Delicious Destination
Itholakala kumamayela angu-500 entshonalanga ye-Morocco, Madeira iyisiqhingi sasePutukezi esisolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean. Ukuma kwayo okumangalisayo, okuhlanganisa izintaba eziluhlaza, amawa amangalisayo, namadolobha amahle asogwini, kukwenze kwaba indawo yokuvakasha ethandwayo eYurophu.
Esinye sezici ezinhle kakhulu zeMadeira iwayini layo, elabelana negama layo nesiqhingi. Iwayini le-Madeira linomlando ocebile kusukela ngekhulu le-19, lapho lalibhekwa njengesiphuzo sabantu abaphezulu. Ongoti abacebile nabanokuqonda bangaleso sikhathi babefuna iwayini le-Madeira hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokunambitheka kwalo okubabazekayo kodwa futhi ngenxa yesimo salo nobunkimbinkimbi elalimele.
Amawayini e-Madeira agujwa ngezici zawo ezihlukile. Ziza ngezitayela ezahlukene, ngasinye sinephrofayili yaso yokunambitheka okuhlukile. Lawa mawayini aziwa ngemibala yawo ecebile, kusukela ku-amber ejulile kuya kumbala osagolide, okuhehayo ngokubukeka. Iphunga lewayini le-Madeira liyathandeka ngokulinganayo, namanothi ezithelo ezomisiwe, i-caramel, amantongomane, nezinongo ezakha isixha esiyinkimbinkimbi. Okwenza iwayini le-Madeira lihluke ngempela ukuphila kwalo okungavamile. Ngokungafani namanye amawayini amaningi, iwayini le-Madeira lingaguga kahle amashumi eminyaka, uma kungenjalo amakhulu eminyaka, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi yalo. Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside okumangalisayo kwenze iwayini laseMadeira lafunwa kakhulu ngabaqoqi kanye abathanda iwayini.
Ekuqaleni
Ku-18th ekhulwini, iwayini laseMadeira lalinedumela elihluke kakhulu kunesimo salo sangaleso sikhathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakuvame ukubhekwa njengewayini letafula elithengekayo nelingenasizotha. Yakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa isisekelo samagilebhisi amhlophe okufanele, futhi ukuze kuzuzwe umbala kanye nokunambitheka okufunayo, ama-vintners kanye nabathumela kwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile bengeza amanani ahlukahlukene abomvu okumele afanele.
Ushintsho olukhulu lwenzeka ngesikhathi soguquko ukusuka ku-18th kuya ku-19th ikhulunyaka, isikhathi esiphawulwe ngokusayinwa kweSivumelwano se-Methuen (esaziwa nangokuthi iSivumelwano Sewayini Echwebeni) phakathi kweNgilandi nePortugal. Lesi sivumelwano esiyingqopha-mlando sasibandakanya iPortugal ukuzibophezela ekuqedeni ukwenqabela ukuthengwa kwendwangu yoboya yesiNgisi, kuyilapho i-England yathembisa ukunikeza amawayini ama-Portuguese ukuphathwa okukhethekile ngokubeka izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuphela zentela yokungenisa ezweni eyayisebenza kumawayini e-French. Leli lungiselelo lalizohlala lisebenza phakade. Esimeni lapho iNgilandi yehluleka ukufeza izethembiso zayo, iPortugal yagcina inketho yokubuyisela ukwenqatshelwa kokungeniswa kwezingubo zoboya zesiNgisi.
Izivumelwano
Ngo-1807, iBrithani yathatha izintambo zokulawula i-Madeira futhi lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwewayini le-Madeira njengoba silazi, umkhiqizo onconywa ama-oenophiles. Ukuvela kwewayini laseMadeira kwakungewona umsebenzi “wengqondo” eyedwa. Kunalokho, kwaba umphumela womzamo wokubambisana ohlanganisa inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-Atlantic yabakhiqizi, abasabalalisi, nabathengi abahlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezijabulisayo. Lokhu kuguqulwa kokubili bekuyimizamo yezomnotho eqhutshwa izithakazelo zezohwebo kanye nesenzakalo sezenhlalakahle.
Izentengiselwano zeTrans-Atlantic zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile kulolu shintsho, zisebenza njengohlelo olunwetshiwe nolungekho emthethweni. Kwakuyinqubo eguquguqukayo ebonakala ngokushintshisana okuqhubekayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi okudidayo kolwazi mayelana nezici ezihlukahlukene zempahla. Lokhu kushintshisana kuhlanganisa imininingwane yokuthi lezi zimpahla zakhiqizwa, zapakishwa futhi zathunyelwa kanjani, kanye nendlela esatshalaliswa ngayo, yagcinwa, yavezwa, futhi yasetshenziswa kanjani ekugcineni.
Empeleni, iwayini laseMadeira elahlonishwa kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka alandela laliwumkhiqizo wemizamo ehlukahlukene kanye nokubambisana, eyakhiwe ukusebenzelana nezingxoxo zabantu ngabanye ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Atlantic. Kwakuwubufakazi bamandla olwazi olwabiwe, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuthandwa okuthuthukayo kwangaleso sikhathi, ukuguqula i-Madeira isuka ewayinini eliphansi letafula ibe isiphuzo esidumile nesiyingqophamlando.
Inqubo Eyinkimbinkimbi
Isimo sezulu saseMadeira, kanye nehlobo elishisayo nobusika obupholile, sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuthweni kwewayini. Iwayini liguge emiphongolweni ye-oki futhi lingaphansi kwenqubo yokushisisa nokupholisa eyingqayizivele eyaziwa ngokuthi i-estufagem, enikeza ukunambitheka okuhlukile kanye nezinhlamvu okwenza iwayini le-Madeira lidume.
Ukukhiqizwa kwewayini laseMadeira kuwumthombo wokuziqhenya kulesi sifunda, futhi lisewumkhiqizo oyigugu walesi siqhingi.
Ukutshalwa kwesivini e-Madeira kulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kwamagilebhisi ekhwalithi ephezulu asetshenziselwa ukwenza leli wayini eliyingqayizivele. Izivini zivame ukuhlala emithambekeni ewumqansa, okwenza i-viticulture isebenze kanzima kodwa inomvuzo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwewayini le-Madeira kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi eye yacwengwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka futhi izuze udumo emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okuhlukile nokuphila isikhathi eside okungavamile.
1. Izinhlobo Zamagilebhisi: Iwayini le-Madeira lenziwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagilebhisi, ngalinye linikela ngezici zalo ezihlukile emkhiqizweni wokugcina. Izinhlobo zamagilebhisi eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni iwayini zihlanganisa i-Sercial, i-Verdelho, i-Bual (noma i-Boal), ne-Malvasia (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Malmsey). Uhlobo ngalunye lwamagilebhisi luhlotshaniswa nesitayela esihlukile sewayini le-Madeira, elisukela elomile kuye elimnandi.
2. Umhlaba: Inhlabathi inemvelaphi yentaba-mlilo, ivundile, futhi inothe kakhulu ngezinto eziphilayo.
3. Ukutshala Isivini: Izivini e-Madeira zivame ukugqitshwa emithambekeni ewumqansa ukuze kwandiswe ukuchayeka elangeni. Inhlabathi yalesi siqhingi enentaba-mlilo, kuhlangene nesimo sezulu esiyingqayizivele, idlala indima ebalulekile ekutshalweni kwamagilebhisi.
4. Ukuvuna: Amagilebhisi avunwa ngesandla, ngokuvamile ekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla, lapho esefinyelele izinga elifiswayo lokuvuthwa. Isikhathi sokuvuna singahluka kuye ngesitayela esihlosiwe sewayini le-Madeira.
5. Ukuchotshozwa kwamagilebhisi: Ngemva kokuvuna, amagilebhisi ayachotshozwa, futhi ijusi, eyaziwa ngokuthi “kufanele,” ikhishwe. I-must iqoqwe emathangeni okuvutshelwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucubungula.
6. Ukuvuthwa: Esikhathini esidlule, iwayini laseMadeira lalivame ukuvutshelwa emiphongolweni yokhuni. Nokho, imikhuba yesimanje ngokuvamile ihilela amathangi ensimbi engagqwali. Inqubo yokuvubela ingamiswa ezigabeni ezehlukene ukuze kuzuzwe amazinga ahlukene obumnandi noma ukoma ewayinini lokugcina.
7. Ukuqiniswa: Uma izinga elifunekayo lobumnandi selifinyelelwe, ukuvutshelwa kuyamiswa ngokungeza isipirithi samagilebhisi noma i-brandy. Le nqubo ivimba imvubelo ekuguquleni wonke ushukela wamagilebhisi ube utshwala, igcina ubumnandi bewayini.
8. Ukuguga: Iwayini le-Madeira ligugile emiphongolweni ye-oki, ngokuvamile endaweni efudumele futhi enomswakama, esheshisa inqubo yokuvuthwa. Iwayini lingaphansi kwenqubo eyingqayizivele yokushisisa nokupholisa ebizwa ngokuthi “estufagem,” ehlanganisa ukushisisa iwayini bese ilivumela ukuba liphole. Le nqubo inomthelela ekunambithekeni okuhlukile kanye nomlingiswa wewayini le-Madeira.
9. Iphutha: Ukuxuba kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwewayini i-Madeira, njengoba kuvumela abenzi bewayini ukuthi bakhe amawayini angaguquki nalinganiselayo. Amagilebhisi ahlukene kanye nezinhlobo zamagilebhisi zingase zihlanganiswe ukuze kuzuzwe amaphrofayili e-flavour oyifunayo.
10. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhakha: Iwayini le-Madeira lihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi kanye nezinga lobumnandi. Izitayela ezine eziyinhloko yi-Sercial (eyomile), i-Verdelho (eyomile phakathi), i-Bual (ephakathi-emnandi), ne-Malvasia (emnandi).
11. Ibhodlela nokuguga: Ngemva kokuxutshwa nokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, iwayini le-Madeira ngokuvamile liguga ngokuqhubekayo emabhodleleni, elivumela ukuthi libe manzi futhi libe yinkimbinkimbi. Iwayini le-Madeira laziwa ngamandla alo okuguga, kanti amanye amabhodlela angaguga amashumi eminyaka noma amakhulu eminyaka.
12. Ukuqokwa Komsuka: Kufaka phakathi amahektha angama-450 ezivini, lapho uhlobo lwamagilebhisi oluvelele, olubhekele ngaphezu kuka-80% wesamba sesamba sezivini, i-Tinta Negra. Ezinye izinhlobo zamagilebhisi amahle zonke zimhlophe: i-Sercial, i-Verdelho, i-Boal, ne-Malvasia.
13. Thumela: Yaqala ngo-18th Ikhulu leminyaka, iMadeira yayidumile ezinkantolo eziningi zaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi, eFrance nase-USA. Komunye wemidlalo yeshashalazi kaShakespeare engaphelelwa yisikhathi, iNkosi uHenry IV, umlingiswa ongenakulibaleka, u-Falstaff, usolwa ngokuhlekisa ngokuhwebelana ngomphefumulo wakhe ngomlenze wenkukhu omnandi kanye nengilazi ecolekileyo yewayini le-Madeira.
Iqhaza likaMadeira Emlandweni wase-US
I-Madeira yayiyisiphuzo esithandwayo phakathi kwamakholoni aseMelika ku-18th ikhulu leminyaka. Yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi kusayinwa iSimemezelo Sokuzimela (1776). UJohn Hancock, ongomunye wabasayinile, wayaziwa ngokuthanda iMadeira kanti kuthiwa udlalise ngayo ngemuva kokufaka isiginesha yakhe emqulwini womlando.
UGeorge Washington, uMongameli wokuqala wase-US, wayene-penchant ngakho. Uyaziwa ukuthi ungenise futhi wadla inqwaba yeMadeira, wayikhonza eMount Vernon, indawo yakhe, futhi yabonakala kakhulu emibuthanweni yakhe yokuzijabulisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayivame ukusetshenziswa kwezokukhulumisana futhi uThomas Jefferson, ngenkathi esebenza njengoNgqongqoshe waseMelika eFrance, waziwa ukuthi unesiphiwo samabhodlela ewayini leMadeira kumanxusa nezikhulu, ewasebenzisa njengethuluzi lezokuxhumana kanye nokwakha ubudlelwano.
I-Trade yaseMadeira yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yezohwebo zakuqala zaseMelika. Abathengisi abahlanganyela ekuthengisweni nasekuthengisweni kweMadeira baba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wesizwe esisha.
Nakuba ukuduma kukaMadeira e-US kuye kwashintsha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kusewuphawu lomlando wesiko lamakholoni kanye nesiko laseMelika lakuqala, elimele kokubili ukucwengwa kwabantu abaphakeme kanye nokuhlalisana komphakathi jikelele.
Ngombono wami
1. Pereira D'Oliveira. Mavasia 1990
U-Oliveira umi ngokuziqhenya njengenkampani ekhethekile ye-Madeira Wine eziqhayisa ngeqoqo elimangalisayo lamabhodlela e-Madeira Wine nemiphongolo eyaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1850s, konke okuhlala kutholakala ukuze kuthengwe ngenjongo yokuthengisa. Yakhelwe kahle futhi yahlotshiswa ngokupenda kwezandla okuyinkimbinkimbi ngo-2018, iMavasia yango-1990 ikhule kahle ngaphakathi kwemingcele engcwele ye-oki yaseFrance. Le miphongolo ithola indawo yayo engcwele ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulala yewayini ehlonishwayo yangekhulunyaka le-17 etholakala enhliziyweni ye-Funchal yomlando.
Ubumnandi obubonakalayo bulindile njengoba amehlo akho ehlola leli wayini, elinombala walo okhangayo we-caramel ensundu ngokukhanyayo. Izinzwa ezinuka kamnandi ziphathwa ngendlela evumelanayo yamaphunga, enamagilebhisi amnandi, uju, amawolintshi anoswidi, izinongo ezintekenteke, izithelo ezomisiwe, kanye nomkhondo ocashile we-asidi oweluka i-tapestry ekhangayo. Njengoba uketshezi luthinta ulwanga lwakho, lwembula i-symphony yama-flavour - ama-nutty Nuances, izinkomba zejinja, ukunotha kwesiraphu ye-maple, ukukhanya kwe-mandarin, kanye ne-zest yekhasi elolintshi.
Njengoba isineminyaka engu-20 ubudala, le Mavasia enhle kakhulu ithembisa ukubekezela amashumi eminyaka ezayo, okuwubufakazi bangempela bobuciko obuqhubekayo be-D'Oliverira.
2. HM Borges. I-Tinta Negra 2005 Imnandi
Ithathwe ngokukhethekile kumagilebhisi e-Tinta Negra avunwe emithambekeni emihle ye-Estreito de Camara de Lobos kanye nogu oluseningizimu ye-Madeira Island, i-HM Borges Madeira Wine ingena kwinqubo yokuvubela ehlakaniphile evumela ama-tannins ukuthi ancibilike kahle ngenkathi ivumela ukuvutshelwa kotshwala okubalulekile.
Njengoba iklanywe ngaphakathi kweSifunda Esinqunyiwe esihlonishwayo se-Madeira Archipelago (PSR), leli wayini elihle elinezivikelo eziqinile linotshwala obusukela kumaphesenti ayi-17 kuye kwangama-22, okufakazela umlingiswa walo oqinile kanye nephrofayili yokunambitheka okunethezeka.
Lapho lihlolwa, leli wayini liheha ngemibala yalo ekhangayo, lishintsha lisuka ku-caramel eshile lishile liye libebeige elijabulisayo elifakwe amacebo acashile anombala osawolintshi nokuphuzi, okudala okuhlangenwe nakho okubukwayo okujabulisa ngobuhle. Njengoba uyiletha ekhaleni lakho, kuyembuleka iphunga elimnandi elihehayo, okuhlanganisa ukwanga ngokhuni okufudumele, ubumnandi obukhazimulayo be-caramel, ukukhanga kwegolide koju, kanye ne-alimondi ethosiwe. Ukuhlola okunephunga elimnandi kuzoveza amanothi amakhiwane amnandi, amawolintshi avuselelayo, i-honeysuckle ethambile, kanye nenhlansi emnandi yezinongo, zonke zixhuma kahle izingoma zazo ezinuka kamnandi. Isiphakamiso esicashile se-marmalade sengeza ukujula nobunkimbinkimbi kulolu hambo olunephunga elimnandi, okuphakamisa ukukhanga kwezinzwa zewayini.
