Into yokuqala abantu abaningi abavakashela e-Jakarta abayibona ithrafikhi. I-Jakarta ibalwa njengedolobha le-12 eliminyene kakhulu emhlabeni. Uhambo lwamakhilomitha angu-25 ukusuka e-Soekarno-Hatta International Airport ukuya enkabeni yedolobha kufanele kuthathe cishe imizuzu engu-45 kodwa kungase kube umsebenzi wokubekezela wamahora amaningi. Uhambo lokuya emadolobheni anesathelayithi angaphandle njenge-Tangerang noma i-Bekasi, lapho iningi lezisebenzi zasehhovisi lase-Jakarta lihlala khona, ngokuvamile lithatha phakathi kwamahora amabili namathathu. Akumangazi ukuthi i-Indonesia ibalwa namazwe amabi kakhulu emhlabeni ngethrafikhi. Ucwaningo lwango-2015 oluqanjwe ngokuthi i-Jakarta idolobha eliminyene kakhulu emhlabeni. Futhi ku-TomTom Traffic Index yango-2017 i-Jakarta ingene endaweni yesithathu kabi kakhulu, yashaywa yi-Mexico City ne-Bangkok kuphela. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-70 okungcoliswa komoya kwedolobha abangelwa igesi yezimoto, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho ngenxa yokuminyana kwezimoto kufinyelele ku-A$6.5 billion ngonyaka.
I-Jakarta iyidolobha elikhulu eligcwele abantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-10 (enedolobha elikhulu elisondela ezigidini ezingama-30). Nokho naphezu kobukhulu bayo nokuminyana kwabantu, ayinakho uhlelo lokuhamba ngokushesha okukhulu. Ulayini wokuqala we-MRT waleli dolobha, oxhuma i-Lebak Bulus ne-Hotel Indonesia Roundabout usakhiwa njengamanje - emashumini amathathu eminyaka ngemuva kocwaningo lokuqala lokungenzeka. Ngokusho kwe-MRT Jakarta, eyakhayo futhi ezosebenzisa lolu hlelo, kulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukusebenza ngoMashi 2019, uma kungekho ukubambezeleka.
Okwamanje, izidingo zezokuthutha zomphakathi zedolobha zihlinzekwa ngokuyinhloko uhlelo lwamabhasi akwaTransjakarta. Lawa mabhasi anemizila yawo ezinikele, abagibeli bagibela eziteshini eziphakeme kanti nemali yokugibela ixhaswa. Umkhumbi ungowesimanjemanje futhi unakekelwa kahle futhi ukusabalala kukhule kancane kancane kule minyaka engu-13 edlule kangangokuthi manje isisebenzela ingxenye enkulu ye-Jakarta, nenqwaba yezinsiza ezixhumene nezindawo ezingaphansi kwedolobha. Le mizamo yaveza imiphumela emihle ngo-2016, njengoba abagibeli benyuka bafinyelela kurekhodi labagibeli abayizigidi eziyi-123.73 okulinganiselwa ku-350,000 ngosuku.
Nokho, naphezu kokuba khona kwalesi simiso samabhasi ahamba edolobhaneni acatshangwa kahle futhi asetshenziswa kahle, i-Jakarta isalokhu iminyene nezimoto. Nakuba isistimu yezokuthutha zomphakathi eklanywe kahle isiza ekudambiseni ukuvala igridi okubi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwemizamo eyengeziwe yenqubomgomo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo, empeleni, kuyisixazululo esiyingxenye kuphela.
Izixazululo ngokuvamile aziphelele
Izinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zitshaliwe ekuthuthukiseni izimo zethrafikhi, kodwa amaphutha athile enqubweni yokwenza inqubomgomo afiphaze umthelela wazo. Uhlelo lwamabhasi ahamba ngokushesha eTransjakarta luyisibonelo esihle salokhu. Ukumane unikeze isevisi akwanele ukuxazulula izinkinga zethrafikhi zedolobha. Abanikazi bezimoto kumele badikibale ekushayeleni, banikezwe nezibonelelo zokusebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, izithuthi zomphakathi zidinga ukubonwa njengendlela ephephile, ehlanzekile nephumelelayo yokuhambahamba edolobheni.
Uhlelo olufana nalolu lwenkuthazo aluzange lwenziwe ngendlela ebucayi ngakho labo abakwaziyo ukuyikhokhela basancamela ukuzishayela izimoto zabo. Ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo yezokuthutha zomphakathi, kuzodingeka izinyathelo ezinamandla zokulwa nemoto njengentela ephezulu ngokwanele yezimoto ezizimele, noma isilinganiso esinzima senani lezimoto ezivunyelwe ukufinyelela emigwaqweni ematasatasa. Uhulumeni angase futhi andise ukusebenzisana nabaqashi abazimele, abanikeze izikhuthazo zezezimali ukuze baphazamise amahora abo okusebenza, bathuthe abasebenzi noma banikeze izinsizakalo ze-carpool. Abasebenzi bangase bayengwe ukuba basebenzise ezokuthutha zomphakathi ngohlelo lwebhonasi lwanyanga zonke, isibonelo. Izinqubomgomo ezinjalo, uma zithuthukiswa ngezinga elikhulu ngokwanele futhi zisekelwa ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo kwezombusazwe, ngeke zigcine ngokunxenxa abantu ukuthi bathathe izithuthi zomphakathi kodwa futhi zibathene amandla ekushayeleni izimoto ezizimele, kwehle kakhulu ukuminyana emigwaqweni yaseJakarta.
Indlela yamanje ingeyesikhashana futhi ayinawo umbono wenqubomgomo wesikhathi eside ophelele. Izinqubomgomo ezisetshenzisiwe zivamise ukuba yizindaba ezihlanganisayo, eziklanywe ngokusabela ezimweni ezithile zezombusazwe noma ezindabeni zangaleso sikhathi, futhi ngokuvamile zihlehliswa ngokushesha noma ziphoqelelwe ukuphoqelelwa. Ukwakha ibhasi elisebenzayo - noma ezinye izinto zokuhamba ngobuningi - ngakho-ke kuyingxenye yesixazululo. Eminye imizamo yenqubomgomo, okuhloswe ngayo ukukhipha izimoto emgwaqeni nokunxenxa abagibeli ukuthi basebenzise lezo zinketho zomphakathi, ibaluleke ngokufanayo uma ukulungiswa kwesiminyaminya sase-Jakarta kuzosebenza ngempumelelo futhi kusimeme.
Indlela yokusabela
Lolu daba lubhebhethekiswa wukuthi uma uhulumeni enza izinqubomgomo, zivame ukungezwani, zibe ezesikhashana noma zingalandelwa ngendlela efanele. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izikhulu ziye zahlola izinguquko ezimbalwa zenqubomgomo ukuze zilawuleke ithrafikhi e-Jakarta. Olunye uhlelo lwaluhlanganisa uhlelo lokuhamba ngemoto olwaludinga ukuthi abashayeli babe nabagibeli okungenani abathathu ukuze bafinyelele emigwaqweni emikhulu. Abantu base-Indonesia abasafufusa basebenzise leli thuba ngokunikela ngezinsizakalo zabo njengabagibeli abaqashiwe kubashayeli ababodwa. Le nqubomgomo yavalwa kungazelelwe ngo-Ephreli 2016 ekuhambeni okwathi ngokocwaningo lwe-MIT kwenze ukugcwala kwabantu kwaba kubi kakhulu. Ukuphoqelelwa kwalezi zinqubomgomo, ngisho noma zisebenza kahle, nakho kuyinkinga. Izimoto zingabonwa kusetshenziswa imizila yamabhasi ezinikele yakwaTransjakarta, futhi amaphoyisa awahambisani nokumisa izindawo zokuhlola ukuze kubanjwe abephula umthetho.
Mhlawumbe okuyingozi nakakhulu ekwenzeni ukulungisa kwenqubomgomo yesikhathi eside ukuthi izikhulu zivame ukubonakala ziqondiswa izisombululo zokusabela ezikhishwa ngokungahlelekile noma ngendlela ehlanganisayo ukuphendula ukukhala komphakathi noma izimo zezombusazwe zesikhashana. Ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo okunjalo kuvame ukungacatshangwa kahle futhi kuguquke kaningi, okwenza kube nzima ukwakha indlela engaguquki, ebanzi edingekayo ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga eziwumsuka. Ngo-2015, isibonelo, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuthutha u-Ignasius Jonan wakhipha ukuvinjelwa okuhlangene kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokugibela izimoto ezifana ne-Go-Jek, cishe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yezinkampani zamatekisi ezikhathazeke ngokulahlekelwa isabelo semakethe. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa lo myalelo we-wholesale wawusuhoxisiwe ngaphandle kwencazelo.
Ngokuqondile indlela yokusingatha umthelela wezinhlelo zokusebenza zokugibela, ngokungangabazeki elinye lamathuluzi anamandla okunciphisa ukuminyana kwethrafikhi uma kulawulwa kahle, iyaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga yezinkinobho ezishisayo e-Jakarta. Ngonyaka odlule, izithuthuthu zavinjelwa ukusebenzisa imigwaqo emikhulu efana ne-Jalan Thamrin phakathi kuka-6am no-11pm. Le nqubomgomo bekungumsebenzi wombusi wangaphambili wase-Jakarta, u-Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Ngenkathi u-Anies Baswedan ethatha isikhundla sobubusi ekupheleni konyaka, esinye sezinyathelo zakhe zokuqala kwaba wukumemezela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kuhoxiswe futhi, ngokunxusa kwakhe, iNkantolo Ephakeme isanda kwenza kanjalo. Lolu hlobo lwe-whiplash lokuthatha izinqumo luyisithiyo ekuthuthukiseni izinqubomgomo ezingaguquki nezisebenzayo.
Umbhikisho wasemgwaqweni uphikisana nokuvinjelwa ngo-becak, Disemba 2008. Umthombo: Cak-cak, Flickr Creative Commons
NgoJanuwari ka-2018, u-Anies uphinde wamemezela uhlelo lokubuyisela abashayeli be-becak emigwaqweni yaseJakarta ngokuhlehlisa umthetho ka-2007 owawubavimbela. Ngokuvamile kuvunyelwana ngokuthi ama-pedicabs ahamba kancane ngamabhayisikili akhulisa izimo zethrafikhi e-Jakarta kodwa u-Anies ukuthethelele ukuhoxisa ukuvinjelwa ngesizathu esingabazekayo sokuthi kuzosiza amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo. Umuntu angase futhi aphethe ngokuthi injongo yangempela iwukuqinisa izifakazelo zakhe njengompetha wodumo wezigaba eziphansi ezingenamalungelo ngokwezomnotho. I-Optics, kulokhu, ingase ibaluleke kakhulu kunokuklama inqubomgomo enhle.
Ngaphandle kokukhala komphakathi ngalo mbono, uMohamad Taufik, iphini likasomlomo womkhandlu wezomthetho waseJakarta, umemezele ngoFebhuwari ukuthi uhlela ukuyisa le nqubomgomo phambili, eqala eNyakatho Jakarta. Imizamo yokubuyekeza lo mthetho ka-2007 nayo iyaqhubeka kodwa, kuze kube manje, isamile emabhukwini - okusho ukuthi uhulumeni uhlela ukwenza lo mgomo noma ngabe ungekho emthethweni ngokomthetho. Lokhu sekwenze izinhlaka ezahlukene zathembisa ukuyisa lolu daba eNkantolo Ephakeme, uma kunesidingo, ziqinisekise ukuthi le mizamo ngeke isize izinkinga zomgwaqo kuleli dolobha maduze nje.
Nakuba isiphetho sabashayeli be-becak singesona futhi ngokwaso sinomphumela omkhulu, kukhombisa iqiniso lokuthi uma inqubomgomo yenziwa ngale ndlela yesikhashana, iqhutshwa ukufaneleka kwezombusazwe noma isidingo sokubeka indawo ethile noma isithakazelo esikhethekile, ayikwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezimbangela ezijulile, ezifana ne-gridlock engapheli. Uma izinqubomgomo zishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo, kuba nzima ukuhlola ukusebenza kwazo, futhi lokhu kuvimbela iziphathimandla ekufinyeleleni esinqumweni esinolwazi ngokuthi yiziphi izinqubomgomo ezisebenza kangcono.
Isizathu sokuba nethemba?
Kube khona futhi impumelelo. Isibonelo esisodwa isistimu emithanjeni emikhulu yethrafikhi ekhawulela ukufinyelela ezimotweni ezine-odd ngisho nezinombolo zezinombolo ngezinsuku ezishintshanayo. Ngesikhathi sesivivinyo senyanga eyodwa ngo-Agasti wezi-2017 isivinini esimaphakathi sezimoto emigwaqweni ebihlosiwe senyuke ngamaphesenti angama-20, amabhasi akwaTransjakarta akhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-32.6 emhubheni omaphakathi nesikhathi sokuhamba phakathi kweziteshi sancipha cishe ngo-3 nohhafu. imizuzu. Ngemva kokuphumelela kwalokhu kuhlolwa okuhlosiwe, isistimu yenziwa yahlala. Ukwephulwa kwemithetho kwehlile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki, futhi inqubomgomo isinwetshelwe empumalanga naseningizimu ye-Jakarta. Izinqubomgomo ezifanayo (lapho izivivinyo ezihlosiwe zibonisa ubufakazi bomqondo ngaphambi kokwenyuswa), uma zithuthukiswa ngokuhambisana nokutshalwa kwezimali okwandisiwe kungqalasizinda yezokuthutha zomphakathi futhi ziphoqelelwa ngokungaguquguquki esikalini esikhulu, kungenzeka zibe nomthelela wekhwalithi esimweni sethrafikhi leyo nqubomgomo. -abenzi bebefuna.
Kukhona futhi izinkomba zokuthi njengoba uhulumeni ezimisele ngokuthobela intela, lokhu kungase kunikeze ithuba lokunciphisa inani lezimoto emgwaqeni ngokwenza kubize kakhulu ukuthenga nokusebenzisa imoto yomuntu siqu. Sekuyisikhathi eside kukhulunywa ngokukhushulwa kwentela yezimoto, kodwa kubonakala sengathi lokhu sekunakwa kakhulu. Ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2017 izikhulu zase-Jakarta zabamba ushwele wentela kubanikazi bezimoto ababephula imithetho yentela, bephakamisa ukuthi bazoqinisa kakhulu umthetho wentela esikhathini esizayo. Kusesekuseni kakhulu ukusho ukuthi lo mzamo wokuthobela intela usebenze kangakanani, kodwa imibiko yasekuqaleni iphakamisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zase zisondele ekufinyeleleni imigomo yazo yemali engenayo yango-2017. Izikhulu zentela nazo kubikwa ukuthi zingena umuzi nomuzi futhi zizama kanzima ukuthobela umthetho, okuwukusuka kakhulu ebhizinisini njengenjwayelo. Uma ukuthobelana ngempela kuba ngcono ngendlela ephawulekayo, kunganikeza iziphathimandla zase-Jakarta ithuluzi lenqubomgomo elinengqondo lokunciphisa inani lezimoto emgwaqeni ngezimali zezimvume nezintela.
Uma kubhekwa konke lokho, ikusasa lenqubomgomo yezokuthutha e-Jakarta limi empambana-mgwaqo othakazelisayo.
Umbhali, uJames Guild, [i-imeyili ivikelwe] ungumfundi we-PhD kuMnotho Wezombangazwe e-S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies eSingapore. Mlandele kuTwitter @jamesjguild.
