- Okungcwatshwe ngaphansi kwenhlabathi emhumeni oGwadule lwaseJudiya yizinto zakudala ezisanda kutholwa ngabacwaningi bemivubukulo nabacwaningi bakwa-Israyeli.
- Lokhu kutholakala kufaka izingcezu zesikhumba zemiqulu yeBhayibheli yabaprofethi abancane abangu-12.
- ImiQulu Yokuqala YoLwandle Olufile yatholwa ngonyaka we-1947 lapho abaphangi bangena emhumeni futhi bayithola ngengozi, futhi kube ngumjaho phakathi kwabaphangi nabavubukuli kusukela lapho.
Ukutholwa kokuqala kweMiqulu Yolwandle Olufile cishe eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha kwamenyezelwa ngoMashi 6 yi-Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), okukhomba ukunqoba okukhulu kwabavubukuli kanye nokuthakazelisa abaphangi. Lokhu kutholakala okusha kutshengisa ukubambana kwamuva phakathi kwala maqembu womabili.
I-Israel yizwe lapho uhhafu womhlaba uthathwa njengendawo yasendulo yomlando, futhi emini enkulu, ngomqondo oshisayo, abavubukuli kanye nabembi abangekho emthethweni babambe iqhaza lomjaho womphakathi ukubona ukuthi ngubani ongathola izandla zakhe kuqala.
Ngokusebenza kwakamuva kakhulu, i- I-Israel izazi zemivubukulo nabacwaningi bakwazi ukufinyelela ezintweni ezazifihlwe emhumeni oGwadule lwaseJudiya ngaphambi kokuba zitholwe futhi zithathwe ngabaphangi, uJoe Uziel, inhloko yo ImiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile Uphiko lwe-IAA, utshele iThe Media Line. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "babathola kumongo wabo wokuqala," esho.
Lokhu kutholakala kuhlanganisa izingcezu zesikhumba zemiqulu yeBhayibheli yabaprofethi abancane abangu-12, ikakhulukazi izincwadi zikaZakariya noNahume, ezibhalwe ngesiGreki sasendulo. Kutholakale futhi emhumeni, obizwa ngokuthi “Umgede Wamahlaya” ngoba wawutholakala kuphela ngokubuyisela emuva eweni elikhulu, kwakuyizigaxa zomntwana ezineminyaka engu-6,000 ubudala nebhasikidi elikhulu, eliphelele elisukela eminyakeni eyi-10,500 XNUMX, okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyilo elidala kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
Ugwadule lwaseJudiya, u-Uziel uthe, yindawo yokuntshontshwa kwezinsalela ngoba isimo sezulu sigcina izinto ngendlela engeke yenzeke kwenye indawo.
ImiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile iqokomisa kakhulu ukuncintisana phakathi kwabavubukuli nabaphangi.
Imiqulu yokuqala yoLwandle Olufile yatholwa ngonyaka we-1947 lapho abaphangi bangena emhumeni bayithola ngengozi, kusho u-Uziel, yize ama-akhawunti amaningi omlando athi umfana omncane ongumalusi wakuthola okokuqala. “Bese kuthi, emuva kwalokho, phakathi nawo-40s kanye nama-50s, kube nohlobo lomjaho phakathi kwabaphangi nabavubukuli ukuzama ukufika emigedeni kuqala. Izikhathi eziningi, abaphangi bebefika lapho kuqala, ”kusho yena.
Le nkinga yanda ngonyaka odlule, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi babengasebenzi, ngakho-ke baqala ukufuna izinto zasendulo ukuze bazidayise.
UProf Noam Mizrahi, uthisha omkhulu eMnyangweni WeBhayibheli e-Hebrew University of Jerusalem akavumelani nalokhu kuchazwa kwabembi bezinto ezingekho emthethweni, ikakhulukazi labo abathola imiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile.
"Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi bazozichaza njengabaphangi, lokho sekuvele kukhombisa umbono walokhu kusungulwa," esho. "ImiQulu yokuqala yoLwandle Olufile yatholwa abelusi baseBedouin ngengozi futhi lapho abantu beqonde ukuthi itholwe ngeqiniso, abelusi nabanye abantu baya ehlane laseJudiya ukuyobheka ukuthi ngabe akukho okunye okutholakele ngalolu hlobo, abakutholile," kusho.
Abavubukuli bathi kubalulekile ukufika kuzinto zakudala kuqala ukuze uzithole zingaphazamiseki ngendlela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Endabeni yokutholwa kwakamuva kakhulu, izinto zobuciko zitholakale emhumeni owagejwa abavubukuli ngemuva kokumba okungagunyaziwe.
"Lapho umongo wokuvubukula uphazamisekile, imininingwane eminingi ilahleka unomphela," kusho uMizrahi. "Ezimweni zokuvubukula, sihlala sinamacebo endabeni yokufakwa kwesikhundla, futhi indaba yokufakwa kwesikhundla isitshela okuningi ngomphakathi nangamasiko angaleso sikhathi."
"Kungakho ngempela kukhona uhlobo lomjaho ngoba abavubukuli bafunda okuningi kumongo lapho le miqulu nezinye izinto" ziphumula khona, engeza.
Noma kunjalo, ukutholwa okusha akuphazanyiswanga ngokwanele ukunikeza abavubukuli umbono wokuthi imiqulu yayishiywe nini emhumeni.
"Ake sithi sithatha okutholakele senze ukuhlaziywa okukhethekile ukuze sikubhale, njengokuthandana kwe-radiocarbon, okungabhalwa umqulu, kepha bekungeke kusitshele ukuthi yafakwa nini emhumeni futhi leyo yingxenye ebalulekile yendaba," Uziel kusho.
"Asikaze sisebenzise i-radiocarbon, kodwa sazi ngokuma kwezinhlobo zezinhlamvu ezazibhalwe eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili ukusuka lapho yatholakala khona," kusho u-Uziel. "Kuthathwe lapho ngabavukeli ababalekela ibutho lamaRoma futhi bebecashile belinde usuku abazobuya ngalo."
“Lokho kusitshela okuningi ngokuthi umqulu ububaluleke kangakanani kulaba bantu ngoba uma ubheka ukuthi abantu badingani noma bacindezeleke kanjani, bahamba nakho okubaluleke kakhulu,” kusho yena.
Ukumbiwa okungekho emthethweni kuyinkinga enkulu kwa-Israyeli kangangokuba i-IAA inophiko lonke oluzinikele ekumiseni ukumba okungagunyaziwe.
Lolu daba lwandulela ukusungulwa kwezwe lakwa-Israel futhi seluya ngokuya liba libi kakhulu, ngokusho kukaDkt Eitan Klein, iphini lomqondisi wophiko lwezokuvikela ukwebiwa kwezinto zakudala e-IAA.
UKlein uqaphele ukuthi abahloli be-IAA, abagunyaziwe ukuthi basebenze ngaphansi komthetho njengamaphoyisa, bathola amacala angaba ngu-300 okuphanga minyaka yonke kwa-Israel.
"Le nkinga yanda ngonyaka odlule, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi babengasebenzi, ngakho-ke baqala ukufuna izinto zasendulo ukuze bazidayise," esho.
Umthetho wezinto zakudala wakwa-Israyeli wasungulwa ngo-1978, igatsha lomthetho olwa nomkhuba owasungulwa ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa yiBrithani, esungula ukuthi yonke into eyenziwayo ingeyesizwe samaJuda. Umthetho futhi uyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemitshina yensimbi, ukumbiwa kweziza zakudala kanye lokuthunyelwa kwempahla yakhona etholakala kumasayithi asendulo ngaphandle kwemvumo.
Amasayithi asendulo asungulwa lapho isazi semivubukulo esivela e-IAA singena endaweni bese sithola izinsalela zento yomlando noma indawo okokuqala ngqa, ngemuva kwalokho izixhumanisi zibikwa kuziphathimandla. Uma sekuqinisekisiwe njengakudala, izixhumanisi zesayithi ziyashicilelwa.
"Kwa-Israyeli, sinezindawo zasendulo ezingaphezu kuka-35,000 ngaphandle kweWest Bank kanti unyaka nonyaka sithola ezinye," kusho uKlein. "Empeleni, ingxenye yezwe, izwe lakwa-Israyeli, yindawo yasendulo."
Lapho umongo wokuvubukula uphazamisekile, imininingwane eminingi ilahleka unomphela.
Isijeziso sokumbiwa ngokungekho emthethweni yinhlawulo kanye / noma kuze kuphele iminyaka emihlanu ejele, kodwa uKlein uthi izinkantolo zivame ukukhipha isigwebo sonyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili.
Iphini lomqondisi lithi impi yokulwa nokuphanga yenzeka ezinhlakeni ezahlukahlukene.
"Silwa nayo ezinhlangothini eziningi, sikubiza ngokuthi 'indlela ehlangene yakwa-Israyeli yokulwa nokushushumbiswa ngokungemthetho kwezinto zakudala nokuphanga," kusho uKlein.
Uthi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo "ezibhekiswe kubaphangi abasensimini ukuze babanjwe ngesikhathi kumbiwa ngokungemthetho; ngokumelene nomuntu ophakathi nendawo, umuntu othatha lo mshanguzo kumphangi awulethe kumthengisi wezinto zakudala; elwa nabathengisi - isikhathi esiningi akukho emthethweni ukuhweba ngalezi zinto zakudala. ”
"Enye impi ukushushumbisa izinto zasendulo," kusho uKlein. “Udinga ukuba nabantu emingceleni yezwe kanye nasemazweni omhlaba. Sibheke nezindali namaqoqo azimele phesheya ukuze sibone ukuthi kukhona yini okwebiwa kwa-Israyeli ngandlela thile okuphumelele ukushiya izwe. ”
Iphini likamqondisi liwuthatha kalula umsebenzi wophiko lwayo.
"Uma sibamba amaqembu angama-60 abaphangi unyaka nonyaka bese sithola amakhulu ezinto ezindala ezingekho emthethweni unyaka nonyaka, kimi kubukeka sengathi senza umsebenzi omuhle, kepha kusenokuningi okumele kwenziwe," esho.
Namuhla, ngokusho kuka-Uziel, abavubukuli bahlanganyele emjahweni ohlukile ngabembi abengekho emthethweni kunangesikhathi bethola imiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile.
"Uhlobo lokuncintisana oluhlukile ngoba njengamanje sizama ukuvimba ukuphangwa ngokuphelele, asizami ukufinyelela kunoma yikuphi okutholakele, u-A noma uB," kusho u-Uziel. Yize endleleni lapho izazi zemivubukulo zithola izinto ezimangazayo njengokutholwa kwakamuva kwe-Dead Sea Scrolls, "umqondo omkhulu ukudala ukubakhona oGwadule lwaseJudiya ukuvimbela ukuphangwa kwesikhathi esizayo," esho.
