Endatshaneni yomthetho wezokuvakasha kuleli sonto, sihlola icala likaHead v. Las Vegas Sands, LLC d / b / a The Venetian Resort Hotel / Casino / The Palazzo Resort Hotel Casino, Civil Action No. 7: 17-CV-00426 ( SD Texas Mashi 27, 2018) iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi ”Leli cala livela ngoba uWilliam Washington Head, Jr. (Decedent) - izigxobo eziphakeme zaseLas Vegas ngokuzibulala ngokugembula ngemuva kokungena esikweletini. Abamangali basola ukuthi abamangalelwa baheha u-Decedent ukuba angene ezikweletini (futhi ngaleyo ndlela babe nengcindezi yengqondo futhi ekugcineni bazibulale) ngokumyenga ukuba agembule eLas Vegas futhi amnikeze imigqa emikhulu yesikweletu kuye ngaleyo nqubo. Lokhu kuheha okusolwayo kufaka phakathi: imali engaphezu kwezingu- $ 1 million zamadola 'okugcinwa kwamakhasimende', ukuhamba kwamahhala kokuqala, izindawo zokuhlala zikanokusho, izinto zikanokusho, amaholide, ukudla neziphuzo. Ngokusobala, Abamangalelwa 'babeyazi imali uDecedent] ayitholile kukhasino yekhasino futhi babazi ngokulahlekelwa kwakhe okukhulu kwezokugembula, futhi baqhubeka nokwengeza isikweletu esengeziwe kuye, bamsunduzela phambili ekuvulekeni okusha kwesikweletu ”. Isiphakamiso sabamangalelwa sokuchithwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwegunya lomuntu siqu esinikeziwe.
Ecaleni leNhloko iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “amafa kaDecedent angene enkantolo yaseHidalgo County Probate Court. Abasolwa ngemuva kwalokho bafaka isimangalo ecaleni elilindile lokufuna ukuphoqelela izimangalo zabo ezisolwa efeni [lommangalelwa]. Ephendula, izindlalifa zePlaintiffs-Decedent zifake isimangalo esisheshayo kwabamangalelwa eNkantolo yaseHidalgo County Probate, besola ukufa okungafanele kanye nokuhlukumeza ngenhloso (IIED), besebenzisa umthetho wokusinda waseTexas njengemoto yokusiza. Abamangalelwa baphinde basusa bafaka iziphakamiso ezisheshayo zokuchitha ngenxa yokuntuleka kwegunya labo ”.
Akunamandla athile
“Indlela yokuqala okumele ilandelwe ye-Process Process 'kungasungulwa… kungamandla athile adinga, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi ummangalelwa ongeyena umongameli' uqondise ngenhloso imisebenzi yakhe [esigabeni sesithangami] kanye nemiphumela yamacala ngenxa yokulimala okusolwayo okuvelayo ukuphuma noma ukuhlobana naleyo misebenzi. Isekethe lesihlanu lisungule ukuhlaziywa okuyizinyathelo ezintathu zokunquma ukuthi ngabe igunya elithile likhona yini: (1) ngabe ummangalelwa unabathintana nabo abambalwa nezwe lesithangami, okungukuthi, ngabe uzitholele ngamabomu imisebenzi yakhe maqondana nesimo senkundla noma uzitholele yena ngenhloso amalungelo okwenza imisebenzi lapho; (2) ngabe isizathu sommangali sokwenza okuthile sivela noma sivela koxhumana nabo bommangalelwa abahlobene nenkundla; kanye (3) nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegunya lomuntu siqu kulungile yini futhi kunengqondo ”.
Akukho Ukutholakala Okunenjongo
“Ukuxhumana kwabamangalelwa nezikhulu zakudala kwakususelwa ebucikweni bokuthi uDecedent wayehlala eTaxsa; bebengakaze bathumele amajethi eTexas eDecedent ukube uDecedent uhlala eFlorida noma e-Alaska. Ngakho-ke, abamangalelwa abazitholanga ngenhloso izinzuzo namalungelo eTexas. Futhi bekungeke kubonakale kusengaphambili ukuthi bazodonswa ezinkantolo zaseTexas ngamacala e-IIED namacala okufa angalungile avela esinqumweni esalandela sikaDecedent sokuzibulala ”.
Ukuziphatha okunganele kwenkundla
“Kalula nje, abamangali basola izindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene lapho abamangalelwa beyenga ngayo u-Decedent ukugembula, kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi ukuthuthwa kwezindiza kusuka eTexas kuya eLas Vegas-kuphela-bekuyimbangela yokufaka izicelo zabamangali be-IIED nokufa okungalungile. Cabanga ngalokhu kuheha okusolwayo okungaxhunyanisiwe neTexas (1) Umyeni wami wayengumgembuli osindayo kumakhasino… iminyaka eminingi, (2) Sonke lesi sikhathi, amakhasino anweba izikweletu ngezikhathi eziningi, (3) My Umyeni wathintwa kaninginingi… Inhloso yezingcingo yayiqala ngokucela ibhizinisi lakhe, enikeza izaphulelo nokwenza izimemo zomuntu siqu ezindaweni zokungcebeleka zeholide o imiqhudelwano ye-blackjack, (4) Wonke amakhasino, ngaphandle kwe-MGM, anikeze umyeni wami uhambo lokuvakasha oluningi… (5) Yize kunjalo ukulahlekelwa okukhulu, amakhasino aqhubeka enikeza umyeni wami imigqa eyengeziwe yesikweletu, (6) Ukugcina ibhizinisi lakhe, amakhasino ayevame ukunikela 'ngezaphulelo zokugcinwa kwamakhasimende' ezedlula ngaphezu ($) kwesigidi samaRandi, (1) Umyeni wami wathola ucingo lwamaqoqo oluqhamuka eVenetian… (7) [Abamangalelwa bahlulekile] ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo nezinqubo maqondana nokwengeza inani elikhulu lesikweletu kwabanenkinga yokugembula, (10) [Abamangalelwa bahlulekile] ukuqeqesha nokuqondisa ngendlela efanele abasebenzi babone futhi banqume izimpawu zezinkinga zabagembuli, (11) [Abamangalelwa bahlulekile] ukumisa noma ukuphoqelela izinyathelo ezanele kanye / noma ezizwakalayo zokuvikela ikhasimende ekuqothulweni ngokwezimali ”.
Ukuhamba Ngezindiza Kuphela
“Phakathi kwale nqwaba yezinsolo eziqondene ngqo neTexas eziveza izimangalo zabamangali kukhona ukuthuthwa komoya kusuka eTexas kuya eLas Vegas. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi uDecedent ngabe uyekile ukugembula (futhi ngaleyo ndlela angangeni esikweletini, abe nosizi, futhi azibulale) lapho kungekho ukuhanjiswa komoya okunikezwa amakhasino okuya eLas Vegas. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukuhehwa okungenhla… bekuzokwanela ukuheha noma imuphi umlutha wokugembula eLas Vegas. Mhlawumbe uDecedent ubezothenga owakhe amathikithi endiza noma ashayele imoto ”.
Ayikho Amandla Jikelele
“Akubona ubukhosi obujwayelekile kuleli cala. Njengesiqalo, Abamangalelwa ababona abahlali baseTexas… abafakiwe eTexas, futhi abanayo indawo yabo yebhizinisi eTexas… Abamangalelwa abekho 'ekhaya' eTexas ngenxa yokuhlala kwabo… Abamangali banikeza ubufakazi bokuthi Amajethi ezinkampani zabamangalelwa athumela i-AcAllen, eTexas ezikhathini eziningi… ISheri Head ayikhombisi ukuthi amajethi athunyelwe kangaki eTexas. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinsolo azifaneleki njengoxhumana nebhizinisi. Noma ngabe bekungukuxhumana kwebhizinisi, akusho ukuxhumana okunamandla, okuqhubekayo nokuhlelekile kwebhizinisi ”.
Iwebhusayithi yabamangalelwa
“Umthetho wamacala wakamuva ngaphakathi kweSekethe yesiHlanu ubukeka umile ngendlela efanayo ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-inthanethi ngaphakathi kwesithangami akubenzi amandla aphelele. Izisekelo zale nzalo yamacala ahlobene ziphindaphindwe kathathu. Okokuqala, ubukhona bewebhusayithi buwela ngaphandle kwezindawo 'zeparadigm' yekhaya lenhlangano-indawo yayo yebhizinisi nesimo sokufakwa. Ngempela, uDaimler, owenza le 'paradigm' yashicilelwa ngo-2014, futhi kalula nje wayengafaka ubukhona bewebhusayithi. Akuzange… Okwesibili, Izinkantolo-kufaka phakathi iSekethe lesiHlanu-zikhombisile ukuthi amawebhusayithi 'kawasebenziswanga kahle uphenyo lwamandla jikelele ... ngamanye amagama, yize kungenzeka ukuthi lenza ibhizinisi neTexas, alwenzi ibhizinisi eTexas ... Okwesithathu , futhi okubalulekile, okungenani inkantolo eyodwa yesifunda iveze ukuthi uma ubukhona be-inthanethi bodwa bungadala amandla ajwayelekile, khona-ke kuzoveza amandla angamukeleki ekuphathweni kwelizwe lonke-okuphambene ngqo nemigomo ebekiwe etholakala kuDaimler ”.
Iphelelwe yisikhathi Umthetho Wamacala Esekethe Wesihlanu
“Umthetho wamacala wesekethe owedlule isikhathi [bheka iMink v. AAA Dev. LLC, 190 F. 3d 333 (5th Cir. 1999) (ecaphuna uZippo Mfg. Co V. Zippo Dot Com, 952 F. Supp. 1119 (WD Pa. 1997); Revell v. Lidov, 317 F. 3d 467 ( 5th Cir. 2002)] kwenza izinto zibe nzima (kepha) ukutholakala kwewebhusayithi yabamangalelwa eTexas akunikezi igunya eliphelele. Abamangali abanikeli bufakazi bokuba khona kwewebhusayithi yabamangalelwa kwezinye izifundazwe, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi ubudlelwano babamangalelwa ukuxhumana nokuxhumana eTexas kuhlukile ngandlela thile… ngokwazi ukuthi ubukhona bewebhusayithi yabamangalelwa eTexas bufana nokukhangisa okulula, izinkantolo zisenqabile ngokucacile isisekelo esinjalo sokuphatha okujwayelekile… ngokuya ngobukhona bewebhusayithi yabamangalelwa eTexas kubangela ukwakheka kwenkontileka eTexas, ngemuva- Imibono yesifunda saseDaimler neSekethe yesiHlanu isinqabile ngokusobala njengesisekelo segunya elijwayelekile ”.
UPatricia noTom Dickerson
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, udlule emhlabeni ngoJulayi 26, 2018 eneminyaka engama-74. Ngomusa womndeni wakhe, eTurboNews uvunyelwe ukwaba izindatshana zakhe esinazo efayeleni asithumele lona ukuze sizolishicilela masonto onke ngokuzayo.
UMhlonishwa. UDickerson uthathe umhlalaphansi njenge-Associate Justice ye-Appellate Division, uMnyango Wesibili weNkantolo Ephakeme YaseNew York State futhi wabhala ngeTravel Law iminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya nezincwadi zakhe zomthetho ezivuselelwa minyaka yonke, iTravel Law, i-Law Journal Press (2018), Litigating International Torts in Izinkantolo zase-US, iThomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Izenzo Zekilasi: Umthetho Wezizwe eziyi-50, i-Law Journal Press (2018), kanye nezindatshana zomthetho ezingaphezu kuka-500 eziningi zazo ezitholakalayo lapha. Ngezinye izindaba zomthetho wezokuvakasha nentuthuko, ikakhulukazi emazweni angamalungu e-EU, Chofoza lapha.
Funda eziningi ze- Izindatshana zikaJustice Dickerson lapha.
Le ndatshana kungenzeka ingakhiqizwa kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume.
LOKHO ONGAKUTHATHE KULESI SIHLOKO:
- Cabangela lezi zinsolo ezilandelayo zokuyenga ezingahlobene ne-Texas (1) Umyeni wami wayengumgembuli ogcwele emakhasino…iminyaka eminingi, (2) Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi, amakhasino andisa izikweletu izikhathi eziningi, (3) umyeni wayethintwa kaningi…Injongo yezingcingo yayisukela ekuceleni ibhizinisi lakhe, ukunikeza izaphulelo kanye nokwenza izimemo zomuntu siqu ezindaweni zokungcebeleka noma imiqhudelwano ye-blackjack, (4) Wonke amakhasino, ngaphandle kwe-MGM, aphe umyeni wami izipho eziningi zokuvakasha…(5) Naphezu kwalokho. ukulahlekelwa okukhulu, amakhasino aqhubeka nokunikeza umyeni wami imigqa eyengeziwe yekhredithi, (6) Ukuze agcine ibhizinisi lakhe, amakhasino ayevame ukunikeza 'izaphulelo zokugcinwa kwamakhasimende' ezifinyelela ngaphezu kuka-($) 1 million dollar, (7) Umyeni wami uthole iqoqa ucingo oluvela e-Venetian…(10)[Abamangalelwa bahlulekile] ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo nezinqubo mayelana nokwelula isamba esikhulu sezikweletu kubagembuli abanenkinga, (11) [Abamangalelwa bahlulekile ] ukuqeqesha nokuqondisa abasebenzi babo ngendlela efanele ukuze babone futhi banqume izimpawu zenkinga. abagembuli, (12) [Abamangalelwa bahlulekile] ukwenza noma ukuphoqelela izinyathelo ezanele kanye/noma eziphusile ukuze kuvikelwe amakhasimende ekubeni anciphe ngokwezimali”.
- “Kalula nje, Abamangali basola izindlela eziningi ezahlukene Abamangalelwa abaheha ngazo uDecedent ukuthi agembule, kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuthuthwa kwendiza esuka eTexas kuya eLas Vegas-kodwa-kwakuyimbangela ye-IIED yabamangali kanye nezimangalo zokufa ezingalungile.
- Ephendula, izindlalifa zika-Plaintiffs-Decedent-zifake icala ngokushesha ngokumelene Abamangalelwa eNkantolo Yezobulungiswa Yesifunda sase-Hidalgo, besola ukufa okungalungile kanye nokufaka ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo ngamabomu(IIED), besebenzisa isimiso sokusinda saseTexas njengendlela yokusiza.
