezindawo zokuhlala.

Ngo-1983, lapho abantu base Mogopa, idolobhana elincane elaliseWestern Transvaal ngaleso sikhathi, lalizosuswa emazweni okhokho babo liye ezweni lendabuko. Bophuthatswana futhi amakhaya abo abhidlika, wafonela abaholi besonto futhi wahlela umlindelo wobusuku bonke lapho UDkt Allan Boesak nabanye abapristi bahlanganyela.

Ngezinye izikhathi uTutu wayegxekwa ngesikhathi asichitha ehambela phesheya kwezilwandle. Nokho, lolu hambo beludingeka ukuze kuqoqwe izimali zamaphrojekthi e-SACC. Nakuba ayegxeka uHulumeni ngokungagwegwesi, wayemkhulu ngokulinganayo ekuncomeni noma ekuboniseni ukubonga lapho ukunqoba kwenhlangano emelene nobandlululo kuqhamuka - isibonelo, lapho ehalalisela uNgqongqoshe Wezamaphoyisa, uLouis le Grange, ngokuvumela iziboshwa zezombusazwe ukuba zenze lokho. izifundo zangemva kukamatikuletsheni.

Ngawo-1980, uTutu wathola ulaka lwabantu baseNingizimu Afrika abamhlophe abalandela imithetho lapho ethi kuzoba noNdunankulu omnyama phakathi neminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ezayo. Uphinde wanxusa abazali ukuthi bakweseke ukuduba kwesikole waxwayisa noHulumeni ngokuthi kuzophindeka izibhelu zango-1976 uma eqhubeka nokubopha ababhikishi. UTutu uphinde wagxeka uMkhandlu kaMongameli lapho isiphakamiso sekolishi lokhetho Abelungu, amaKhaladi namaNdiya yayizosungulwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, engqungqutheleni eyayiseNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand ngo-1985, eyayibizwe yi-Soweto Parents Crisis Committee, uTutu waxwayisa ngesizukulwane esingafundile esingeke sibe namakhono adingekayo ukuze sibambe izikhundla esikhundleni sobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika.

Ngomhla ziyisi-7 kuNcwaba 1980, uMbhishobhi Tutu kanye nethimba labaholi bebandla kanye ne-SACC bahlangana UNdunankulu uPW Botha kanye nethimba lakhe leKhabhinethi. Bekuwumhlangano oyingqophamlando ngoba bekungokokuqala ukuthi umholi oMnyama, ngaphandle kohlelo, akhulume nomholi kaHulumeni wabaMhlophe. Kodwa-ke, akukho lutho oluvela ezingxoxweni, njengoba uHulumeni elokhu emile esikhundleni sakhe sokungaguquki.

Ngo-1980, uTutu naye wabamba iqhaza kumashi kanye nabanye abaholi besonto eGoli, ecela ukuba kukhululwe uJohn Thorne, uMfundisi webandla owayeboshiwe. Abefundisi baboshwa ngaphansi kwe-Assemblies Act enesiphithiphithi futhi uTutu wachitha ubusuku bakhe bokuqala eboshiwe. Kwakuyisenzakalo esibuhlungu, okwaphumela ezinsongweni zokufa, ukwesaba amabhomu, namahemuhemu ayingozi ayesakazwa ngombhishobhi. Ngalesi sikhathi, uTutu wayehlale ethukwa uhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHulumeni waxhasa izinhlangano ezifana neNhlangano YamaKristu, eyamukela imali yokwenza imikhankaso emelene ne-SACC futhi ngaleyo ndlela idicilela phansi ithonya likaTutu.

U-Desmond Tutu ejele. Umthombo wesithombe

Phakathi nohambo lwakhe lwaphesheya kwezilwandle, uTutu wakhuluma ngokuncenga ngokumelene nobandlululo; uhlelo lwabasebenzi bokufika; kanye nezinye izinkinga zezenhlalo nezombusazwe. NgoNdasa 1980, uHulumeni wahoxisa ipasi likaTutu. Lokhu kumenze wangakwazi ukuya phesheya kwezilwandle eyokwamukela izindondo abezithola. Ngokwesibonelo, waba ngumuntu wokuqala owaklonyeliswa ngeziqu zobudokotela ezihlonishwayo yiNyuvesi yaseRuhr, eNtshonalanga Jalimane, kodwa akakwazanga ukuhamba njengoba enqatshelwe ipasipoti. UHulumeni wagcina ebuyisile ipasi lakhe ngoMasingana 1981, futhi ngenxa yalokho wakwazi ukuhamba kakhulu eya e-Europe naseMelika ngebhizinisi le-SACC, kwathi ngo-1983 uTutu waba nezilaleli ezizimele noPapa lapho axoxa khona ngesimo saseNingizimu Afrika.

UPapa John Paul II uhlangana noMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseSheshi uDesmond Tutu, maphakathi kwesokudla, ngo-1983 eVatican. (Isithombe se-CNS/Giancarlo Giuliani, Izithombe ze-Catholic Press) Umthombo wesithombe

Landa uhlu lwazo zonke izindondo zika-Desmond Tutu lapha (pdf)

Uhulumeni waqhubeka nokushushisa uTutu ngawo-1980s. I-SACC yasolwa ngokungananazi nguhulumeni ngokuthola izigidi zamarandi phesheya kwezilwandle ukuzosusa uthuthuva. Ukukhombisa ukuthi lalingekho iqiniso kulokho okushiwo, uTutu waphonsela uhulumeni inselelo yokuthi abeke i-SACC icala enkantolo evulekile kodwa uHulumeni waqoka Ikhomishana ka-Eloff Yophenyo ukuphenya i-SACC. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ikhomishana abutholanga ubufakazi bokuthi iSACC isetshenziswa phesheya kwezilwandle. 

NgoSeptemba 1982, ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ngaphandle kwepasipoti, uTutu wanikezwa 'idokhumenti yokuhamba' elinganiselwe. Futhi, yena nomkakhe baya eMelika. Ngaso leso sikhathi abantu abaningi banxenxa ukuba kubuyiswe ipasi likaTutu, kuhlanganise noGeorge Bush, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyiPhini Likamongameli wase-United States of America. E-United States, uTutu wakwazi ukufundisa abantu baseMelika ngoNelson Mandela kanye no-Oliver Tambo, iningi labo laseMelika elalingazi lutho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wakwazi ukuqongelela izimali zamaphrojekthi amaningi ayehileleke kuwo. Ohambweni lwakhe ubuye wakhuluma noMkhandlu Wezokuphepha weNhlangano Yezizwe mayelana nesimo saseNingizimu Afrika.

Ngo-1983, wahambela ukwethulwa kwe-National Forum, indikimba yesambulela ye Black Conciousness amaqembu kanye I-Pan Africanist Congress (I-PAC). Ngo-August 1983, wakhethwa njengoMphathi we I-United Democratic Front (UDF). Umzabalazo kaTutu wokulwa nobandlululo kanye nomphakathi wapheleliswa umkakhe, uLeah. Walwela umgomo wokuthi kube nezimo ezingcono zokusebenza kubasebenzi basezindlini eNingizimu Afrika. Ngo-1983, wasiza ekusunguleni i-South African Domestic Workers Association.

Leah Tutu Umthombo wesithombe

Ngomhla ziyi-18 kuMfumfu 1984, ngesikhathi eseMelika, uTutu wathola ukuthi waklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel Peace Prize ngomzamo wakhe wokucela ukuthi kuqedwe ukubusa kwabaMhlophe abambalwa eNingizimu Afrika; ukungavinjelwa kwezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko; kanye nokukhululwa kwazo zonke iziboshwa zezombangazwe. Umklomelo wangempela wenziwa eNyuvesi yase-Oslo, eNorway mhla ziyi-10 kuZibandlela 1984. Ngenkathi abantu abaNsundu baseNingizimu Afrika bebungaza le ndondo ehlonishwayo, uHulumeni wayethule, engahalali ngisho nokuhalalisela uTutu ngempumelelo yakhe. Kube nokusabela okuhlukene emphakathini abanye bemdumisa abanye bencamela ukumehlisa isithunzi. NgoNovemba 1984, uTutu wafunda ukuthi wakhethwa njengoBhishobhi waseGoli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abagxeki bakhe, ikakhulukazi abaMhlophe (kanye nabaNsundu abambalwa, isibonelo, uLennox Sebe, umholi wamaCiskei) abajabulanga ngokukhethwa kwakhe. Uhlale izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kulesi sikhundla ngaphambi kokuthi agcine eqokelwe esikhundleni sokuba nguMbhishobhi waseKapa ngo-1985. Ube ngowokuqala omnyama ukuthatha lesi sikhundla.

Kokunye ukuvakashela eMelika ngo-1984, uTutu kanye noDkt Allan Boesak bahlangana noSenator Edward Kennedy futhi wamema ukuthi avakashele eNingizimu Afrika. Kennedy wasamukela lesi sipho futhi ngo-1985 wafika, ukuvakasha Winnie mandela eBrandfort, e-Orange Free State lapho adingiswa khona futhi wachitha ubusuku nomndeni wakwaTutu ngokungahambisani nomthetho. Umthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu. Nokho, ukuvakasha kwakugcwele impikiswano futhi Inhlangano yabantu base-Azanian (I-AZAPO) ifake imibhikisho ephikisana nokuvakasha kukaKennedy.

UMbhishobhi waseNingizimu Afrika u-Desmond Tutu, kwesokudla, wamukela iSigele saseMelika u-Edward Kennedy ekufikeni kwakhe eGoli, ngoJanuwari 5, 1985 Isithombe: REUTERS Umthombo wesithombe

EDuduza e-East Rand ngo-1985, uTutu, ngosizo lwababhishobhi uSimeon Nkoane kanye noKenneth Oram bangenelela ukuze basindise impilo yephoyisa eliMnyama, elalisolwa ngokuba yinhloli yamaphoyisa yisixuku esasifuna ukumbulala. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo umngcwabo omkhulu KwaThema, i-East Rand, uTutu ugxeke ubudlova nesihluku ngazo zonke izinhlobo; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuqhutshekwe noHulumeni noma abantu bebala.

Ngo-1985, uHulumeni wanquma a Isimo Sezimo Eziphuthumayo ezifundeni zikamantshi ezingama-36. Kwabekwa imingcele eqinile emingcwabeni 'yezombangazwe'. U-Tutu ucele uNgqongqoshe Wezamaphoyisa ukuthi abhekisise le mithethonqubo futhi wathi uzoyidelela. UTutu wabe esethumela ucingo kuNdunankulu uBotha ecela umhlangano ophuthumayo ukuze kuxoxwe ngalesi simo. Wathola ucingo lumazisa ukuthi uBotha wenqabile ukumbona. Cishe ngemva konyaka wahlangana noBotha, kodwa lutho ukufika kulo mhlangano.

U-Tutu futhi waba nomhlangano ongenazithelo noNdunankulu waseBrithani, uMargaret Thatcher, owayengumsekeli kaHulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika futhi kamuva wenqaba ukuhlangana noNobhala Wezangaphandle WaseBrithani, u-Geoffrey Howe, ekuvakasheleni kwakhe eNingizimu Afrika. Uhambo lwakhe lokuqongelela imali eMelika lwango-1986 lwabikwa kabanzi ngabezindaba baseNingizimu Afrika, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwengqikithi, ikakhulukazi ikhwelo lakhe lokuba oHulumeni baseNtshonalanga basekele labo ababevinjelwe. I-African National Congress (I-ANC), ngaleso sikhathi, okwakuyinto eyingozi ukuyenza.

NgoFebhuwari 1986 ilokishi lase-Alexandra eGoli lagqamuka amalangabi. Tutu kanye Umfundisi uBeyers Naude, uDkt Boesak kanye nabanye abaholi besonto baya elokishini lase-Alexandra futhi basiza ukudambisa isimo lapho. Wabe eseya eKapa eyobona uBotha, kodwa waphinde wadelelwa. Kunalokho, wahlangana U-Adriaan Vlok, iPhini likaNgqongqoshe wezoMthetho, ukuhleleka kanye nezokuVikela. Ubikele izakhamuzi zase-Alexandra ukuthi azikho izimfuno zazo ezifeziwe nokuthi uHulumeni wathi uzobheka izicelo zabo. Kodwa-ke isixuku asikholwanga kanti abanye bacasuka kwathi abanye abasha bamhhahhameza bemphoqa ukuthi ahambe.

Ngomhla ziyisi-7 kuMandulo 1986, uTutu wagcotshwa njengoMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseKapa, ​​waba ngumuntu wokuqala omnyama ukuhola iBandla lamaSheshi esiFundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika. Nalapha kwaba nenjabulo enkulu ngokukhethwa kwakhe njengoMbhishobhi Omkhulu, kodwa abagxeki babegxeka. Enkundleni yezemidlalo iGoodwood abantu abangaphezu kuka-10,000 XNUMX babuthana ukuze bamhloniphe nge-Ekaristi. UMengameli we-ANC owadingiswa Oliver Tambo kanye neziNhloko Zombuso ezingama-45 zathumela izilokotho zazo kuye.

Ngemva konyaka okhethweni lokuqala lwentando yeningi olwaphela ngo-1994, uTutu waqokwa njengoSihlalo weqembu. Ikhomishana yeqiniso nokubuyisana (TRC), ukubhekana nonya lwakudala. U-Tutu washiya phansi njengoMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseKapa ngo-1996 ukuze anikele sonke isikhathi sakhe emsebenzini we-TRC. Kamuva waqanjwa ngokuthi u-Archbishop Emeritus. Ngo-1997, uTutu watholakala enomdlavuza wendlala yesinye futhi welashwa ngempumelelo eMelika. Naphezu kwalesi sifo, uqhubekile nokusebenza nekhomishini. Ngemuva kwalokho ube ngumvikeli weSouth African Prostate Cancer Foundation, eyasungulwa ngo-2007.

Ku-1998 the Desmond Tutu Peace Centre (DTPC) yasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela ngu-Archbishop Desmond Tutu kanye noNkk Leah Tutu. Lesi sikhungo sidlala indima eyingqayizivele ekwakheni nasekusebenziseni ifa lika-Archbishop Tutu ukuze kube nokuthula emhlabeni.

Ngo-2004 uTutu wabuyela e-United Kingdom ukuze asebenze njengoprofesa ovakashile e-King's College. Wachitha futhi iminyaka emibili, njengoProfessor Ovakashelayo Wezenkolo e-Emory University e-Atlanta, eGeorgia, futhi waqhubeka ehamba kakhulu ukuze aphishekele ubulungisa ngezizathu ezifanele, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezwe lakubo. ENingizimu Afrika enye yezinto azigxile kakhulu kwezempilo ikakhulukazi udaba lwe-HIV/AIDS kanye nesifo sofuba. NgoMasingana wezi-2004 i-Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kobuholi bukaProfessor Robin Wood kanye neNhlangano kaSolwazi Linda-Gail Bekker. I-Foundation yaba neziqalo zayo njenge-HIV Research Unit ezinze ku Isibhedlela esisha saseSomerset ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 futhi yaziwa njengomunye wemitholampilo yokuqala kahulumeni ukunikeza abantu abaphila ne-HIV ukwelashwa ngezidambisi gciwane.

Kamuva nje, isisekelo, sisekelwa uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Osafufusa uDesmond kanye noLeah Tutu, sandise imisebenzi yaso ukuze ihlanganise ukwelashwa kwe-HIV, ukuvimbela nokuqeqeshwa kanye nokuqapha ukwelashwa kwesifo sofuba emiphakathini ekhahlamezeke kakhulu yaseNtshonalanga Kapa.

UTutu uyaqhubeka nokukhuluma ngezindaba zokuziphatha kanye nezepolitiki ezithinta iNingizimu Afrika kanye namanye amazwe. Yize esenesikhathi eside eseka i-ANC kodwa akakaze esabe ukugxeka uHulumeni kanye neqembu elibusayo lapho ebona sengathi lehlulekile emigomeni yentando yabantu abaningi ababeyilwela. Sekukaningi enxusa ukuthi kube nokuthula eZimbabwe futhi waqhathanisa okwenziwa uhulumeni kalowo owayenguMengameli waseZimbabwe uRobert Mugabe nalezo zombuso wobandlululo waseNingizimu Afrika. Futhi ungumsekeli wesizathu sasePalestina kanye nabantu base-East Timor. Ungumuntu ogxeka kakhulu ukuphathwa kabi kweziboshwa eGuantanamo Bay futhi ukhulume ngokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu eBurma. Ngesikhathi eboshelwe endlini njengesiboshwa sombuso, u-Tutu wacela ukuba kukhululwe u-Aung San Suu Kyi, owayengumholi weqembu eliphikisayo laseBurma kanye naye owazuza uMklomelo Wokuthula weNobel. Kodwa-ke, lapho u-Suu Kyi ekhululiwe, uTutu naye wayengesabi ukugxeka obala ukuthula kwakhe lapho ebhekene nodlame olubhekiswe kubantu baseRohingya eMyanmar.

Ngo-2007, uTutu wajoyina uMongameli wangaphambili uNelson Mandela; owayenguMongameli waseMelika uJimmy Carter; uNobhala Jikelele we-UN u-Kofi Annan osethathe umhlalaphansi; kanye noMongameli wangaphambili wase-Ireland uMary Robinson ukuze bakhe i-The Elders, isinyathelo esizimele sokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwabaholi bomhlaba abaphezulu ngaphandle kwenqubo evamile yezobunxusa. UTutu wakhethwa ukuthi abe ngusihlalo weqembu. Ngemva kwalokhu, uCarter noTutu bahamba ndawonye baya eDarfur, eGaza naseCyprus ngomzamo wokuxazulula izingxabano ezidala. Okufezwe nguTutu okuyingqophamlando kanye nemizamo yakhe eqhubekayo yokugqugquzela ukuthula emhlabeni kwaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni yi-United States ngo-2009, lapho uMongameli u-Barack Obama eqamba igama lakhe ukuze athole ukuhlonishwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesizwe, iNdondo kaMongameli Yenkululeko.

U-Tutu wayeka ngokusemthethweni empilweni yomphakathi ngomhlaka-7 Okthoba 2010. Kodwa-ke, uyaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya kwakhe nabadala kanye neqembu leNobel Laureate Group kanye nokweseka kwakhe i-Desmond Tutu Peace Centre. Wehla nokho esikhundleni sokuba nguShansela weNyuvesi yaseWestern Cape nanjengomele ekomitini le-UN elilulekayo mayelana nokuvinjelwa kokubulawa kohlanga.

Ngesonto eliholela osukwini lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-80, u-Tutu waphonswa ekukhanyeni. Umholi womoya kaTibet, uDalai Lama, owadingiswa ngo-1959 ngemva kokuhola ukuvukela umbuso wamaShayina, wamenywa uTutu ukuthi azokwethula inkulumo yokuqala ka-Desmond Tutu International Peace ngesikhathi sokugubha izinsuku ezintathu zokugubha usuku lokuzalwa kukaTutu iminyaka engu-80 eKapa. Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wahlehlisa ngenkathi enquma ukuthi uzoyinikeza yini i-Dalai Lama i-visa, cishe wazi ukuthi ngokwenza kanjalo babe sengozini yokucasula abalingani babo eShayina. Ngomhla zizi-4 kuMfumfu wezi-2011, uDalai Lama akakayitholi i-visa ngakho waluhoxisa uhambo lwakhe, wathi ngeke eze eNingizimu Afrika ngoba uHulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wakuthola 'kunobunzima' futhi akazange. bafuna ukubeka noma yimuphi umuntu noma uHulumeni esimweni esingemukeleki. Uhulumeni wabanjwa ngonyawo lwakhe olungemuva wazama ukuvikela ukubambezeleka kwawo. Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abavela kuzo zonke izinhlaka zezenhlalo nezombusazwe, abaholi bezenkolo, izifundiswa kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi babumbene ekugxekeni izenzo zikaHulumeni. Ngokukhombisa ukucasuka okungajwayelekile uTutu wahlasela i-ANC futhi UMengameli Jacob Zuma, eveza intukuthelo yakhe ngesikhundla sikaHulumeni mayelana neDalai Lama. I-Dalai Lama ngaphambilini yayinqatshelwe i-visa yokuvakashela eNingizimu Afrika ngo-2009. UTutu kanye neDalai Lama baqhubeka nokubhala incwadi ndawonye nakuba kunjalo.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, u-Tutu ubelokhu ethambekele ezinkingeni zempilo ezihlobene nomdlavuza wakhe we-prostate. Nokho, naphezu kwempilo yakhe ebuthaka, uTutu uyaqhubeka ehlonishwa kakhulu ngolwazi lwakhe, imibono kanye nolwazi lwakhe, ikakhulukazi ekubuyisaneni. NgoJulayi 2014 uTutu washo ukuthi ukholelwa ukuthi umuntu kufanele abe nelungelo lokufa enesithunzi, umbono axoxa ngawo ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa ehlanganisa iminyaka engu-85 ngo-2016. Usaqhubeka nokugxeka uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ngamahlazo enkohlakalo nokuthi ukulahlekelwa kwakhe. ikhampasi yokuziphatha.

Indodakazi yakhe, uMpho Tutu-van Furth, yashada nomlingani wayo wesifazane uSolwazi Marceline van Furth ngoMeyi 2016, okwamholela ekubeni akhulume kakhulu kunangaphambili ekusekeleni amalungelo abantu bobulili obufanayo emhlabeni wonke nangaphakathi kweBandla laseSheshi. UTutu akakaze ayeke ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni ngokumelene nalokho akuthatha njengokuziphatha okubi, kungaba seChina Europe, noma e-United States. NguTutu owaqamba isisho esidumile, 'Isizwe Sothingo' ukuze achaze ubuhle obuhlukile obutholakala kubo bonke abantu abahlukene eNingizimu Afrika. Nakuba ukuthandwa kwaleli gama kuye kwancipha ngokuhamba kweminyaka, umgomo wokuba isizwe saseNingizimu Afrika esibumbene esinobunye kuseyilowo osalangazelelwa.

Ngo-2015, ukugubha iminyaka engama-60 beshadile, uTutu kanye noLeah bavuselela izifungo zabo.

Isitatimende soMholi Wezokuvakasha Womhlaba Wonke: UProf. Geoffrey Lipman

Ngahlangana noMbhishobhi Omkhulu izikhathi eziningi, lapho ngisenguMongameli we WTTC ngeminyaka yawo-1990s – okukhumbuleka kakhulu ngesikhathi sihamba kanye nowayenguMongameli wase-Afrika wase-Afrika u-De Klerk kanye noNobel Lareatesinto Ramalla ukuze siphelezele owayengumholi weqembu eliphikisayo kwa-Israel ngaleso sikhathi, u-Shimon Peres ukuyohlangana no-Yasser Arafat kanye nobuholi be-PLA.

Uhambo lokuqala umholi wakwa-Israel alwenza enhloko-dolobha. Futhi kwenzeka ngemva nje kwendiza ewela i-atlantic eya emhlanganweni we-UN. Bekuyilungelo ukuba senkampanini yakhe ….ngihlale ngimamatheka okumangalisayo nomcabango onomusa.

Futhi amahlaya ahlakaniphile - indaba ayeyithanda kakhulu yayimayelana nomfana owawa eweni wabamba igatsha ukuze asindise impilo yakhe. umemeza ecela usizo ememeza ethi “ukhona umuntu laphaya phezulu” futhi izwi lithi nginguJehova uNkulunkulu wakho, yekela igatsha futhi uzontanta ubuyele endaweni ephephile. Futhi umfana uyamemeza "Ngabe kukhona omunye umuntu phezulu"

Lokho kufanekisela indoda.

Isitatimende sikaMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uCyril Ramaphosa

UMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uCyril Ramaphosa uzwakalisa, egameni labo bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika, ukudabuka kwakhe okukhulu ngokudlula emhlabeni namuhla, ngeSonto zingama-26 kuZibandlela 2021, kuka-Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu.

U-Archbishop Tutu, owagcina esaphila eNingizimu Afrika owahlomula indondo yeNobel Peace Prize, udlule emhlabeni eKapa eneminyaka engama-90.

UMongameli Ramaphosa udlulisa amazwi enduduzo kuMam Leah Tutu, umndeni wakwaTutu, ibhodi kanye nabasebenzi beDesmond and Leah Tutu Legacy Foundation, Elders and Nobel Laureate Group, kanye nabangane, amaqabane kanye nabahlanganyeli kuzwelonke nasemhlabeni jikelele balo mholi wezomoya oyiqhawe. , isishoshovu esimelene nobandlululo kanye nomkhankaso wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni jikelele.

UMongameli Ramaphosa uthe: “Ukudlula emhlabeni kuka-Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu kungesinye isahluko sokushonelwa ekuvaleleni isizwe sethu esizukulwaneni sabantu baseNingizimu Afrika abavelele abasishiyele iNingizimu Afrika ekhululekile.

“UDesmond Tutu wayengumthandi wezwe ongenakulinganiswa; umholi wesimiso kanye ne-pragmatism owanikeza incazelo ekuqondeni kweBhayibheli ukuthi ukholo olungenayo imisebenzi lufile.

“Indoda eyayihlakaniphe ngendlela exakile, eqotho futhi engenakunqotshwa ngokumelene namabutho obandlululo, futhi wayenesisa futhi esengozini ngenxa yozwelo lwakhe kulabo ababehlushwe nengcindezelo, ukungabi nabulungisa nobudlova ngaphansi kobandlululo, kanye nabantu ababecindezelwe futhi becindezelwe emhlabeni wonke.

“NjengoSihlalo weKhomishana yamaQiniso nokuBuyisana wazwakalisa ukucasuka komhlaba wonke ngokucekelwa phansi kobandlululo futhi wabonisa ngokuthinta inhliziyo nangokujulile ukujula kwencazelo yobuntu, ukubuyisana kanye nokuthethelela.

“Ubeke impumelelo yakhe ebanzi emsebenzini womzabalazo wethu kanye nasekusebenzeleni injongo yobulungiswa bezenhlalo nezomnotho emhlabeni wonke.

“Kusukela emigwaqweni yokumelana neNingizimu Afrika kuya emapulpiti ezindlu zesonto nezindawo zokukhonzela ezinkulu emhlabeni, kanye nesimo esihlonishwayo somcimbi weNobel Peace Prize, i-Arch igqame njengomuntu ongakhethi, obandakanya wonke umuntu wamalungelo abantu.

“Empilweni yakhe eyayikhuthaza kakhulu kodwa enenselelo, u-Desmond Tutu wanqoba isifo sofuba, isihluku samasosha okuvikela obandlululo kanye nokungalaleli kwemibuso yobandlululo eyalandela. AbakwaCasspirs, i-teargas noma abezokuphepha abakwazanga ukumesabisa noma bamvimbe ekukholweni kwakhe okuqinile kwenkululeko yethu.

“Wahlala ethembekile ezinkolelweni zakhe ngesikhathi sombuso wentando yeningi futhi wagcina umfutho nokuhlala eqaphile njengoba ebambe ubuholi kanye nezikhungo ezithuthukayo zentando yeningi yethu ukuze ziphendule ngendlela yakhe engenakugwenywa, engenakugwenywa nehlale iqinisa.

“Sihlanganyela lo mzuzu wokulahlekelwa okukhulu noMam Leah Tutu, isithandwa somphefumulo kaMbhishobhi Omkhulu nomthombo wamandla nokuqonda, obambe elikhulu iqhaza elikhulu ekukhululeni kwethu nasekuthuthukiseni intando yeningi yethu.

“Sithandazela ukuthi umphefumulo ka-Archbishop Tutu ulale ngokuthula kodwa umoya wakhe ulawule ikusasa lesizwe sethu.”

IKHISHWE UNGQONGQOSHE EHhovisi likaMengameli uMoNDLI GUNGUBELE

UMondli Gungubele usopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika, umholi wezinyunyana kanye nothisha osenguNgqongqoshe okwamanje eHhovisi likaMongameli futhi oyilungu lePhalamende Likazwelonke laseNingizimu Afrika le-African National Congress.

www.thepresidency.gov.za