Kulesi sihloko saleli sonto, sihlola izimo ezimbalwa ezihilela ukuphoqelelwa kwemibandela yokukhetha inkundla ezinkontilekeni zokuvakasha ezinezintambo zohambo lwesikebhe [Young v. Holland American Line, NV, 2016 US Dist. I-LEXIS 179370 (ND Cal. 2016)(ukulimala okukhona ngesikhathi sohambo lomkhumbi; isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla yase-Washington asiphoqelelwa); i-ejensi yezokuvakasha/u-opharetha wezokuvakasha [Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc., 2016 WL 7378545 (Cal. App. 2016)(ukufa ngokungalungile e-Costa Rica; kusetshenziswe isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla yaseColorado; kusetshenziswe umthetho waseColorado)] kanye nokusetshenziswa imfundiso yesithangami engafanelekile emacaleni ezingozi emahhotela angaphandle noma ezindaweni zokungcebeleka [Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Management, Inc., No. 16-3211 (3d Cir. 2017)(isakhamuzi sase-United Kingdom sithola ukulimala eceleni kwechibi ehhotela e-Egypt; ukunyakaza ukuxosha ngezizathu zenkundla okungavunyelwene ngakho; inkundla yeDelaware ayifanele; i-Egypt noma izinkundla ezanele zase-United Kingdom); UBrown v. Marriott International, Inc., No. 14-CV-5960 (SLT)(MDG) (EDNY 2017)(isakhamuzi sase-United States siyashibilika futhi siwe ehhotela e-St. Kitts, British West Indies; isiphakamiso sokuxoshwa ngezizathu izithangami ezingezona ezilula zinqatshiwe; i-St. Kitts akuyona inkundla eyanele); I-Guezou v. American University of Beirut, 2017 NY Slip Op 31688(U)(isakhamuzi sase-France esilimele ogwini lolwandle e-Lebanon lapho isihlalo solwandle siwa; isiphakamiso sokuchithwa ngezizathu zenkundla okungavunyelwene ngakho; i-Lebanon iyinkundla eyanele)]. Bheka futhi: U-Dickerson, Emthethweni Wehhotela, Ukuvikela Okungcono Kakhulu Kuyisigatshana Sokukhetha Kwenkundla Esiphoqelelayo, i-newyorklawjournal (5/26/2017)(ixoxa nge-St. Aubin v. Island Hotel Company, 2017 US Dist. LEXIS 37042 (SD Fla.2017) (isakhamuzi sase-US silimale endaweni yokungcebeleka e-Nassau; isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla ye-Bahamas asisetshenziswanga); I-Molino v. Sagamore, 105 AD 3d 922 (NYAD 2016)(isivakashi sithola ukulimala ehhotela eWarren County, New York; isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla siyasetshenziswa). Bona kanye nesihloko sethu sangaphambilini mayelana nalesi sihloko: Dickerson, Izigaba zokukhetha inkundla ezinkontileka zokuhamba: Ingabe kufanele kudingeke isaziso esanele? eturbonews (11/15/2015).
Ukuvuselelwa Kokuqondiwe Kobuphekula
Myanmar
Ku-Beech, ama-Rohingya Ahlushwa Izinto Ezisabekayo Zangempela. Pho Kungani Ezinye Zezindaba Zabo Zingelona Iqiniso?, nytimes (2/1/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Kunoma iyiphi ikamu lababaleki, inhlekelele iyalungiswa. Amaqembu osizo afuna ukusiza abantu abaswele kakhulu futhi abantu basheshe babone ukuthi indaba yodade abane abayizintandane inenani elikhulu kunaleyo yomndeni ophelele ovele walahlekelwa yikho konke onakho...Amasu anjalo ayisu lemvelo lokusinda...Kodwa ukulandisa okungamanga kwehlisa izinga lezehlakalo zangempela. -ukubulala, ukudlwengulwa kanye nokushiswa kwenqwaba yamadolobhana-okwenziwe kumaRohingya ngamasosha ezokuphepha aseMyanmar. Futhi lezi zindaba ezihlotshisiwe ziqinisa izingxabano zikahulumeni waseMyanmar zokuthi okwenzeka eSifundazweni SaseRakhine akukhona ukuhlanzwa kohlanga njengoba kusikisela umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ubuqili babahlaseli bakwamanye amazwe”.
Ukuphenya ngeMpi Yezidakamizwa yasePhilippines
E-Villamor, INkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe Izophenya I-Duerte NgeMpi Yezidakamizwa, izikhathi eziningi (2/8/2018) “INkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe ithe ngoLwesibili izovula uphenyo lokuqala mayelana nezinsolo zokuthi uMengameli uRodrigo Duerte nezinye izikhulu zasePhilippine benze amacala isintu phakathi nomkhankaso kahulumeni wokubulala izidakamizwa…UHarry Roque, umkhulumeli kamongameli wasePhilippine, uthe ukuhlasela kukahulumeni 'kwakuwumsebenzi wamaphoyisa osemthethweni' nokuthi umongameli usamukele isinqumo senkantolo yaseHague”.
I-Parkland, eFlorida
E-Burch & Mazzei, Florida School Shooting Death Toll is at 17 and Could Rise, nytimes (2/14/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Insizwa ebihlome kanzima ingene esikoleni sayo samabanga aphezulu cishe ihora enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMiami ngoLwesithathu, bavulela ngenhlamvu kubafundi nothisha abebethukile futhi kwashiya isibalo sabashonile abangu-17 esingase sikhuphuke nakakhulu…Abafundi bebegcwele uvalo emagumbini abo okufundela, abanye beqeqesha omakhalekhukhwini babo ngale nhlekelele, bathwebule izidumbu ezibhuquziwe, ukukhala nokuqhuma kwezibhamu okuqale ngokudubula okumbalwa. bese eqhubeka nokunye. Kwabashonile kubalwa abafundi nabantu abadala, abanye babo abadutshulwe ngaphandle kwesikole abanye bengaphakathi ebhilidini eliwudengezi elinezitezi ezintathu. Ushayasibhamu obehlome ngesibhamu se-AR-15 semiautomatic uhlonzwe njengoNikolas Cruz, oneminyaka engu-19 ubudala oxoshiwe esikoleni”.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwemingcele
E-Aguilar, From Museums to Mountains, Pride and Patriotism, nytimes (2/6/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Umngcele phakathi kwe-United States neMexico usezindabeni nsuku zonke, ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe kanye nokuchithwa kwezimali ezinhlelweni zokuphepha. . Kodwa kunjani ukuvakashela izindawo ezisemngceleni? Ukuze bathole lokhu, ababhali be-Travel bachitha isikhathi bengamabhangqa amahlanu ezindawo: eBrownsville, eTex., naseMatamoros, eMexico; I-Bif Bend National Park kanye ne-Boquillas; eSan Diego naseTijuana; Nogales, Ariz And Nogales, Mexico; kanye no-El Paso noCiudad Juarez”.
Kubulawe Uchwepheshe Wezilwane Zasendle EKenya
E-Gettleman, No Suspects in Killing of Eccentric American, Uchwepheshe Wezilwane Zasendle waseKenya, nytimes (2/5/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ubengumuntu osendaweni yezilwane zasendle eKenya… waziwa ngomsebenzi wokucophelela entengo yezinyo lendlovu ezimakethe ezimnyama. nophondo lukabhejane. Manje useyisisulu esingaqondakali sokubulala…Akukacaci ukuthi uMnu. Martin, owayeneminyaka engu-76 ubudala, wabulawa yini ngenxa yemibono yakhe eqinile noma umsebenzi wakhe. Akungabazeki ukuthi wayenezitha eziningi, ebhala umbiko ngemva kombiko owadalula ukujula kokuhweba ngamazinyo endlovu nezimpondo zobhejane emhlabeni wonke osekubulale amashumi ezinkulungwane zezilwane ezisengozini, Ukufa Kwakhe kwabangela amagagasi ashaqisayo ezilwaneni zasendle zaseMpumalanga Afrika”.
Izishoshovu ZakwaMajorca Zizoshushiswa
KumaMisa ababhikishi bezokuvakasha eMajorca babhekene nokushushiswa, i-travewirenews (2/9/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi i-Arran Paisos Catalans lithi ukuvakasha kwabantu abaningi konakalisa isiqhingi saseMajorca. Ihlasele i-Palma marina ngoJulayi odlule, yavutha amalangabi eduze kwezikebhe zikanokusho. Izishoshovu ziphinde zajikijela i-confetti phezu kwamadina abethukile endaweni yokudlela eseduze. Basolwa ngothuthuva emphakathini, umonakalo kanye nezinsongo”.
I-Airbnb Ivulela Ukusabalalisa Amahhotela
Ku-Airbnb Ngokusemthethweni Ivula Ngokusemthethweni Ukusatshalaliswa Kwamahhotela-Ukuhamba Kwamaviki Onke, i-travewirenews (2/8/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “i-Airbnb iwukuvumela amahhotela nabanye abahlinzeki ngendawo yokuhlala ukuthi babhale ohlwini kusayithi okokuqala ngqa ngokusatshalaliswa okusemthethweni okuvela eceleni. inethiwekhi. I-Siteminder izoba inkundla yokuqala yokusebenza njengomphathi wesiteshi emhlabeni wonke ukuze iphothifoliyo yayo yezakhiwo ifakwe eduze kwezakhiwo ezikhona ezivela kubabungazi be-Airbnb”.
Sicela, Hlanza leyo Hamster
Kowesifazane wase-AP Florida: Inkampani yezindiza ingitshele ukuthi ngishaye i-hamster yezilwane ezifuywayo, msn (2/9/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi "Owesifazane waseFlorida uthi inkampani yezindiza imtshele ukuthi akhiphe i-hamster yakhe endlini yangasese yesikhumulo sezindiza ngoba igundane elingokomzwelo lalingavunyelwe. ukuze andize naye…I-Miami Herald ibika ngaphambi kokuba u-Belen Aldecosea andizele ekhaya esuka ekolishi eya eSouth Florida, washayela ucingo kabili i-Spirit Airlines ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi alethe ama-Pebbles, isilwane sakhe esincanyana se-hamster, No Problem, kusho inkampani yezindiza. Kodwa ngesikhathi (yena) efika esikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Baltimore, u-Spirit wenqaba ukuvumela isilwane ukuba sigibele. Owesifazane oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala utshele leli phephandaba ukuthi ushaye u-Pebbles ngesiphakamiso somsebenzi wendiza, ngemuva kokuphelelwa ezinye izindlela…'Wayesaba. Ngangesaba, Kwakwethusa ukuzama ukumfaka endlini yangasese' kusho u-Aldecosea”.
Ngicela, Yeka Ukungaphathi Ngokungafanele Izinto Ezingcwele
Ecaleni lesonto le-AP Native likhuthaza ukuqeqeshwa kwabahloli bezindiza, wtop (2/8/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ibhokisi lokhuni lalithwele uphaphe lokhozi nempempe yethambo, ukugegetheka kwe-gourd kanye nezinto zabalandeli bezimpaphe ezithwala amandla omoya futhi esetshenziswa emikhosini yenkolo yoMdabu waseMelika. Indoda ephethe ibhokisi icele umenzeli wezokuphepha e-San Antonio International Airport ukuthi ayivumele ukuthi iveze izinto ukuze amandla azo angangcoliswa. Ama-ejenti anqabile, cishe aphatha izinto futhi aziphindisela ebhokisini, ngokusho kukaSandor Iron Rope, owayengumongameli weNative American Church of North America. Icala lakhe ngokumelene ne-(TSA) lixazululwe ngenyanga edlule, kungekho hlangothi oluvumayo iphutha futhi le nhlangano ivuma ukufundisa kangcono abasebenzi bayo ngezinto zenkolo zaboMdabu baseMelika ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ezweni lonke".
Amaphutha Omshwalense Wokuhamba Nge-Cruise
Kumaphutha Ama-4 Amakhulu Angenza Umshwalense Wakho Wokuhamba Ngomkhumbi Ungabi Namsebenzi, travelwirenews (2/7/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Irekhodi elephula irekhodi lesizini lesiphepho lika-2017 elalimaza izindawo ezithandwayo zokuhamba ngomkhumbi kanye nobusika obubandayo obuvale isikhashana ezinye izikhumulo zezindiza zabangela abahambi abaningi. ukulahlekelwa imali… Inkampani ehamba phambili yokuqhathanisa umshwalense wokuhamba, i-Squaremouth, ichaza ukuthi ungagwenywa kanjani amaphutha amane amakhulu angenza umshwalense ube yize. Iphutha No. 1 Ukulinda Kuze Kube Isimo Sezulu Esibi Ukuze Uthole Umshwalense Wokuhamba…uma isiphepho noma isiphepho sasebusika sesinikeziwe igama, isikhathi somshwalense wokuhamba sesidlulile…Iphutha No. Umshwalense wokuvakasha ungakhava umkhumbi obizayo ohamba ngomkhumbi ngaphandle kwalapho umhambi edakiwe...Iphutha No. 2: Ukucabanga Ukuthi Izimo Eziphuthumayo Zakho Zezempilo Ziyakhava Kuwo Wonke Uhambo Lwasogwini… Abanye abahambi bangase baqaphele ukuthi kukhona okungafakwanga emisebenzini eyingozi efana nokugxuma nge-bungee noma i-skydiving kodwa abahambi abaningi ingase ingaboni ukuthi inqubomgomo ingase ikhiphe imisebenzi enomthelela ophansi efana ne-kayaking noma ukugibela ibhaluni lomoya oshisayo… Iphutha No. 3: Ukufika (e) Ethekwini Lakho Losuka Ngakusasa Futhi Ngokucabangela Ukuthi Ukhaviwe”.
Zivocavoce Ngenkathi Uhamba
E-Vora, Ungangena Kanjani Ekuzilolongeni Ngenkathi Uhamba, ngezikhathi ezithile (2/8/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “uNksz. U-Lang (umqeqeshi womuntu siqu ozinze eNew York City) ngokwemvelo unamacebiso amaningi okuthi ungazivocavoca kanjani ngenkathi usohambeni. Nazi ezinye…Zizwele Indawo Yakho Ngomsebenzi...Zidalele Olwakho Uhambo Lokuhamba...Qala Usuku Lwakho Ngokujima Okuncane...Ungamane Ume Umugqa...Esikhundleni sokuma uthule ulindile... UNksz Lang uphakamise ukusebenzisa isikhathi sakho ukwenza izivivinyo ezintathu. ukuthi abantu abaseduze kwakho ngeke bakuqaphele: ithole liphakamisa, eliqinisa imilenze engezansi, i-glute squeeze, lapho uqinisa khona i-glute yakho futhi ubambe isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokukhulula, ukuze uphakamise ingemuva lakho nokuphefumula kwesisu, lapho ukhipha khona lapho udonsa. isisu sakho singene futhi uqhubeke udonsa umoya futhi uwukhiphe ngenkathi uwudonsa kakhulu, ukuze ukhulise amandla akho ayisisekelo. Ungase uthole ukubukeka okuxakile, kodwa umphumela uzokufanele”.
Ukuphenyisisa Ukushintsha Ukuphepha Kwesitimela
E-Haag, Isistimu Yesiginali Beyiphansi Ngokuthuthukiswa Kokuphepha Ngaphambi Kwengozi Ebulalayo ye-Amtrak, Iziphathimandla Zithi, ngezikhathi ezithile (2/5/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Iqembu labalungisayo elisebenza kujantshi wesitimela eSouth Carolina ngeSonto likhubaze uhlelo lwalo lwesignali ukuze lufake. ubuchwepheshe obusha obenzelwe ukuvikela izingozi ngesikhathi ithrekhi ye-Amtrak ishayisa isitimela esithwala impahla emzileni, kwashona abantu ababili, kusho abaphenyi ngoMsombuluko…Noma kunjalo, uMnu. Ukushintshwa kwezandla, Wathi unjiniyela we-Amtrak esitimeleni bekufanele aqaphele ukuthi iswishi ibekwe endaweni okungeyona”.
Sicela Ungahlali Ne-Baltimore
E-Williams, e-Baltimore, Amaphoyisa AseBrazen Athathe Wonke Amathuba Okuphanga Nokukopela, nytimes (2/6/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Izinqwaba zezikweletu, $100,000 ezithathwe endaweni ephephile. Izikhwama zikadoti ezigcwele izidakamizwa ezebiwe ezilahlwe emakethe. Umshayeli wemoto ugebenge u-$25,000. Amacala abenziwanga yizigebengu ezijwayelekile, kodwa ngamaphoyisa aseBaltimore. Baphakathi kwenqwaba yezambulo kwelinye lamahlazo enkohlakalo athusa kakhulu amaphoyisa esizukulwaneni...ngisho nephoyisa ngokwalo selichaze ithimba labathile elihlakazekile, lithatha wonke amathuba ukugebenga labo obekufanele ngabe ngamaphoyisa noma bayabavikela, futhi lingabahluphi. ukufihla izenzo zabo.”
Idaho: Yikuphi Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu?
E-Albeck-Ripka, i-Idaho Yakhipha Uguquko Lwesimo Sezulu Eziqondisweni Zesikole. Manje Sekuyimpi, izikhathi eziningi (2/6/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Impi yezombangazwe yokufudumala kwembulunga idlulele emfundweni yesayensi eminyakeni yamuva nje njengoba izifunda eziningi zizame ukwenza buthaka noma ukuvimba izindinganiso ezintsha zokufundisa ezihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nesayensi yesimo sezulu. . Kepha e-Idaho kuphela lapho isishayamthetho sezwe sikususe khona konke ukukhuluma ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu emihlahlandlela yesayensi yezwe lonke ngenkathi sishiya amanye amazinga engashintshile. Manje othisha, abazali nabafundi bayahlehla”.
Ngicela, Ungaguli ENdiya
E-Gettleman & Kumar, Udokotela mbumbulu eNdiya Osolwa Ngokuthelela Inqwaba Nge-HIV, izikhathi eziningi (2/6/2018) kuphawulwe ukuthi "Izikhulu zamaphoyisa enyakatho ye-India bezithungatha ngoLwesibili udokotela mbumbulu okusolwa ukuthi uthelele inqwaba yeziguli zakhe nge-HIV. I-HIV ngokusebenzisa kabusha isirinji engcolile. Iziguli zalashwa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi 'jhola chhaap dctor' udokotela ozulazulayo oziqu zakhe kuphela eziqinisekiswa (i-chhaap wuphawu lokuhweba noma uphawu olusemthethweni) i-jhola, isikhwama sehlombe likakotini okukhishwa kuso ukwelashwa. Abaningi abaqeqeshiwe, futhi amanye amakhambi abawanikezayo angaba yingozi, kodwa eNdiya, lapho uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lubhekene nenselele enkulu, abantu abaningi abampofu ngokuvamile banomuzwa wokuthi akukho okunye abangakwenza ngaphandle kokukhokha ama-rupees ambalwa ngezinkonzo zabo futhi banethemba lokuthola usizo. okuhle kakhulu”.
I-Uber Ithanda Amadoda Asheshayo
E-Westgard, i-Uber's Pay Formula for Drivers Favors Speed, which Benefits Men, msn (2/7/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “I-Uber ibonakale iyindawo yokusebenza eguquguqukayo yabashayeli abakwazi ukuzibekela amahora nemizila yabo, uhlelo Abanye okucatshangelwa ukuthi bangavuna abesifazane, Kunalokho, kubonakala sengathi indlela yokunxephezela laba bashayeli ithanda isivinini, esivamise ukuvalwa ngamadoda anomthofu, ucwaningo lukhombisa. Umphumela uba ukuthi abashayeli be-Uber bahola ngamaphesenti angu-7 ngaphezu kwabesifazane, ngokusho (ukuhlaziywa) kwabashayeli abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa ekuqaleni. Ezinye izinto ezihlanganisa isipiliyoni kanye nezinto ezikhethwayo lapho kufanele kusetshenzwe kuphi futhi kuphi, nazo zinomthelela ekuhlukeni, ngokocwaningo”.
Isinqumo Se-Grubhub Nokwabelana Ngezomnotho
E-Dickey, iJaji lilawula ukuthi u-Grubhub ubekwe ngendlela efanele umshayeli wokulethwa kwezidingo njengosonkontileka ozimele, i-techcrunch (2/9/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuthi “Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokulalela izimpikiswano zokuvala ecaleni lika-Lawson v. Grubhub, Ijaji u-Jacqueline Scott Corley ukhiphe isinqumo u-Raef Lawson , ummangali, ubengusonkontileka ozimele ngesikhathi eshayela futhi elethela i-Grubhub ukudla...Isici esibalulekile secala esigxile ekuhlolweni kwe-Borello, esibheka izimo ezinjengokuthi ingabe umsebenzi owenziwe uyingxenye yebhizinisi elivamile lenkampani, ikhono elidingekayo, inkokhelo. indlela kanye nokuthi umsebenzi wenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa komphathi. Inhloso yokuhlolwa ukuthola ukuthi ngabe umsebenzi ungusonkontileka we-1099 noma umsebenzi we-W-2”. Njengoba kuphawulwe yiNkantolo “ ”yize ezinye izici zivuna ubudlelwano bokuqashwa, ukuntula kukaGrubhub konke ukulawula okudingekayo emsebenzini kaMnu. Lawson, okuhlanganisa indlela aletha ngayo izimpahla nokuthi noma isikhathi esingakanani, kanye nezinye izici kuthonya iNkantolo. ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kosonkontileka bekufanelekile kuMnu. Lawson ngesikhathi ephethe isikhashana ne-Grubhub”. Lesi sinqumo sizoba nomthelela ku-Uber, Lyft nezinye izinkampani zokwabelana ngokugibela.
Amacala Omthetho Wokuhamba Weviki
Case 1
Ku-Young v. Holland America Line, NV INkantolo yaphawula ukuthi Abamangali “babhukhe uhambo lwezinsuku eziyi-14 lohambo lwaseCaribbean… oluqhutshwa yi-Holland kodwa bathenga amathikithi abo ngoMmangalelwa u-Costco Travel. Abamangali basola ukuthi balimala emzimbeni ngesikhathi behamba ngomkhumbi. Abamangali bafake icala (eCalifornia) bethi ubudedengu babamangalelwa yibo obudale ukulimala kwabo. I-Holland ifake isicelo sokudlulisela indawo esiFundeni esiseNtshonalanga ye-Washington 'ngokulandela imigomo yesigatshana sokukhetha inkundla kuNkontileka Yokudlula'”.
Ukuxhumana Okunengqondo
“Lapha, okugxilwe embangweni wezinhlangothi ukuthi ingabe isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla ku-Holland's Passage Contract sidluliselwe ngokufanelekile kubamangali…i-Holland igxile…esimisweni sayo sokubhukha esisekelwe ku-inthanethi kanye nohlelo lokungena'. U-Holland uthi ummangali 'kwakudingeka abuke kuqala bese evuma imigomo nemibandela Yenkontileka Yokudlula' ehlanganisa inkundla=isigatshana sokhetho. Ngempela, u-Holland uthi 'Abamangali bebengeke bakwazi ukuphrinta amaphasi abo okugibela ngaphandle kokwamukela imigomo nemibandela'. U-Holland ube esechaza ukuthi, ngaphakathi Kwenkontileka Yokudlula, isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla 'sihlukaniswa ngokuphawulekayo' ngezici zaso zomzimba".
Ukubhuka Nge-Costco
“Inkinga ngempikiswano ka-Holland ukuthi Abamangali abazange basebenzise uhlelo lokubhuka ku-inthanethi...Abamangali bachaza ukuthi bathenge amathikithi abo ohambo nge-Costco Travel (futhi) inkampani yezokuvakasha yakwa-Costco yathumela Abamangali isiqinisekiso esibhaliwe sokubhuka kwabo kanye nohambo lwabo. Ayikho kule mibhalo eshiwo ngesigatshana sokukhetha inkundla. (Kamuva i-ejenti yezokuvakasha yakwa-Costco yathumela i-imeyili) eyala Abamangali ukuthi bahlole uhambo lwabo kuwebhusayithi ye-Holland ukuze bathole amathegi abo okugibela nemithwalo…Ngemva kokuthola…i-imeyili (a) Abamangali bazame ukungena ohlelweni lwe-inthanethi lwe-Holland kodwa abakwazanga ukwenza kanjalo. Ndawonye, Abamangali babize ulayini wesevisi yamakhasimende waseHolland (futhi ekugcineni bathola incwadi yokugibela enamakhasi ayishumi nanye nge-imeyili ekhasini lesi-8 lapho kwakukhona) ukudalulwa okuphathelene nesigatshana sokukhetha inkundla”.
Isaziso esinganele
“Okuvelayo wukuthi abamangali abazange baziswe ngesigatshana sokukhetha inkundla kwiPassage Contract yabo kwaze kwaba yilapho sebebhukhe amathikithi ohambo, nalapho isigatshana somthetho sigqitshwa ngasemuva kombhalo onamakhasi angu-11. Ngalezi zizathu iNkantolo ithola ukuthi lolu chungechunge lwemicimbi aluzange luphumele esigatshaneni sokukhetha inkundla. (Ngaphezu kwalokho) Inkantolo iyangabaza ukuthi igama elidalulwe kuphela ngemva kokuthenga futhi ngesikhathi lapho ukukhansela kuzobiza kufika ku-75% yenani lethikithi kunganelisa ukuhlolwa kokuxhumana okunengqondo. Bona i-Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 499 US 585, 595 (1991) (ukuthola kubalulekile ukuthi abagibeli bemikhumbi yomkhumbi 'bagcine inketho yokwenqaba inkontileka ngaphandle kokujeziswa').
Case 2
Ecaleni lika-Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc. (CR Travel), iNkantolo iphawule ukuthi “abamangali basola ukuthi…UVardanyan uthenge iphakheji yeholide kwa-CR Travel (okuyinto) yathumela i-imeyili… mayelana nohambo oluhleliwe, esho ingxenye... okwamanje sisenqubweni yokuqinisekisa ukubhukha kwakho...Ngokusicela ukuthi senze ukubhuka kokuthi uyavumelana neMigomo Nemibandela yethu (okuyinto) ehlanganisa isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla endimeni ehlukile enesihloko esithi 'Umthetho Osebenzayo' ngokuphrinta osonhlamvukazi. Ngezansi kwalesi sihloko kwakukhona ulimi olulandelayo: 'Inkontileka izobuswa ngemithetho Yesifunda SaseColorado futhi zonke izingxabano zizolethwa e-Weld County, Colorado'...ngomhla zi-4 ku-August, 2013 owashona waminza e-Costa Rica ngenkathi ebhukuda olwandle. …Ngemva kokuthi i-CR Travel inikezwe…isikhalazo…(isuthelwe ekuchitheni isikhalazo) ngokusekelwe esigatshaneni sokukhetha inkundla”.
Kuphoqelelwe Isigaba Somthetho Sokukhetha Inkundla
Ngemva kokubuyekeza izimpikiswano zoMmangali mayelana nesaziso esanele, ukungabi nanembeza kanye nokubonakala obala iNkantolo yaphoqelela isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla yaseColorado. “Lapha, idokhumenti equkethe isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla (okunamathiselwe nge-imeyili kwemigomo nemibandela) inekhasi elilodwa kuphela, futhi isigatshana sokukhetha inkundla sibekwe endimeni eyodwa ehlukene, emfushane. Leso sigaba sinesihloko esithi 'Umthetho Osebenzayo' ngokuphrinta osonhlamvukazi. Ngakho-ke, nakuba umbhalo wesigatshana wawubekwe ngefonti enosayizi ofanayo nowezinye izingxenye, awuzange 'ungcwatshwe olwandle' lokuphrinta kosayizi ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifonti yombhalo yayingencane kakhulu. Ngempela, idokhumenti yathunyelwa nge-imeyili ku-Vardanyan, ifonti ngabe yenziwe yaba nkulu ngemva kokuyivula kukhompyutha”.
Case 3
Ecaleni elithi Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Managements, Inc., iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “Leli cala lisukela ekulimaleni okusolakala ukuthi uGuy Wilmot, isakhamuzi sase-United Kingdom, oyisakhamuzi sase-United Kingdom, akuphathe ngesikhathi eseholidini e-Marriott Resort e-Hurghada, e-Egypt. . Ngemuva kokulimala, uWilmot wahlinzwa ihlombe eliphukile e-Egypt waphinde wafuna ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kodokotela nabelaphi bomzimba e-United Kingdom. Abazibonele lesi sigameko, basize uWilmot ngemuva kwalokho futhi belashwa ngokulimala kwakhe bonke basala e-Egypt noma e-United Kingdom. Noma yimaphi amarekhodi ezokwelapha akhiqizwe ekunakekelweni kuka-Wilmot ase-Egypt noma e-United Kingdom futhi. UWilmot ulethe lesi senzo esifundeni saseDelaware ”.
Isizathu Sokuxoshwa
“Ephendula (icala) uMarriott ufake isicelo sokuthi kuchithwe izinkundla ezingezona ezobulungiswa, ukuthi i-Egypt yayiyinkundla efanelekile yokuxazulula leli cala. U-Marriott uvumile ukwamukela ukusebenza kwenqubo e-Egypt futhi wavuma amandla ezinkantolo zaseGibhithe, uMarriott uphinde wathumela incwadi efungelwe kaTarek Ahmed Roushdy Ezzo, uManaging Partner wenkampani yabameli baseGibhithe i-Ezzo Advocates, efakazele ukuthi isimangalo sikaWilmot sizobonakala ezinkantolo zaseGibhithe. . Ngemva kokuba uWilmot ephendulile, impendulo kaMarriott iphinde yanikeza i-United Kingdom njengenye inkundla etholakalayo neyanele”.
Iforamu Engasizi
“Imfundiso yenkundla ayihambisani nesinqumo senkantolo yesifunda inketho 'yokwenqaba ukubekelwa icala endaweni yayo'…lapho ukuqulwa kwecala 'kuzomisa ...ingcindezelo kanye nokucasuka kommangalelwa…kuyo yonke ingxenye yokufaneleka kommangali... iveze izici ezine eziqondisa ukwahlulela kwezinkantolo zesifunda: '(1) inani lokwehliswa okufanele linikezwe [ummangali] ukukhetha inkundla, (2) ukutholakala kwesinye isithangami esanele lapho abamangalelwa bevunyelwa ukucubungula kanye [nommangali]. ] izimangalo ziyabonakala; (3) izici ezifanele 'eziyimfihlo' ezithinta ukunethezeka kwabamangaleli; kanye (4) nezinto ezifanele 'ezithakaselwa umphakathi' ezithinta ukwenza kube lula kwesigungu'”.
Izinto Ezine
Okokuqala, iNkantolo yavuma ukuthi “inkundla yokukhetha kukaWilmot (kufanele kunikezwe) ‘ukuhlonipheka okuncane kakhulu’ kunalokho okuvame ukutholwa ummangali wenkundla” ngenxa yokuthi ungummangali “wangaphandle” futhi ukukhetha kwakhe isithangami sase-United States “kuncane kakhulu okwenzekayo. ukuze kusekelwe ekululameni”. Okwesibili, mayelana nokutholakala kwesinye isithangami esanele iNkantolo yathola ukuthi i-United Kingdom ne-Egypt zanele naphezu kokuthi “uWilmot uphikisana nobuphekula kanye nenkohlakalo yenza izinkantolo zase-Egypt zingeneli”. Okwesithathu, maqondana nokuyimfihlo [“Izintshisekelo zangasese okufanele zicatshangelwe zifaka phakathi ukufinyelela kalula emithonjeni yobufakazi; ikhono lokulawula ukuba khona kofakazi uma kunesidingo; kusho ukubuka izakhiwo kanye nezinto ezifanele; kanye nanoma isiphi esinye isithiyo esingaba khona esivimbela ukuqulwa kwecala okulula, okonga futhi okusheshayo”] kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi [“Izintshisekelo zomphakathi zihlanganisa ubunzima bokuphatha obuvela ezinkantolo ezithwala kanzima; izithakazelo zendawo ekuqulweni kwecala ekhaya; isifiso sokuthi isithangami sihambisane nomthetho ozolawula icala ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana kwemithetho…; nokugwema ukuthwalisa kanzima izakhamuzi zenkundla engahlobene nomsebenzi wamajaji”], iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “cishe bonke ofakazi, ubufakazi neminye imithombo yobufakazi ingaphandle kwe-United States. Icala lihilela izinsolo zengozi eyenzeka e-Egypt, ehlaselwe isakhamuzi saseBrithani nesakhamuzi esilimale ngodokotela baseGibhithe nabaseBrithani…Isifunda saseDelaware asinaso intshisekelo yokuxazulula leli cala uma siqhathaniswa ne-Egypt noma i-United Kingdom”. Isiphakamiso sokuchitha sivunyiwe.
Case 4
Ku-Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., iNkantolo iphawule ukuthi ummangali ngesikhathi eyisivakashi e-St. Kitts Marriott Resort “udalwe ukuthi ashelele futhi awe ngenxa yokuconsa kwamanzi aphuma ku-air conditioner…okudala ukuthi ummangali ashaye futhi eze. kuthintana ngodlame naphansi…St. Isiqhingi saseKitts kanye nesiqhingi esingumakhelwane sase-Nevis ziyizwe elizimele 'leziqhingi ezimbili e-West Indies; ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis...Ummangali uhlala e-Brooklyn, New York (futhi) Ummangalelwa uyinhlangano yase-Delaware (esuthuthele ekuxoshiseni ngezizathu zenkundla okungezona ezokuphatha)".
I-St. Kitts Iforamu Enganele
“Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ummangali akudingeki ukuthi akwazi ukuphishekela 'isizathu esifanayo sesenzo' kwenye inkundla, kufanele akwazi 'ukumangalela[e]...udaba lwengxabano'…Nansi indaba Ingxabano kammangali iyisibopho sezomthetho esisekelwe emthethweni we-ejensi…Ummangalelwa wehlulekile ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wokubonisa isici esidingekayo…ukuthi i-St. Kitts ivumela ukuqulwa kwecala lesikweletu kanye/noma izimangalo ze-ejensi. Ngalokhu nje kuphela, iNkantolo ingasiphika lesi siphakamiso…Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ngabe isakhamuzi saseNew York singabamba inkampani yaseMelika eyenza ibhizinisi eNew York ebophezelekile ngaphansi kwethiyori ye-ejensi ebonakala iyintshisekelo kwizakhamizi zaseNew York”. Siyaphika isiphakamiso sikammangalelwa sokuchitha ngezizathu zenkundla.
Case 5
Ecaleni elithi Guezou v. American University of Beirut, iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi ummangali wayeyisakhamuzi saseFrance futhi ngenkathi eseLebanon ogwini lolwandle oluphethwe ummangalelwa futhi olunakekelwa wayehlezi esihlalweni esiphukile, wazizwa ehlehla futhi walimala. Uthole ukwelashwa eLebanon naseFrance. "Ummangalelwa inyuvesi ehlanganiswe ngaphansi komthetho waseNew York (enamahhovisi) okuphatha eNew York nakuba selokhu yasungulwa, ikhampasi nezinsiza zayo kuseLebanon". Ummangalelwa uthatha isinyathelo sokuchitha ngezizathu zeforamu ezingezona ezilula.
Isiphakamiso Sokuchitha Sivunyiwe
“[Nakhu ukuhlangana okungenasisekelo phakathi kwaleli cala ne-New York, ikakhulukazi njengoba iLebanon kuyindawo yengozi kanye nendawo yofakazi abangase babe ofakazi ngaphandle kodokotela nommangali ummangali, bonke abahlala eFrance…Futhi futhi akukho okukhombisa ukuthi ukwahlulela eLebanon angeke kufeze izithakazelo zobulungisa obukhulu…Njengoba ibhalansi yalezi zici 'ivuna kakhulu ummangalelwa' futhi ngenxa yentshisekelo yobulungisa obunamandla, iLebanon iyindawo engcono kakhulu".
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, uyi-Associate Justice esethathe umhlalaphansi ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi ubelokhu ebhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press. (2018), Litigating International Torts in US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2018) kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-500 eziningi zazo ezitholakala ku-nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Ukuze uthole izindaba ezengeziwe zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU bheka i-IFTTA.org
Lo mbhalo awunakukhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume kaThomas A. Dickerson.
Funda eziningi ze- Izindatshana zikaJustice Dickerson lapha.
