Iminyaka engu-3000+ Yokwenza Iwayini: Ukufunda Kuthatha Isikhathi

Encwadini kaDuteronomi, isithelo somvini sibalwa njengenye yezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezibusisiwe zesithelo ezitholakala ezweni lakwa-Israyeli.

NgokweNcwadi kaNumeri, uMose wathumela izinhloli ukuba ziyohlola iZwe Lesithembiso. Babuya namahlukuzo amagilebhisi amakhulu kangangokuthi kwadingeka alengiswe esigxotsheni athwalwe amadoda amabili. Namuhla, iCarmel Winery kanye noHulumeni wakwa-Israel basebenzisa lesi sithombe njengophawu lwabo. Amagilebhisi akhethwa ukuze afanekisele ukuthi izwe laligobhoza ubisi noju; izixhumanisi zomvini esinye sezibusiso weZwe Lesithembiso - isithembiso kubantwana bakwa-Israyeli.

Kwabe sekufika iNkosi uDavide (3000 BCE, cishe) okubikwa ukuthi yayinegumbi elikhulu lewayini elinesisebenzi esabelwe ukukhetha amawayini azowadla (i-sommelier yokuqala emhlabeni?). Ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kwamiswa ngo-600 BCE ngokuhlasela kwamaSulumane futhi izivini zakwa-Israel zabhujiswa. Izindela ezihlala ezindlini zezindela kanye nemiphakathi yamaJuda enza amasiko enkolo avunyelwe ukufaka iwayini ngezinhloso zesakramente - kodwa - akukho okunye.

Iwayini elivela kwa-Israyeli yathunyelwa eRoma phakathi nenkathi yamaRoma futhi imboni yavuselelwa okwesikhashana phakathi nokulawula kwamaButho Enkolo (1100-1300). Nakuba iwayini laqala kabusha kafushane, ukuhlasela nokulawula koMbuso Wase-Ottoman (1517-1917) kwamisa ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kwa-Israel iminyaka engu-400. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19 (1848) lapho indawo yokudayisa iwayini yavulwa kwa-Israyeli nguYitzhak Shor; ngeshwa, iwayini lalisetshenziselwa izinjongo zenkolo kuphela. Ekugcineni, uBaron Edmond James de Rothschild owazalelwa eFrance walibona ithuba lemboni yewayini kwa-Israel kanti okunye kuwumlando.

AbakwaRothschild bayazi ngewayini - lona umndeni ngemuva kweBordeaux, France, Château Lafite Rothschild. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo kwezigidigidi zamaRandi (kusukela ngo-1877) kwakuhlanganisa izivini kanye namathuba emfundo ukuze izakhamuzi zifunde ukwenza iwayini elisezingeni eliphezulu ezweni. Umfutho kanye nokwesekwa komndeni wakwaRothschild kwavusa imboni yewayini yakwa-Israel futhi iCarmel Wine Company yaqalwa ngo-1895, idayisa iwayini le-Rishon LeZion kanye ne-Zichron Ya'akov, yasungula iwayini lanamuhla lase-Israel.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1900, i-Israel yayigxile ekuzimeleni (ngoMeyi 1948, i-Israel yamemezela ngokusemthethweni izwe elizimele) futhi ukwenziwa kwewayini kwamiswa. Ekugcineni, ngeminyaka yawo-1970, kwaphinde kwaqalwa futhi kwaqaliswa izindlela zesimanje zokwenza iwayini ukuze kujabulelwe futhi hhayi nje isiphuzo esidakayo ngenjongo yezenkolo. Ngawo-1980s ochwepheshe baseCalifornia balethwa kwa-Israel ukuze bethule amasu akamuva abe nomthelela omuhle endaweni yokwenza iwayini kanye nesivini. Ngawo-2000s iwayini lakwa-Israel laphenduka iwayini eliqhutshwa yi-terroir eliphuma esivinini esisodwa kanye nokukhomba nokuhlukanisa izici ezigabeni ngazinye ngaphakathi kwesivini.

I-Israel ivuna cishe amathani angu-60,000 amagilebhisi ewayini futhi ikhiqiza amabhodlela ewayini angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 ngonyaka.

Imboni isekela izindawo zokudayisa iwayini ezingama-70+ kanye nezindawo zewayini ezinkulu eziyishumi zilawula ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 omkhiqizo. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kubiza i-$70+ million. Ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angama-55 ezimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zibhekisa amabombo e-USA, cishe amaphesenti angama-35 aqondiswe e-Europe kanti okusele athunyelwa eMpumalanga Ekude.

Izimfanelo zika-Israyeli

U-Israyeli uyi- I-Eastern Mediterranean Izwe elizungezwe uLwandle iMedithera ngasentshonalanga futhi lizungezwe iLebanoni, iSiriya, iJordani, neGibhithe enyakatho, entshonalanga naseningizimu. Isisindo somhlaba singamamayela angu-7,992 sq. futhi sinwebeka ngamamayela angu-263 ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, okusekela inani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-8.5. Izintaba zihlanganisa iNtaba iHermoni/iGolan Heights, iNtaba iMeron eseGalile Esenhla, noLwandle Olufile, indawo ephansi kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Inhlanganisela yelanga, amagquma, nezindawo zezintaba ihlanganisa inhlabathi ye-limestone, i-terra rossa (okubomvu, ubumba kuya enhlabathini enodaka enezimo ze-pH ezingathathi hlangothi ezinezici ezinhle zokudonsa amanzi), kanye ne-volcanic tuff eyenza ipharadesi elenza iwayini.

Ingxenye evundile yezwe inesimo sezulu saseMedithera esihlanganisa ihlobo elide elishisayo elomile kanye nobusika obufushane obupholile obunemvula eneqhwa elivela ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni eziphakeme, ikakhulukazi iGolan Heights, Upper Galilee kanye neJudiya Hills. I-Negev Desert ihlanganisa ngaphezu kwengxenye yezwe futhi kunezindawo ezinogwadule. Umthelela omkhulu wesimo sezulu uLwandle iMedithera olunomoya, imvula, nomswakama ovela entshonalanga. Imvula ebusika incane kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokushoda kwemvula ngesikhathi sokukhula, ukuchelela nge-drip feed kubalulekile. Le nqubo yenziwa ama-Israel ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 futhi manje isisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Esivinini

Izivini eziningi ezitshalwe eminyakeni engama-25 edlule zihambisana nezinga: amamitha ayi-1.5 phakathi kwezivini namamitha amathathu phakathi kwemigqa. Ukuminyana okujwayelekile kwesivini yizivini ezingama-3 ihektha ngalinye. Kunokukhethwa kokuvuna ngomshini okuvumela isivuno sasebusuku ukuba siqedwe emahoreni ambalwa, ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi kulethwe endaweni yokukhiqiza iwayini endaweni epholile eshisa ekuseni.

Ukuphatha i-Canopy kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni elishisayo futhi kuyadingeka ukunciphisa amandla ezivini futhi uvikele amagilebhisi ekuchayekeni ngokweqile. Izivini eziningi ziyi-cordon spur ethenwe endaweni ye-VSP eqondile yehlumela. Ezinye izivini ezindala zitshalwe zibe yindebe, ngendlela yomvini wasehlathini, kanti emagqumeni aseJudiya, ezinye izivini zitshalwa emimoyeni eklanywe ngamatshe. Izivini ezindala zingase zingadingi ukuchelelwa njengoba izimpande zezivini ziye zamba zajula emhlabathini onamatshe eminyakeni edlule futhi zithole amanzi adingekayo. Le mivini ivunwa ngesandla.

Iwayini Renaissance

Njengamanje, iKarmeli iyindawo yokukhiqiza iwayini enkulu kunazo zonke kwa-Israel, ilawula cishe amaphesenti angama-50 ezimakethe zasendaweni, futhi iyinkampani yezimboni enkulu yakwa-Israel ngobukhulu ngobukhulu bokuthengisa (i-Dunn & Bradstreet, Israel), ngokuthengiswa kwezigidi ezingu-59.2 zamaRandi kanye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka lika-5. iphesenti +/-. IKarmeli ikhiqiza amabhodlela acishe abe yizigidi ezingu-20 ngonyaka; imbangi eseduze yi-Barkan-Segal Winery.

IKarmeli yaba nesiqalo esiphansi. Inhlangano yaqala ngo-1895 futhi yathumela iwayini ePoland, Austria, Great Britain, nase-US. Ngo-1902, iCarmel Mizrahi yaqalwa ePalestine ukumaketha nokusabalalisa iwayini emadolobheni oMbuso Wase-Ottoman.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, iwayini laseKarmeli lase lihle ngokwanele ukuba linikezwe e-International Exhibition of Berlin endaweni evulekile enikezelwe ezimbonini zekoloni lamaJuda ePalestine. Izinkulungwane zavakashela umbukiso futhi zaphuza iwayini le-Rishon Le Zion laseKarmeli. Ngemva konyaka, omunye umbukiso wabanjelwa e-Hamburg lapho iwayini lezifiki amukelwa kahle futhi u-Rishon LeZion wawina indondo yegolide eMbukisweni Womhlaba WaseParis (1900). Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iKarmeli yandisa ukusebenza kwayo ngamagatsha aseDamaseku, eCairo, eBeirut, eBerlin, eLondon, eWarsaw, nase-Alexandra.

Ukuthengisa kwanda phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Lapho impi iphela, ukuthengisa kwehla njengoba imboni ilahlekelwa imakethe enkulu eRussia (izingxabano zempi), e-US kwaba ukuqala kwe-Prohibition, futhi eGibhithe naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kwaba ukuqala kobuzwe base-Arab. Nakulokhu, izivini zakwa-Israyeli zasishulwa futhi zatshalwa kabusha ngezihlahla ezisawolintshi.

IMpi Yezwe Yesibili yagxuma yaqala imboni yewayini futhi amagagasi abokufika ashintsha imikhuba yabo yokuphuza. Ngo-1957, u-Baron Edmond de Rothschild wanikeza izinkampani ezimbili zewayini kwi-Cooperative of Winegrowers, i-Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, eyaziwa kangcono ngaphansi kwegama lezohwebo elithi Carmel Mizrahi kwa-Israel kanye neCarmel emhlabeni jikelele. Amawayini amnandi agxile enkolweni ayewumkhiqizo wehange laseKarmeli; nokho, ngokuvela komhlaba omusha ekwenzeni iwayini, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel baqala ukubheka izinhlobo ezintsha. Ngo-1971 i-Cabernet Sauvignon kanye ne-Sauvignon Blanc zase zizinhle ngokwanele ukuthi zethulwe emakethe yase-US.

Ngeshwa, ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kwaba nokunye ukwehla embonini yewayini kodwa abenzi bewayini bakwazi ukusimama maphakathi neshumi leminyaka njengoba isidingo samawayini ekhwalithi sithuthukisiwe kanye namasu athuthukisiwe okwenza iwayini ahlanganiswa abalimi okwenza iwayini lakwa-Israel likwazi ukuqhudelana. isigaba somhlaba.

Ubunikazi beKarmeli

IKarmeli iphethwe yiCouncil of the Vine-growers Union (amaphesenti angama-75) kanye neJewish Agency for Israel (amaphesenti angama-25). Inkampani engumzali yi-Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion kanye ne-Zikhron Ya'akov Ltd.

Indawo yokuqala yeKarmeli kwakuyiRishon LeZion Winery, eyakhiwa ngo-1890 ngu-Baron de Rothschild, okuyenza ibe yisakhiwo sezimboni esidala kunazo zonke kwa-Israel esasetshenziswa. Yibhizinisi lokuqala ukufaka ugesi nocingo kanti uDavid Ben-Gurion (undunankulu wokuqala wakwa-Israel) wayeyisisebenzi.

Mayelana nokukhiqizwa, iyindawo enkulu yewayini kwa-Israel (ekhiqiza iwayini, imimoya, nejusi yamagilebhisi) futhi ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wewayini le-kosher emhlabeni. Ibhizinisi liwine izindondo eziningi kunanoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizi wewayini wakwa-Israel.

I-Carmel Winery inezivini eziningi kulo lonke elakwa-Israyeli futhi zifaka ezinye zezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zesivini ngasinye ezweni. Isilinganiso sokuvuna iKarmeli sihlanganisa amathani angaba ngu-25,000 amagilebhisi, cishe amaphesenti angu-50 esiphelele sesivuno sakwa-Israyeli. Izindawo ezitshala iwayini zibhekwa njengezingcono kakhulu ngenxa yokuphakama kwazo okuphezulu kanye nesimo sezulu esipholile.

iKarmeli. Ukunambitha kwa-Israyeli

iKarmeli. 2020 Isikhalazo. Cabernet Sauvignon, Upper Galilee. Iwayini Elibomvu Elomile. I-Kosher yePhasika, iMevushal. Ukuvutshelwa okunwetshiwe ngezikhumba; ubudala emiphongolweni ye-oki yesi-French izinyanga eziyi-12. Iwayini alihlawuliswa futhi lihlungwe kancane ngaphambi kokufakwa emabhodleleni; inzika yemvelo ingase ivele ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwebhodlela.

Igama elithi kosher lisho “okumsulwa.” Izimakethe ezihlosiwe zihlanganisa amaJuda angama-Orthodox agcina imithetho ye-Jewish Dietary. Amawayini e-Kosher angaba sezingeni lomhlaba, athole amaphuzu amahle kakhulu futhi awine imiklomelo yamazwe ngamazwe. Amawayini akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezifanayo namawayini angewona ama-kosher. Ngokwekhwalithi, ukuqokwa kwe-kosher akubalulekile.

IGalile iyindawo yokuphatha newayini enyakatho ye-Israel. “Amanzi abe iwayini” iyindikimba yendawo esekelwe emlandweni womshado waseKhana, lapho uJesu ephendula khona amanzi abe iwayini. Izinhlobo zenhlabathi zibandakanya amatshe angenalutho, amatshe e-limestone kanye ne-volcanic basalt ecebile ngamaminerali. Le ndawo ibonakala ngokuphakama kwamadwala angaphezu kwamamitha angu-450 (1500 amafidi). Ukuphakama okupholile kanye nemvula ephezulu kakhulu kule ndawo kuvumela amagilebhisi ukuthi agcine i-acidity yawo futhi akhiqize iwayini elisha nelinamandla.

amanothi

Okunsomi okujulile emehlweni kanye nezinkomba zamajikijolo amasha ajabulisa ikhala, kanye ne-cassis. Iwayini liletha kahle izithelo ezivuthiwe, ezinothile kanye nephunga elimnandi (cabanga i-Australian Shiraz, Chateauneuf-du-Pape) olwangeni ngenxa yeziphakamiso zikapelepele, izinongo, okusajingijolo, ucherry omusha, amaplamu kanye nesikhumba. Kumnandi ukuphuza phakathi nezingxoxo ezinhle noma ukubhangqwa nesiteki, kanye ne-pasta yesoso yenyama.

© UDkt Elinor Garely. Lo mbhalo we-copyright, ofaka nezithombe, awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe evela kumbhali.