I-Republic of Georgia: Umlando Udala Iphrofayela Yewayini Eyingqayizivele

Bonke bavakashela e- IRiphabhulikhi yaseGeorgia futhi bahlabeke umxhwele ngokuhlukile amawayini (phakathi kwezinye izimfanelo eziyingqayizivele) ukuthi lapho bebuyela ekhaya, babhala ngazo.

I-Georgia Iyashisa Umlando

Uma uhlala e-Georgia, kungenzeka ukuthi ubize izwe lakini i-Sakartvelo. Olunye ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi igama elithi “Georgia” laqalwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi lapho amabutho enkolo yobuKristu edabula le ndawo esendleleni eya eZweni Elingcwele. Ngaleso sikhathi yayiyingxenye yoMbuso WasePheresiya futhi abantu bendawo babaziwa ngokuthi amaGuri ababezinikele kuSt. George ungcwele ongcwele eNkathini Ephakathi evunywa iNgilandi, iCatalonia, iVenice, iGenoa, nePortugal ngoba wayengumuntu wemibono. wokuzithoba kobuKristu. Amasosha Enkolo axhumanisa futhi aqamba lelo zwe ngokuthi iGeorgia.

Ukwenziwa kwewayini kwaseGeorgia kwasekuqaleni kwabhalwa eculweni lenkathi ephakathi, elithi, “You Are a Vineyard” elanikezelwa yiNkosi uDemetrius (1093-1156AD) eMbusweni wakhe omusha waseGeorgia. Ihubo liyaqala, “Wena uyisivini esisanda kuqhakaza, esisha esihle, esimila e-Edene.”

Iwayini laseGeorgia lalihlonishwa kakhulu amakhosi ase-Asiriya achibiyela imithetho yawo eyayivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhokhe izikweletu zazo ngewayini esikhundleni segolide.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomlando nguJoseph Stalin. Wazalelwa eGeorgia futhi wazuza udumo njengomshisekeli wenguquko embusweni waseRussia eba umholi wezombusazwe weSoviet Union kusukela ngo-1924 - 1953. Abanye basaqhubeka nokumhlonipha ngoba ehlulwe uHitler; nokho, abaningi bambheka njengomashiqela obangele ukubulawa ngesihluku kwabantu bakubo.

Indawo, indawo, indawo

Izintaba eziphakeme kunazo zonke eYurophu iziNtaba zaseCaucasus, ezidala umngcele phakathi kweGeorgia neRussia. Isiqongo esiphezulu singase sibe seRussia; Nokho, isiqongo esiphezulu sesibili, i-Shkara, ise-Georgia (17,040 ft) ishaya i-Mount Blanc cishe ngamamitha angu-1312.

Itholakala kumamayela angu-600 empumalanga yeBosporus, iGeorgia itholakala e-Asia, iboshwe uLwandle Olumnyama ngasentshonalanga, iRussia enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga, iTurkey eningizimu-ntshonalanga, i-Armenia eningizimu, ne-Azerbaijan eningizimu-mpumalanga. Izwe lihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele angama-26,900 elinabantu abayizigidi ezi-3.7. Ingxenye yesithathu yabantu ihlala e-Tbilisi - inhloko-dolobha nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke elinezakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-3.7.

Ingxenye Yewayini Yomlando

Ukwenza iwayini eGeorgia kuyingxenye yomlando wayo njengoba inqubo yaqala eminyakeni engu-8,000 edlule futhi abaningi babheka iRiphabhulikhi “njengesizinda sewayini.” Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, iGeorgia iye yahlaselwa, ikhipha abenzi bewayini basendulo ezivinini zabo. Ngenhlanhla, kwakukhona isiko lokonga izithombo ukuze kulinywe ngezikhathi ezithile okwenza i-viticulture kanye nokwenza iwayini kuphile.

Inganekwane ithi uSaint Nino, umshumayeli wokuqala wobuKristu eGeorgia, wadala isiphambano sakhe ngeziqu zomvini futhi wahlanganisa iziqu ngezinwele zakhe. Kukholelwa futhi ukuthi izindela zesigodlo sezindela sase-Alaverdi zaba nesandla ekulondolozweni kwendlela ye-qvevri (aka kvevri ne-tchuri).

Abakhiqizi bewayini baseGeorgia bachuma ngeNkathi Ephakathi, njengoba isifunda saseMedithera sasinyakaziswa iziMpi Zenkolo. Njengesizwe samaKristu, iGeorgia ayizange ilinyazwe amaQembu Enkolo futhi yakwazi ukuthuthukisa ezolimo nokuhweba kwayo ngokuthula okulinganiselwe. Kamuva, yahlala ngaphandle koMbuso Wase-Ottoman, umthetho wayo we-Islamic Sharia wenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwewayini.

Ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kwadlondlobala e-Georgia kwaze kwafika i-phylloxera kanye nesikhunta sivela emazweni aseMelika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Lesi zinambuzane sicekele phansi cishe amahektha ayi-150,000 (60,700ha) ezivini.

Lapho iGeorgia iba ngaphansi kokulawulwa kweSoviet emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, izivini zatshalwa kabusha ngezinkulungwane zazo ukuze zihlangabezane nesidingo esandisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 kwabona isimo sengqondo se-Soviet Union ngewayini. Umkhankaso ka-Mikhail Gorbachev wokulwa notshwala wakhubaza ngempumelelo ukuthengiswa kwewayini lase-Georgian.

Izwe lijabulele izikhawu ezimfushane nje zokuzinza kwezombusazwe kusukela lathola inkululeko ku-USSR ngo-1991. Ukungezwani phakathi kweGeorgia neRussia kusaqhubeka nanamuhla, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuvinjelwa kweRussia ngo-2006 ekuthengisweni kwewayini laseGeorgia, okungazange kususwe kwaze kwaba nguJuni 2013.

Indlela ye-Georgia'a Qvevri

I-Qvevri izitsha ezinkulu zobumba ze-terracotta ezisetshenziselwa ukuvutshelwa, ukugcinwa, nokuguga kwewayini lendabuko laseGeorgia. Isiqukathi sifana ne-amphorae enkulu, emise okweqanda engenazibambo futhi ingangcwatshwa ngaphansi komhlabathi noma ibekwe phansi ezinqolobaneni ezinkulu zewayini.

Ama-amphorae enziwe ngezibambo futhi i-qvevri ayinazo izibambo, ehlukanisa imisebenzi yaleyo naleyo. EGreece naseRoma lasendulo, ama-amphorae ayesetshenziselwa ukuthutha nokugcina imikhiqizo edliwayo njengewayini namafutha omnqumo hhayi ukukhiqiza iwayini.

I-Qvevri ibilokhu iyingxenye yenqubo yokwenza iwayini futhi ayifanelekile ukuthutha ngenxa yobukhulu bayo futhi, yiqiniso, igqitshwe emhlabathini.

Phakathi nezigaba zokugcina zokwakhiwa kwe-qvevri, ingaphakathi lomkhumbi ngamunye limbozwe ngengcina yezinyosi (izimbiza zihlala zinezimbotshana futhi zivumela umoya othile ukuba udlule ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa); ingcina yezinyosi isiza ekuvimbeleni amanzi futhi inzalo umkhumbi okuvumela ukwenza iwayini kube inqubo ehlanzekile futhi izitsha kulula ukuzihlanza ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye. Uma sezifakwe ngaphansi komhlaba, lapho zihlanzwa futhi zigcinwa ngendlela efanele, i-qvevri ingasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka.

Ekuqaleni, ama-qvevri aseGeorgia yasendulo ayemakhulu ngokwanele ukuba anakekele izidingo zomkhaya. Njengoba isidingo sikhula ama-qvevri akhuliswa okwenza ukuthi kukhiqizwe umthamo omkhulu wewayini ngesitsha ngasinye. Njengoba ubukhulu banda, izakhiwo zobumba zaqala ukungazinzi ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo esikhulu kanye nokunqwabelana kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa. Ukusiza ekuzinziseni phakathi nenqubo, abenzi bewayini baqala ukungcwaba i-qvevri ngaphansi komhlaba. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esihlakaniphile ngokuhambisa umkhiqizo ngaphansi komhlaba bathola uhlobo lwasendulo lwesiqandisi (amazinga okushisa apholile ngaphansi komhlaba). Lokhu kuvumela isikhathi eside sokuvutshelwa kwamagilebhisi ekuvubeleni kufanele, okungadala ukuthi iwayini lonakale ngaphezu komhlabathi. Isikhathi esinwetshiwe se-maceration sithuthukisa ukwanda kwephunga elimnandi namaphrofayili ewayini e-qvevri. I-UNESCO iqambe indlela ye-qvevri indawo engaphatheki Yamagugu Ezamasiko ngo-2013.

Inqubo

Amagilebhisi acindezelwa kancane ngaphambi kokuba angene ku-qvevri ukuze avutshelwe. Kwezinye izifunda, izikhumba neziqu zingafakwa; Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezibandayo le nqubo ithathwa njengengathandeki ngoba iwayini lingathuthukisa izici "eziluhlaza".

Ukuvutshelwa kuqala ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa futhi kuqhubeka amasonto angu-2-4. Njengoba inqwaba eqinile yezikhumba, isiqu, noma i-cap ikhula, ishona ngaphansi kwejusi ebilayo. Ikepisi linikeza ama-flavour, ama-aromas, nama-tannins ku-must yamagilebhisi. Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, le cap ishaywa kabili ngosuku ukuze kwandiswe umthelela wayo ewayinini.

Lapho ikepisi liwa ekugcineni, izikhumba neziqu ziyasuswa ukuze kwenziwe iwayini elibomvu, kuyilapho amhlophe ashiywa n ethintwa. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukumboza i-qvevri ngezivalo zamatshe bese kuqala ukuvutshelwa kwe-malolactic. Iwayini iyekwa ukuthi ivuthwe cishe izinyanga eziyisi-6, ngesikhathi lapho amaleyesi kanye nezinto eziqinile ziwela engxenyeni engaphansi komkhumbi lapho ukuthintana kanye nomthelela omncane.

Ekupheleni kwenqubo, iwayini lidluliselwa ku-qvevri esanda kuhlanzwa noma kwesinye isitsha sokugcina kuze kube sebhodleleni; ngezinye izikhathi iwayini lifakwa ebhodleleni ngokushesha.

I-Kvevris ibamba amalitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-10,000 (amalitha angama-800 ajwayelekile) futhi inothisa iwayini ngobumba oluxubekile. Iwayini alinasulphurated futhi likhiqiza iwayini eliwumbala osawolintshi eline-oxidative kanye ne-tannic.

I-assortment yamagilebhisi

I-Georgia inamahektha acishe abe ngu-50,000 amagilebhisi, kanti amaphesenti angama-75 atshalwe kumagilebhisi amhlophe namaphesenti angama-25 kumagilebhisi abomvu. Ingxenye enkulu yezivini zesizwe itshalwe esifundeni saseKakheti empumalanga yeGeorgia, indawo eyinhloko yokwenza iwayini ezweni. Amagilebhisi amabili agqame kakhulu yi-Rkatsiteli (emhlophe) kanye ne-Saperavi (ebomvu).

I-Georgia ibala cishe izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zomdabu ezingaba ngu-500 kodwa kuze kube muva nje, ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano kugxile kokumbalwa kakhulu okwaqedwa ngesikhathi seSoviet lapho ukugcizelelwa kwakusekelwe ekuhlanganiseni nasekusebenzeni kahle. Namuhla, izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-45 zikhiqizwa ngokudayiswa; nokho-ke, uhulumeni waseGeorgia usemkhankasweni wokusindisa nokubuyisela amagilebhisi amadala nokwandisa izinketho. Ehlobo lika-2014, i-National Wine Agency yaqala ukusungula kabusha imboni yewayini ngokunikeza izitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-7000 "zezinhlobo ezingacacile" kanye nezinhlobo zomdabu kubalimi ezweni lonke. 

Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi amagilebhisi amhlophe e-Rkatsiteli ukuthi aqale ukuvela empumalanga ye-Georgia (ikhulu lokuqala), ikhiqiza iwayini elimhlophe elibonakalayo kodwa elinokulinganisela elinokunambitheka okugcwele kanye nomzimba ogcwele. Iveza ukunambitheka kwe-apula okuluhlaza okuqabulayo okunamacebo equince nepentshisi elimhlophe. Okuhlangenwe nakho kolwanga kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yendlela yokukhiqiza yaseGeorgia ye-qvevri.

Igilebhisi elibomvu elihamba phambili, iSaperavi, lidabuka eGeorgia (kusho: indawo yombala). Ingenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamagilebhisi ze-teinturier (French: dayi noma ibala) emhlabeni ezinenyama ebomvu kanye nesikhumba esibomvu. Iveza umbala ojulile, oyinki, ovamise ukufiphala ngokugcwele onamakha nama-flavour amajikijolo amnyama, i-licorice, inyama eyosiwe, ugwayi, ushokoledi, nezinongo.

Isibikezelo Esiphumelelayo. Mhlawumbe

Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi i-Georgia ibhekene necala elibi kakhulu "lomkhuhlane wewayini" wonke umuntu ozimisele ukubamba iqhaza. Abantu baseGeorgia baqeqeshelwa ukuba ngama-sommelier angochwepheshe, abenzi bewayini, nabaqondisi bokuvakasha bewayini, futhi ziyanda izinombolo zamakilasi kubathengi.

Namuhla amawayini aseGeorgia atholakala emazweni angu-53 kuhlanganise nePoland, neKazakhstan. I-China, i-France, i-Israel, i-Netherlands, i-US, ne-Canada. Imboni manje isisenkathini yokutholwa kabusha, yokuvuselela, kanye nokukhula - futhi abathengi bewayini emhlabeni wonke bakulungele ukwamukela lawa mawayini endaweni yemakethe eqhudelanayo ye-e-commerce, izitolo zewayini, kanye nezindawo zokudayisa iwayini zezitolo ezinkulu kanye nezitolo ezinkulu zezindiza. Izindawo zokukhiqiza iwayini ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili zazisebenza ngo-2006, ngo-2018 kwase kucishe kube yizindawo zewayini eziyi-1,000.

Ngabe abakhiqizi bewayini baseGeorgia bazokwenzani ngokulandelayo? Bangase basebenzise izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ngenxa yesimo sezulu, baqhubekele ekwenzeni izitayela zewayini ezivuthiwe kakhulu. Kungenjalo, bangase bakhethe ukudweba emlandweni, izinhlobo nezitayela zewayini ezasungulwa kudala. Okuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kungenzeka kube yingxube yalokhu okubili. 

I-Georgia Wine Association

Ngo-2010, amalungu emboni yewayini yaseGeorgia asungula i-Georgian Wine Association (GWA) njengenkundla yokwesekwa, ukuthuthukiswa, nokushintshisana ngemibono. Inhlangano enamalungu angama-30 iyizwi lomkhakha wewayini waseGeorgia ngaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe futhi ihlose ukukhulisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi kanye nokwazisa ngewayini laseGeorgia. Le nhlangano iphinde ibe nomsebenzi wokugcina nokuthuthukisa amasiko ewayini endawo kanye nezindlela zokwenza iwayini, ukutshala kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezinhlobo ezihlala zikhona, ukusekela ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nemfundo ye-viticulture kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezokuvakasha wewayini. 

Iziphakamiso Zewayini Ezikhethiwe

1. Teliani Tsolikouri 2021. Indawo: Orbeli, Lechkhumi district

I-Teliani Valley ingumkhiqizo wokuqala waseGeorgia ukungena emakethe yaseMelika kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zewayini zezwe ezikhiqiza amacala angaphezu kuka-500,000 ngonyaka ngamaphesenti angama-70 athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ihlanganisa amasu endabuko kanye nesimanje ukukhiqiza iwayini kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi zaseGeorgia.

Isivini sitholakala endaweni yeNkosana u-Alexander Chavchavadze (1786-1846), imbongi yaseGeorgia, umzuzi womphakathi, kanye nelungu lezempi elibhekwa "njengoyise we-romanticism yaseGeorgia." Kulapha lapho iwayini lafakwa khona okokuqala ebhodleleni eGeorgia kanti iqoqo lewayini lakudala liphethe ibhodlela elidala kunawo wonke lango-1814.

•        Amanothi.

Cabanga i-Chablis enombala kalamula okhanyayo, okhiqizwe kuhlobo lwe-Tsolikouri, olunamaminerali kanye namacebo kalamula, ne-limestone; fresh and fruity (cabanga ipheya, apula eluhlaza, grapefruit, uphayinaphu) kanye noju). Hlanganisa nenkukhu ethosiwe.

2. Gvantsa Aladasturi Red 2021. Indawo: Isifunda sase-Imereti; Izinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi e-Aladasturi; qvevri ibiliswe nemvubelo yasendle; amagilebhisi atshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme. Okuphilayo. Kwenziwe ngu-Gvantsa Abuladze, kanye nodadewabo u-Baia.

•        Amanothi.

I-ruby ephaphathekile ebomvu esweni, ukusikisela kwama-raspberries amasha, ama-currants abomvu, amanothi ezimbali ekhaleni; ama-tannins alinganiselayo futhi athambile; iziphakamiso zezithelo ezibomvu, izinongo ezicashile olwangeni, okuholela ekuqedeni okude. Hlanganisa nemvu noma ingulube eyosiwe.

3. Tevza Chinuri 2021. Indawo: Isifunda saseKartli (amadolobhana aseBebris naseVazian); I-100% yezinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi e-Chinuri; 14-y/o amavini akhiwa ngesandla, athuthelwa endaweni yokwenza iwayini, futhi achotshozwe ku-qvevri; ukuvutshelwa kuqala ekamelweni lokushisa. Ukuvubela okuzenzakalelayo kuyama lapho iwayini lomile futhi lokhu kulandelwa ukuvutshelwa kwemvelo kwe-MLF.

Igama lisuselwa kumbala othile osagolide, ogqanyiswe kulebula. I-Chinuri iyinhlobonhlobo yamagilebhisi esikhumbeni esincanyana esine-pulp esobala esobala kanye nejusi. UGoga Tevazdze ungumenzi wewayini (owasungulwa ngo-2018). Okungahlungiwe; isebenzisa imvubelo yendabuko ukuvutshelwa; i-macerate whites amaviki angu-4-6 esikhumbeni se-qvevri enobuncane be-SO2.

•        Amanothi.

Okuphuzi okumaphakathi kuya kwenhlaka emehlweni; i-minerality, i-citrus, i-creamy, eyenziwe ngobunkimbinkimbi obukhulu

Ulwazi

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana Wines of Georgia: the I-Georgian Wine Association (GWA).

© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.